1
|
Agarwal K, Choudhury B, Robinson LS, Morrill SR, Bouchibiti Y, Chilin-Fuentes D, Rosenthal SB, Fisch KM, Peipert JF, Lebrilla CB, Allsworth JE, Lewis AL, Lewis WG. Resident microbes shape the vaginal epithelial glycan landscape. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabp9599. [PMID: 38019934 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp9599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are covered in carbohydrates (glycans). This glycan coat or "glycocalyx" interfaces directly with microbes, providing a protective barrier against potential pathogens. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition associated with adverse health outcomes in which bacteria reside in direct proximity to the vaginal epithelium. Some of these bacteria, including Gardnerella, produce glycosyl hydrolase enzymes. However, glycans of the human vaginal epithelial surface have not been studied in detail. Here, we elucidate key characteristics of the "normal" vaginal epithelial glycan landscape and analyze the impact of resident microbes on the surface glycocalyx. In human BV, glycocalyx staining was visibly diminished in electron micrographs compared to controls. Biochemical and mass spectrometric analysis showed that, compared to normal vaginal epithelial cells, BV cells were depleted of sialylated N- and O-glycans, with underlying galactose residues exposed on the surface. Treatment of primary epithelial cells from BV-negative women with recombinant Gardnerella sialidases generated BV-like glycan phenotypes. Exposure of cultured VK2 vaginal epithelial cells to recombinant Gardnerella sialidase led to desialylation of glycans and induction of pathways regulating cell death, differentiation, and inflammatory responses. These data provide evidence that vaginal epithelial cells exhibit an altered glycan landscape in BV and suggest that BV-associated glycosidic enzymes may lead to changes in epithelial gene transcription that promote cell turnover and regulate responses toward the resident microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lloyd S Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sydney R Morrill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yasmine Bouchibiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daisy Chilin-Fuentes
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Peipert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jenifer E Allsworth
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Amanda L Lewis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Warren G Lewis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva JFD, Lima CMG, da Silva DL, do Nascimento IS, Rodrigues SDO, Gonçalves LA, Santana RF, Khalid W, Verruck S, Emran TB, de Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Khandaker MU, Faruque MRI, Fontan RDCI. Lectin Purification through Affinity Chromatography Exploiting Macroporous Monolithic Adsorbents. SEPARATIONS 2023; 10:36. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing medical, engineering, biochemical, and biological interest has led to a steady pace of research and development into polymeric monolithic structures with densely interconnected pores for purifying bio compounds. Cryogels, which are generated by freezing a reactive polymerization mixture, are highlighted due to their versatility and low relative cost as macroporous, polymeric, monolithic adsorbents. The conversion of cryogels into affinity adsorbents is one possible alternative to their optimal application. Some of the most often utilized supports for immobilizing particular ligands are monolithic columns manufactured with epoxy radicals on their surfaces. The purification of biomolecules with a high degree of specificity, such as lectins and glycoproteins with an affinity for glycosylated groups, has garnered interest in the use of fixed non-traditional beds functionalized with ligands of particular interest. The interaction is both robust enough to permit the adsorption of glycoproteins and reversible enough to permit the dissociation of molecules in response to changes in the solution’s pH. When compared to other protein A-based approaches, this one has been shown to be more advantageous than its counterparts in terms of specificity, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness. Information on polymeric, macroporous, monolithic adsorbents used in the affinity chromatographic purification of lectins has been published and explored.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hasler T, Tavares-Gomes L, Gut S, Swayambhu M, Gysi M, Hausmann M, Arora N, Hennet T. Increase of intestinal bacterial sialidase activity exacerbates acute colitis in mice. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1075459. [PMID: 36567940 PMCID: PMC9780602 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1075459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of endogenous and dietary carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract influences the composition of the gut microbiota. Carbohydrate foraging requires the action of bacterially-encoded glycoside hydrolases, which release mono- and oligosaccharides taken up as carbon sources by multiple microbial taxa. In addition to providing nutrients to the microbiota, the cleavage of host glycans by bacterial glycoside hydrolases may alter the properties of surface glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion and activation processes in the gut lumen. To investigate the impact of bacterial glycoside hydrolase activities on the gut microbial composition and on host glycans during colon inflammation, we increased local glycoside hydrolase activity by supplementing mice with recombinant E. coli expressing specific sialidase, fucosidase and rhamnosidase enzymes during acute colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium ingestion. Whereas increased fucosidase and rhamnosidase activity did not alter the course of colitis, increased sialidase activity exacerbated disease severity. The effect of increased sialidase activity on inflammation was not caused by changes in the microbial composition given that a similar shift in gut bacteria occurred in all groups of mice supplemented with recombinant E. coli. Increased sialidase activity in the colon of treated mice however significantly altered the distribution of sialic acid on mucosal glycans. Treatment of lamina propria dendritic cells with bacterial sialidase also strongly decreased the density of sialylated ligands to anti-inflammatory siglec lectins, indicating that the remodeling of surface sialylation caused by increased sialidase activity likely accounts for the observed exacerbation of acute colitis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hasler
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sereina Gut
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meghna Swayambhu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Gysi
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hausmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natasha Arora
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Thierry Hennet,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A biotechnological tool for glycoprotein desialylation based on immobilized neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100940. [PMID: 33732900 PMCID: PMC7937660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sialic acids are widely distributed in nature and have biological relevance owing to their varied structural and functional roles. Immobilized neuraminidase can selectively remove terminal N-acetyl neuraminic acid from glycoproteins without altering the protein backbone while it can be easily removed from the reaction mixture avoiding sample contamination. This enables the evaluation of changes in glycoprotein performance upon desialylation. Methods Neuraminidase was immobilized onto agarose activated with cyanate ester groups and further used for desialylation of model glycoproteins, a lysate from tumour cells and tumour cells. Desialylation process was analysed by lectin binding assay, determination of sialyl-Tn or flow cytometry. Results Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase was immobilized with 91 % yield and expressed activity yield was of 41%. It was effective in the desialylation of bovine fetal serum fetuin, bovine lactoferrin and ovine submaxilar mucin. A decrease in sialic-specific SNA lectin recognition of 83% and 53 % was observed for fetuin and lactoferrin with a concomitant increase in galactose specific ECA and PNA lectin recognition. Likewise, a decrease in the recognition of a specific antibody (82%) upon mucin desialylation was observed. Moreover, desialylation of a protein lysate from the sialic acid-rich cell line TA3/Ha was also possible leading to a decrease in 47 % in SNA recognition. Immobilized neuraminidase kept 100% of its initial activity upon five desialylation cycles. Conclusions Immobilized neuraminidase is an interesting as well as a robust biotechnological tool for enzymatic desialylation purposes. General significance Immobilized neuraminidase would contribute to understand the role of sialic acid in biological processes. Neuraminidase immobilization was successfully achieved. Immobilized neuraminidase was effective in the desialylation of several model glycoproteins. TA3/Ha tumour cell lysates were desialylated with immobilized neuraminidase. Immobilized neuraminidase was successfully re-used.
Collapse
Key Words
- 4 MU-NANA, 2′-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid
- BCA, Bicinchonninic acid
- CDAP-BF4, 1-Cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate
- ECA, Erythrina cristagalli lectin
- ELISA-type assay, Enzyme-linked Immuno Sorbent assay
- Enzymatic desialylation
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- Gal, Galactose
- GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- Glycomic analysis
- Immobilization
- Neu5Ac, N-Acetyl neuraminic acid
- Neura-agarose, Neuraminidase immobilized onto agarose
- Neuraminidase
- OPD, ortho-Phenylendiamine
- OSM, Ovine submaxilar mucin
- PBS, Phosphate saline buffer
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- PNA, Arachis hipogaea lectin
- SNA, Sambucus nigra lectin
- Sialic acid
- Sialyl-Tn antigen, Neu 5 Ac-2,6 GalNAc
Collapse
|
5
|
Cavada BS, Pinto-Junior VR, Osterne VJS, Lossio CF, Silva MTL, Correia JLA, Correia SEG, Nagano CS, Oliveira MV, Lima LD, Vital APMS, Leal RB, Nascimento KS. A Diocleinae type II lectin from Dioclea lasiophylla Mart. Ex Benth seeds specific to α-lactose/GalNAc. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
6
|
Coff L, Chan J, Ramsland PA, Guy AJ. Identifying glycan motifs using a novel subtree mining approach. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:42. [PMID: 32019496 PMCID: PMC7001330 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycans are complex sugar chains, crucial to many biological processes. By participating in binding interactions with proteins, glycans often play key roles in host–pathogen interactions. The specificities of glycan-binding proteins, such as lectins and antibodies, are governed by motifs within larger glycan structures, and improved characterisations of these determinants would aid research into human diseases. Identification of motifs has previously been approached as a frequent subtree mining problem, and we extend these approaches with a glycan notation that allows recognition of terminal motifs. Results In this work, we customised a frequent subtree mining approach by altering the glycan notation to include information on terminal connections. This allows specific identification of terminal residues as potential motifs, better capturing the complexity of glycan-binding interactions. We achieved this by including additional nodes in a graph representation of the glycan structure to indicate the presence or absence of a linkage at particular backbone carbon positions. Combining this frequent subtree mining approach with a state-of-the-art feature selection algorithm termed minimum-redundancy, maximum-relevance (mRMR), we have generated a classification pipeline that is trained on data from a glycan microarray. When applied to a set of commonly used lectins, the identified motifs were consistent with known binding determinants. Furthermore, logistic regression classifiers trained using these motifs performed well across most lectins examined, with a median AUC value of 0.89. Conclusions We present here a new subtree mining approach for the classification of glycan binding and identification of potential binding motifs. The Carbohydrate Classification Accounting for Restricted Linkages (CCARL) method will assist in the interpretation of glycan microarray experiments and will aid in the discovery of novel binding motifs for further experimental characterisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Coff
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, 3000, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Chan
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, 3000, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, 3000, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Surgery Austin Health, University of Melbourne, 3084, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Andrew J Guy
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, 3000, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lai JCC, Karunarathna HMTK, Wong HH, Peiris JSM, Nicholls JM. Neuraminidase activity and specificity of influenza A virus are influenced by haemagglutinin-receptor binding. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:327-338. [PMID: 30866786 PMCID: PMC6455212 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1581034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are involved in the recognition and modulation of sialic acids on the cell surface as the virus receptor. Although the balance between two proteins functions has been found to be crucial for viral fitness, the interplay between the proteins has not been well established. Herein we present evidence for interplay between influenza HA and NA, which may affect the balance between two glycoprotein functions. NA enzymatic activities against sialoglycans were promoted by the presence of HA, which is in accordance with the level of co-existing HA. Such activity enhancement was lost when the HA-receptor binding properties were abolished by low-pH treatment or by mutations at the HA receptor binding domain. Sialidase activities of NA-containing virus-like particles and native influenza viruses were detected using different NA-assays and sialic acid substrates. Most pronounced HA-mediated NA enhancement was found when intact virions were confronted with multivalent surface-anchored substrates, which mimics the physiological conditions on cell membranes. Using recombinant viruses with altered HA bindings preference between α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids, we also found that NA function against different substrates is correlated with the HA-receptor specificity. The effect of HA-receptor specificities on NA functions, together with the HA-mediated NA enhancement, may play a role in virus evasion of the mucus barrier, as well as in cross-species adaptation. Our data also indicate the importance of using multivalent substrates in future studies of NA functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Chun Cheong Lai
- a Department of Pathology , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR.,b HKU-Pasteur Research Pole , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR
| | - Herath M T K Karunarathna
- c School of Public Health , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR.,d Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , The University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - Ho Him Wong
- a Department of Pathology , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR.,b HKU-Pasteur Research Pole , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR
| | - Joseph S M Peiris
- b HKU-Pasteur Research Pole , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR.,c School of Public Health , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR
| | - John M Nicholls
- a Department of Pathology , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saucedo NM, Srinives S, Mulchandani A. Electrochemical Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Viable Bacteria and Antibiotic Screening. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Kijimoto-Ochiai S, Matsumoto-Mizuno T, Kamimura D, Murakami M, Kobayashi M, Matsuoka I, Ochiai H, Ishida H, Kiso M, Kamimura K, Koda T. Existence of NEU1 sialidase on mouse thymocytes whose natural substrate is CD5. Glycobiology 2018; 28:306-317. [PMID: 29897583 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound sialidases in the mouse thymus are unique and mysterious because their activity at pH 6.5 is equal to or higher than that in the acidic region. The pH curve like this has never been reported in membrane-bound form. To clarify this enzyme, we studied the sialidase activities of crude membrane fractions from immature-T, mature-T and non-T cells from C57BL/6 mice and from SM/J mice, a strain with a defect in NEU1 activity. Non-T cells from C57BL/6 mice had high activity at pH 6.5, but those from SM/J mice did not. Neu1 and Neu3 mRNA was shown by real-time PCR to be expressed in T cells and also in non-T cells, whereas Neu2 was expressed mainly in non-T cells and Neu4 was scarcely expressed. However, the in situ hybridization study on the localization of four sialidases in the thymus showed that Neu4 was clearly expressed. We then focused on a sialidase on the thymocyte surface because the possibility of the existence of a sialidase on thymocytes was suggested by peanut agglutinin (PNA) staining after incubation of the cells alone in PBS. This activity was inhibited by NEU1-selective sialidase inhibitor C9-butyl-amide-2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. The natural substrate for the cell surface sialidase was identified as clustered differentiation 5 (CD5) by PNA-blot analysis of anti-CD5 immunoprecipitate. We conclude that NEU1 exists on the cell surface of mouse thymocytes and CD5 is a natural substrate for it. Although this is not the main reaction of the membrane-bound thymus-sialidases, it must be important for the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daisuke Kamimura
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences and Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN)
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Organization for Research and Community development, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Keiko Kamimura
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Koda
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hashim OH, Jayapalan JJ, Lee CS. Lectins: an effective tool for screening of potential cancer biomarkers. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3784. [PMID: 28894650 PMCID: PMC5592079 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the use of lectins for screening of potential biomarkers has gained increased importance in cancer research, given the development in glycobiology that highlights altered structural changes of glycans in cancer associated processes. Lectins, having the properties of recognizing specific carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates, have become an effective tool for detection of new cancer biomarkers in complex bodily fluids and tissues. The specificity of lectins provides an added advantage of selecting peptides that are differently glycosylated and aberrantly expressed in cancer patients, many of which are not possibly detected using conventional methods because of their low abundance in bodily fluids. When coupled with mass spectrometry, research utilizing lectins, which are mainly from plants and fungi, has led to identification of numerous potential cancer biomarkers that may be used in the future. This article reviews lectin-based methods that are commonly adopted in cancer biomarker discovery research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onn Haji Hashim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaime Jacqueline Jayapalan
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheng-Siang Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chandrasekaran EV, Xue J, Xia J, Khaja SD, Piskorz CF, Locke RD, Neelamegham S, Matta KL. Novel interactions of complex carbohydrates with peanut (PNA), Ricinus communis (RCA-I), Sambucus nigra (SNA-I) and wheat germ (WGA) agglutinins as revealed by the binding specificities of these lectins towards mucin core-2 O-linked and N-linked glycans and related structures. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:819-36. [PMID: 27318477 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant lectins through their multivalent quaternary structures bind intrinsically flexible oligosaccharides. They recognize fine structural differences in carbohydrates and interact with different sequences in mucin core 2 or complex-type N-glycan chain and also in healthy and malignant tissues. They are used in characterizing cellular and extracellular glycoconjugates modified in pathological processes. We study here, the complex carbohydrate-lectin interactions by determining the effects of substituents in mucin core 2 tetrasaccharide Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα-O-R and fetuin glycopeptides on their binding to agarose-immobilized lectins PNA, RCA-I, SNA-I and WGA. Briefly, in mucin core 2 tetrasaccharide (i) structures modified by α2-3/6-Sialyl LacNAc, LewisX and α1-3-Galactosyl LacNAc resulted in regular binding to PNA whereas compounds with 6-sulfo LacNAc displayed no-binding; (ii) strucures bearing α2-6-sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc, or 6-sialyl LacdiNAc carbohydrates displayed strong binding to SNA-I; (iii) structures with α2-3/6-sialyl, α1-3Gal LacNAc or LewisX were non-binder to RCA-I and compounds with 6-sulfo LacNAc only displayed weak binding; (iv) structures containing LewisX, 6-Sulfo LewisX, α2-3/6-sialyl LacNAc, α2-3/6-sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc and GalNAc Lewis-a were non-binding to WGA, those with α1-2Fucosyl, α1-3-Galactosyl LacNAc, α2-3-sialyl T-hapten plus 3'/6'sulfo LacNAc displayed weak binding, and compounds with α2-3-sialyl T-hapten, α2.6-Sialyl LacdiNAc, α2-3-sialyl D-Fucβ1-3 GalNAc and Fucα-1-2 D-Fucβ-1-3GalNAc displaying regular binding and GalNAc LewisX and LacdiNAc plus D-Fuc β-1-3 GalNAcα resulting in tight binding. RCA-I binds Fetuin triantennary asialoglycopeptide 100 % after α-2-3 and 25 % after α-2-6 sialylation, 30 % after α-1-2 and 100 % after α-1-3 fucosylation, and 50 % after α-1-3 galactosylation. WGA binds 3-but not 6-Fucosyl chitobiose core. Thus, information on the influence of complex carbohydrate chain constituents on lectin binding is apparently essential for the potential application of lectins in glycoconjugate research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E V Chandrasekaran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Jie Xia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Siraj D Khaja
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Conrad F Piskorz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Robert D Locke
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Khushi L Matta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sindrewicz P, Lian LY, Yu LG. Interaction of the Oncofetal Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen with Galectins in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2016; 6:79. [PMID: 27066458 PMCID: PMC4814717 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of cell membrane proteins is a universal feature of cancer cells. One of the most common glycosylation changes in epithelial cancer is the increased occurrence of the oncofetal Thomsen–Friedenreich disaccharide Galβ1–3GalNAc (T or TF antigen), which appears in about 90% of cancers but is rarely seen in normal epithelium. Over the past few years, increasing evidence has revealed that the increased appearance of TF antigen on cancer cell surface plays an active role in promoting cancer progression and metastasis by interaction with the β-galactoside-binding proteins, galectins, which themselves are also frequently overexpressed in cancer and pre-cancerous conditions. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of the increased TF occurrence in cancer, the structural nature, and biological impact of TF interaction with galectins, in particular galectin-1 and -3, on cancer progression and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sindrewicz
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Lu-Yun Lian
- NMR Centre for Structural Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Lu-Gang Yu
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Immunopathology of desialylation: human plasma lipoprotein(a) and circulating anti-carbohydrate antibodies form immune complexes that recognize host cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:13-23. [PMID: 25633186 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], the dominant lipoprotein in atherosclerotic plaques, contains an apo(a) subunit of variable size linked to the apoB subunit of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecule. Circulating lipoprotein immune complexes (ICs) assayed by ELISA using microplate-coated anti-apo(a) or anti-apoB antibody for capture and peroxidase-labelled anti-human immunoglobulins as probe consisted mostly of Lp(a) despite several-fold excess of LDL over Lp(a) in plasma. Microplate coating of plasma lipoprotein IC and probing with antibodies to apo(a) and apoB also revealed negligible presence of LDL compared to Lp(a). Peanut agglutinin specific to desialylated O-glycans bound significantly more to Lp(a) recovered after urea dissociation of IC than to free Lp(a). Plasma lipoproteins separated by ultracentrifugation and desialylated by neuraminidase formed IC with naturally occurring antibodies in normal plasma. These de novo ICs agglutinated desialylated but not normal human RBC in proportion to the polyagglutinin antibody titre of plasma used, suggesting availability of multiple unoccupied binding sites on the participating antibodies even after IC formation. Agglutination was inhibitable by galactosides and decreased 4-8 fold if precursor lipoprotein was selectively depleted of Lp(a), showing agglutinating ICs were contributed mainly by desialylated Lp(a) and galactose-specific antibodies. IC was 2 fold more agglutinating if lipoproteins used contained smaller rather than larger Lp(a) molecules of the same number. Small size/high plasma concentration Lp(a) phenotype and neuraminidase-releasing diseases including diabetes are risk factors for vascular disorders. Results suggest a possible route of Lp(a) attachment to vascular cells that offer terminal galactose on surface glycans following desialylation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sabarinath PS, Chacko BK, Appukuttan PS. Dual specificity of human plasma lactose-binding immunoglobulin to anomers of terminal galactose enables recognition of desialylated lipoprotein(a) and xenoantigens. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:251-9. [PMID: 24517196 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human plasma lactose-binding immunoglobulin (LIg) isolated by affinity chromatography on lactose-Sepharose was largely IgG with significant IgA and IgM contents. LIg-mediated agglutination of desialylated human RBC was inhibited equally by the α- and β-anomers of methyl galactoside. Recognition of either the terminal α-galactose (TAG)-containing glycans of bovine thyroglobulin or the N-acetyl lactosamine (LacNAc)-terminating glycans of asialofetuin by LIg was inhibitable nearly as much by the α-galactoside melibiose as by the β-galactoside lactose. Melibiose covalently conjugated to protein and coated on polystyrene wells captured several times more LIg molecules than its lactose analogue. LIg binding to bovine thyroglobulin or rabbit RBC membrane proteins, both bearing TAG was substantially reduced by prior treatment of the proteins with α-galactosidase to remove TAG though enzyme-treated glycans contained newly exposed LacNAc moieties. Desialylated O-linked oligosaccharides, however, were no ligand for LIg. Unlike LDL, plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] coated on polystyrene well and desialylated by neuraminidase was recognized by LIg through terminal LacNAc moieties exposed by the enzyme on its apo(a) subunit. Further, same amount of added fluorescence-labelled LIg formed significantly more immune complex with Lp(a) in high Lp(a) plasma than in low Lp(a) plasma. Results suggest (1) possibility of a role for LIg in combating non-primate molecules and cells bearing TAG moiety and (2) a mechanism for Lp(a)-mediated vascular injury as diabetes, infections and inflammations induce greater release of neuraminidase into circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Sabarinath
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mukhopadhyay S, Panda PK, Behera B, Das CK, Hassan MK, Das DN, Sinha N, Bissoyi A, Pramanik K, Maiti TK, Bhutia SK. In vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of Peanut agglutinin through induction of apoptotic and autophagic cell death. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:369-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Lopez-Jaramillo FJ, Ortega-Muñoz M, Megia-Fernandez A, Hernandez-Mateo F, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. Vinyl Sulfone Functionalization: A Feasible Approach for the Study of the Lectin–Carbohydrate Interactions. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:846-55. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200681c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Lopez-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Hernandez-Mateo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Santoyo-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Klyosov A, Zomer E, Platt D. DAVANAT ®(GM-CT-01) and Colon Cancer: Preclinical and Clinical (Phase I and II) Studies. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1102.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatole Klyosov
- Galectin Therapeutics, 7 Well Avenue, Newton, MA 02459
- Pro-Pharmaceuticals, 7 Well Avenue, Newton, MA 02459
| | - Eliezer Zomer
- Galectin Therapeutics, 7 Well Avenue, Newton, MA 02459
- Pro-Pharmaceuticals, 7 Well Avenue, Newton, MA 02459
| | - David Platt
- Galectin Therapeutics, 7 Well Avenue, Newton, MA 02459
- Pro-Pharmaceuticals, 7 Well Avenue, Newton, MA 02459
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paul A, Antony M, Mathai J, Appukuttan PS. High polymeric IgA content facilitates recognition of microbial polysaccharide-natural serum antibody immune complexes by immobilized human galectin-1. Immunol Lett 2010; 136:55-60. [PMID: 21147166 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dextran-binding immunoglobulin (DIg) and anti-β-glucan antibody (ABG) are naturally occurring human serum antibodies specific to α- and β-glucoside epitopes respectively of polysaccharide antigens and heavily enriched in IgA. ABG and DIg are shown here to have much more of their IgA in polymeric form than does serum IgA in general. Cell wall β-glucans and glycoproteins of the widely consumed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) offered several hundred fold better ligands for ABG than did small β-glucosides. Candida albicans cell wall antigen (CCA), a commonly encountered polysaccharide-rich fungal antigen was recognized by normal human serum anti-carbohydrate antibodies to precipitate maximally at a definite stoichiometry typical of immune complexes (IC). IC formed in serum in vitro on addition of CCA contained a significantly higher percentage of IgA than did either naturally occurring IC or serum. Polymeric IgA was far better ligand than monomeric IgA for both anti-IgA antibody and the most widely expressed human tissue lectin galectin-1 which recognizes O-linked oligosaccharides characteristic of IgA, in contrast to N-linked oligosaccharides present in all immunoglobulins. Moreover, desialylation by neuraminidase, an enzyme released into circulation during many microbial infections and diabetes, increased lectin-binding activity of polymeric IgA much more than that of monomeric IgA. Human galectin-1 immobilized in active form in vitro sugar-specifically captured IgA and IgA-containing IC formed by CCA in serum but not IgG. Results suggest that while high IgA content especially in polymeric form may render polysaccharide IC more susceptible to tissue uptake, desialylation of IgA in IC could enhance the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Paul
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 011, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shankar SP, Chen II, Keselowsky BG, García AJ, Babensee JE. Profiles of carbohydrate ligands associated with adsorbed proteins on self-assembled monolayers of defined chemistries. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:1329-42. [PMID: 19353560 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Conserved protein-carbohydrate-lipid pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) interact with cells of the innate immune system to mediate antigen recognition and internalization and activation of immune cells. We examined if analogous "biomaterial-associated molecular patterns" composed of proteins, specifically their carbohydrate modifications, existed on biomaterials, which can play a role in mediating the innate immune response to biomaterials. To probe for these carbohydrates in the adsorbed protein layer, as directed by the underlying biomaterial chemistry, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) presenting -CH(3), -OH, -COOH, or -NH(2) were preincubated with serum/plasma, and the presence of carbohydrate ligands of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) was investigated using lectin probes in an enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). Presentation of CLR ligands was detected on control tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). Absorbances of mannose or N-acetylglucosamine increased with decreasing incubating serum concentration, whereas absorbances of sialylated epitopes or fucose remained unchanged. Absorbances of alpha-galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine decreased with decreasing incubating serum concentration; beta-galactose was undetectable. Among SAM endgroups, preincubation with 10% serum resulted in differential presentation of CLR ligands: higher alpha-galactose on COOH SAMs than NH(2) or CH(3) SAMs, highest complex mannose on NH(2) SAMs, and higher complex mannose on OH SAMs than CH(3) SAMs. Least sialylated groups were detected on CH(3) SAMs. In summary, biomaterial chemistry may regulate protein adsorption and hence unique presentation of associated carbohydrates. The ultimate goal is to identify the effects of protein glycosylations associated with biomaterials in stimulating innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita P Shankar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Geetha M, Annamma KI, Mathai J, Appukuttan PS. Normal Human Plasma Anti-β-Glucoside Antibody Has Markedly Elevated IgA Content and Binds Fungal and Yeast Polysaccharides. Immunol Invest 2009; 36:73-83. [PMID: 17190651 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600745737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal human plasma antibody that recognizes beta-linked glucoside moiety was purified by affinity chromatography on cellulose. The anti-beta-glucoside antibody had three times higher IgA to IgG ratio and substantially higher polymeric IgA content than total serum immunoglobulins. Cellobiose and other beta-glucosides were best inhibitors of its binding to polystyrene microwell-coated polysaccharides. In synthetic glycoproteins made by conjugating disaccharides to hemoglobin or bovine serum albumin, cellobiose, unlike lactose or maltose, was sugar-specifically recognized by the antibody. It also recognized polystyrene well-coated beta1-->3 linked glycans of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and of barley in decreasing order of affinity. Its sugar-binding site could thus accommodate beta-glucoside with or without substitution at C4 and C3. High IgA content along with the capacity to bind common microbial and dietary antigens pointed to the immune inflammatory potential of the antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Geetha
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Paul A, Geetha M, Chacko BK, Appukuttan PS. Multiple Specificity of Human Serum Dextran-Binding Immunoglobulin: α (1→6)- and β (1→3)-linked Glucose and α (1→3)-linked Galactose in Natural Glycoconjugates are Recognized. Immunol Invest 2009; 38:153-64. [DOI: 10.1080/08820130902729629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
22
|
Liu XQ, Wu L, Guo XJ. Effect of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang on deficiency of N-glycan/nitric oxide and islet damage induced by streptozotocin in diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1730-7. [PMID: 19360916 PMCID: PMC2668778 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang (Decoction for Reinforcing Middle Jiao and Replenishing Qi) on deficiency of N-glycan/nitric oxide (NO) and islet damage induced by injecting two medium doses of streptozotocin (STZ).
METHODS: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at 55 mg/kg on day 1 and day 8. Islet damage was evaluated using a scoring system. Nitrite, nitrate, α-mannosidase and amylase activities were measured by colorimetry. N-glycan patterns of amylase were determined with lectin [ConA, pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA)] affinity precipitation method.
RESULTS: Severe islet necrosis and mild islet atrophy were observed in diabetic rats. The number and size of islets, the activities of α-mannosidase, amylase and nitrite were decreased, while the binding of PNA and LCA to amylase was increased. All of which were improved after treatment with Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang. Islet damage was significantly correlated with nitrite, nitrate, α-mannosidase, amylase and the binding of LCA, PNA, and PSA to amylase.
CONCLUSION: STZ-induced islet damage is related to N-glycan deficiency in proteins by blocking α-mannosidase activity and no deficiency, accumulation of unfolded proteins, and endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of cellular signals, all of which are improved after treatment with Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang.
Collapse
|
23
|
Iskratsch T, Braun A, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Specificity analysis of lectins and antibodies using remodeled glycoproteins. Anal Biochem 2008; 386:133-46. [PMID: 19123999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to their ability to bind specifically to certain carbohydrate sequences, lectins are a frequently used tool in cytology, histology, and glycan analysis but also offer new options for drug targeting and drug delivery systems. For these and other potential applications, it is necessary to be certain as to the carbohydrate structures interacting with the lectin. Therefore, we used glycoproteins remodeled with glycosyltransferases and glycosidases for testing specificities of lectins from Aleuria aurantia (AAL), Erythrina cristagalli (ECL), Griffonia simplicifolia (GSL I-B(4)), Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA), Lens culinaris (LCA), Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), peanut (Arachis hypogaeae) (PNA), Ricinus communis (RCA I), Sambucus nigra (SNA), Vicia villosa (VVA), and wheat germ (Triticum vulgaris) (WGA) as well as reactivities of anti-carbohydrate antibodies (anti-bee venom, anti-horseradish peroxidase [anti-HRP], and anti-Lewis(x)). After enzymatic remodeling, the resulting neoglycoforms display defined carbohydrate sequences and can be used, when spotted on nitrocellulose or in enzyme-linked lectinosorbent assays, to identify the sugar moieties bound by the lectins. Transferrin with its two biantennary complex N-glycans was used as scaffold for gaining diverse N-glycosidic structures, whereas fetuin was modified using glycosidases to test the specificities of lectins toward both N- and O-glycans. In addition, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein and Schistosoma mansoni egg extract were chosen as controls for lectin interactions with fucosylated glycans (Lewis(x) and core alpha1,3-fucose). Our data complement and expand the existing knowledge about the binding specificity of a range of commercially available lectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Iskratsch
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cai Q, Zhang ZR. Lectin-mediated cytotoxicity and specificity of 5-fluorouracil conjugated with peanut agglutinin (5-Fu-PNA)in vitro. J Drug Target 2008; 13:251-7. [PMID: 16051537 DOI: 10.1080/10611860500138505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to take advantage of the biorecognition between lectin and carbohydrate for targeted drug delivery, the lectin of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin (PNA) was coupled by fixing its amino groups to the carbodiimide-activated carboxylic groups of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) derivative (N1-substituted 5-Fu acetate) to form 5-Fu-PNA conjugate. When the coupling reaction was carried out in the presence of d-galactose (d-gal, specific sugar for PNA), the affinity of PNA was maintained after its coupling to N1-substituted 5-Fu acetate, which was confirmed by the result of the haemagglutination test. Otherwise, PNA would lose its affinity after the cross-linking reaction. The cytotoxicity, specificity and selectivity of 5-Fu-PNA were examined on the human colorectal cancer cell line LoVo and the human normal liver cell line Chang using MTT assay. Compared with free drug, the active conjugate, which maintained the affinity of lectin, had similar cytotoxic effect on LoVo cells with much lower cytotoxicity on Chang cells On the other hand, lower cytotoxic effects on LoVo cells were observed for the non-active conjugate even at higher drug concentrations. The cytotoxic effect of conjugate was specific because only the active conjugate could inhibit the growth of LoVo cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner as that of the free drug. The achieved results indicate the significance to maintain the affinity of lectin for lectin-mediated cytotoxicity. Still, the potential of 5-Fu-PNA conjugate as a targeting agent for colorectal cancer needs to be further investigated in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Cai
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Novel Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pallesen LT, Pedersen LRL, Petersen TE, Rasmussen JT. Characterization of carbohydrate structures of bovine MUC15 and distribution of the mucin in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3143-52. [PMID: 17582096 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the characterization of carbohydrate structures and the distribution of the newly identified mucin MUC15, a highly glycosylated protein associated with the bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Distribution of MUC15 was investigated in various fractions of bovine milk by densitometric scanning of Western blots. In raw milk, MUC15 was shown to constitute 0.08% (wt) of the protein and approximately 1.5% (wt) of the MFGM-associated proteins. Surprisingly, this study showed that in addition to the fat-containing fractions, such as MFGM and buttermilk, MUC15 was present in nonfat-containing fractions as well, such as skim milk and whey. Compositional and structural studies of the carbohydrates of bovine milk MUC15 showed that the glycans are composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglycosamine, and sialic acid. The carbohydrate was shown to constitute 65% of the total molecular weight, and the molar ratios of the individual sugars to protein of the O-linked glycans were determined. The glycan structures of MUC15 were further studied by enzymatic deglycosylation experiments using different endo- and exoglycosidases as well as a panel of lectins. The N-linked glycans were shown to contain mainly hybrid-type N-glycans. In addition, the N-glycans were shown to be sialylated and contain terminal poly-lactosamine structures. The O-linked glycans were found to constitute some unsubstituted Core-1 structures and a substantial number of sialylated Core-1 O-linked glycans. By comparing the results of peanut agglutinin lectin binding, enzymatic deglycosylation, and monosaccharide composition analysis, we concluded that bovine MUC15 also contains more complex O-glycans containing high amounts N-acetylglucosamine residues. Furthermore, a small subset of the O-linked glycans is decorated with lactosamine on their terminal ends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L T Pallesen
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gómez-Santos L, Alonso E, Ferrer C, Zuasti A, Sáez FJ, Madrid JF. Histochemical demonstration of two subtypes of O-linked oligosaccharides in the rat gastric glands. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:809-15. [PMID: 17576126 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The gastric glands synthesize glycoproteins whose oligosaccharides are linked to the peptide core mainly by the O-glycosidic bond, specifically removed by beta-elimination procedure. Our aim was to research the possibility of the existence of two subtypes of O-linked oligosaccharides with a different behavior to the removal procedure. The lectins from peanut (PNA) and Maackia amurensis (MAA-I) were histochemically used as markers of the O-linked oligosaccharides. Sections were also pretreated with beta-elimination and/or peptide N-Glycosidase F (PNGase-F) for the specific removal of O- and N-linked oligosaccharides, respectively. The lectin GNA, which mainly labels to N-linked oligosaccharides, was used to test the correct working of PNGase-F. To test the possibility that the beta-elimination treatment could remove the terminal sialic acid residues, the lectin LFA was used. The surface epithelium was negative to PNA, while it became strongly positive when beta-elimination was performed for 1 day. This staining was resistant to PNGase-F, suggesting that PNA was labeling to O-linked oligosaccharides. However, after beta-elimination for 5 days this staining is not observed. A similar pattern appeared with MAA-I. We propose the existence of two subtypes of O-linked oligosaccharides: labile and resistant. The labile O-linked oligosaccharides are removed with beta-elimination for 1 day, unmasking the PNA-positive oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are resistant O-linked oligosaccharides because staining is abolished with longer treatment of beta-elimination. The results with MAA-I also support this suggestion. In summary, the labile O-linked oligosaccharides are removed with short treatment, while the resistant O-linked oligosaccharides need a stronger procedure (for 5 days).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Santos
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Greer D, Ivey S. Distinct N-glycan glycosylation of P-glycoprotein isolated from the human uterine sarcoma cell line MES-SA/Dx5. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1275-82. [PMID: 17692467 PMCID: PMC2034348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The uterine sarcoma human cell line MES-SA/Dx5 overexpresses the MDR1 gene product, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Pgp is a heavily glycosylated, ATP-dependent drug efflux pump expressed in many human cancers. There are more than 150 known isoforms of Pgp, which complicates the characterization of Pgp glycans because each isoform could present a different glycome. The contribution of these oligosaccharides to the structure and function of Pgp remains unclear. We identified distinct Pgp glycans recognized by the lectins in the digoxigenin (DIG) glycan differentiation kit from Roche Allied Science, all of which were N-glycans. Pgp was isolated using both slab and preparative gel elution. The monoclonal antibody C219 was used to identify the presence of Pgp and Pgp treated with PNGase F on our blots. Pgp isolated from MES-SA/Dx5 cells contains at least two different complex N-glycans--one high mannose tree, detected by GNA, and one branched hybrid oligosaccharide-capped with terminal sialic acids, detected by SNA and MAA. DSA, specific for biantennary oligosaccharides possessing beta(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, also recognized the blotted Pgp and is probably detecting the core Galbeta(1-4)-GlcNAc(x) component found in other Pgps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Greer
- Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908 USA
| | - S. Ivey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901 USA
- *Corresponding author: Tel. +302 857-6524; Fax +302 857-7378; E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kranz C, Ng BG, Sun L, Sharma V, Eklund EA, Miura Y, Ungar D, Lupashin V, Winkel RD, Cipollo JF, Costello CE, Loh E, Hong W, Freeze HH. COG8 deficiency causes new congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIh. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:731-41. [PMID: 17331980 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new Type II congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG-II) caused by mutations in the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex gene, COG8. The patient has severe psychomotor retardation, seizures, failure to thrive and intolerance to wheat and dairy products. Analysis of serum transferrin and total serum N-glycans showed normal addition of one sialic acid, but severe deficiency in subsequent sialylation of mostly normal N-glycans. Patient fibroblasts were deficient in sialylation of both N- and O-glycans, and also showed slower brefeldin A (BFA)-induced disruption of the Golgi matrix, reminiscent of COG7-deficient cells. Patient fibroblasts completely lacked COG8 protein and had reduced levels and/or mislocalization of several other COG proteins. The patient had two COG8 mutations which severely truncated the protein and destabilized the COG complex. The first, IVS3 + 1G > A, altered the conserved splicing site of intron 3, and the second deleted two nucleotides (1687-1688 del TT) in exon 5, truncating the last 47 amino acids. Lentiviral-mediated complementation with normal COG8 corrected mislocalization of other COG proteins, normalized sialylation and restored normal BFA-induced Golgi disruption. We propose to call this new disorder CDG-IIh or CDG-II/COG8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranz
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schopperle WM, DeWolf WC. The TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 human pluripotent stem cell markers are expressed on podocalyxin in embryonal carcinoma. Stem Cells 2006; 25:723-30. [PMID: 17124010 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified the cell adhesion protein podocalyxin expressed in a human pluripotent stem cell, embryonal carcinoma (EC), which is a malignant germ cell. Podocalyxin is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein with amino acid sequence homology to the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34. Since the initial discovery of podocalyxin in a cancerous stem cell, numerous new studies have identified podocalyxin in many different human cancers and in embryonic stem cells lines (ES) derived from human embryos. Embryonal carcinoma, as do all human pluripotent stem cells, expresses TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antigens, and although their molecular identities are unknown, they are commonly used as markers of undifferentiated pluripotent human stem cells. We report here that purified podocalyxin from embryonal carcinoma has binding activity with the TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antibodies. Embryonal carcinoma cells treated with retinoic acid undergo differentiation and lose the TRA-1-60/TRA-1-81 markers from their plasma membrane surface. We show that podocalyxin is modified in the retinoic acid-treated cells and has an apparent molecular mass of 170 kDa on protein blots as compared with the apparent 200-kDa molecular weight form of podocalyxin expressed in untreated cells. Furthermore, the modified form of podocalyxin no longer reacts with the TRA-1-60/TRA-1-81 antibodies. Thus, embryonal carcinoma expresses two distinct forms of podocalyxin, and the larger version is a molecular carrier of the human stem cell-defining antigens TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Schopperle
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, RW-875, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Foulquier F, Vasile E, Schollen E, Callewaert N, Raemaekers T, Quelhas D, Jaeken J, Mills P, Winchester B, Krieger M, Annaert W, Matthijs G. Conserved oligomeric Golgi complex subunit 1 deficiency reveals a previously uncharacterized congenital disorder of glycosylation type II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3764-9. [PMID: 16537452 PMCID: PMC1450151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507685103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is a heterooctameric complex that regulates intraGolgi trafficking and the integrity of the Golgi compartment in eukaryotic cells. Here, we describe a patient with a mild form of congenital disorder of glycosylation type II (CDG-II) that is caused by a deficiency in the Cog1 subunit of the complex. This patient has a defect in both N- and O-glycosylation. Mass spectrometric analysis of the structures of the N-linked glycans released from glycoproteins from the patient's serum revealed a reduction in sialic acid and galactose residues. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin staining revealed a decrease in sialic acids on core 1 mucin type O-glycans, indicating a combined defect in N- and O-glycosylation. Sequence analysis of the COG1 cDNA and gene identified a homozygous insertion of a single nucleotide (2659-2660insC), which is predicted to lead to a premature translation stop and truncation of the C terminus of the Cog1 protein by 80 amino acids. This mutation destabilizes several other COG subunits and alters their subcellular localization and hence the overall integrity of the COG complex. This results in reduced levels and/or altered Golgi localization of alpha-mannosidase II and beta-1,4 galactosyltransferase I, which links it to the glycosylation deficiency. Transfection of primary fibroblasts of this patient with the full length hemagglutinin-tagged Cog1 indeed restored beta-1,4 galactosyltransferase Golgi localization. We propose naming this disorder CDG-II/Cog1, or CDG-II caused by Cog1 deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliza Vasile
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Nico Callewaert
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, University of Ghent and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Tim Raemaekers
- Membrane Trafficking, Center for Human Genetics, Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology 4, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dulce Quelhas
- Medical Genetics Institute, Clinical Biology Department, Praça Pedro Nunes 88, 4050 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Metabolic Disease, Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Philippa Mills
- **Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Winchester
- **Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Monty Krieger
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Wim Annaert
- Membrane Trafficking, Center for Human Genetics, Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology 4, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
De Lisle RC. Altered posttranslational processing of glycoproteins in cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Exp Cell Res 2005; 308:101-13. [PMID: 15869754 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an auto-digestive disease resulting in inflammation. At the cellular level, acute pancreatitis disrupts posttranslational protein processing and traffic in the secretory pathway, and zymogens become activated in the acinar cell. To better understand the disruption of the secretory pathway in pancreatitis, pulse-chase [(35)S]met/cys analysis was used to study the effects of supramaximal cerulein stimulation on posttranslational modification in the secretory pathway of the major sulfated glycoprotein of the mouse pancreas, pro-Muclin, and the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP1. Maximal cerulein or high concentration bombesin stimulation had little effect on glycoprotein processing. By contrast, supramaximal cerulein stimulation strongly inhibited pro-Muclin processing as measured by the failure of Muclin to attain its normal mature size of 300 kDa and to become highly sulfated and decreased proteolytic cleavage of pro-Muclin to produce apactin. Digestion of immunoprecipitated [35S]met/cys-labeled Muclin and LAMP1 with endoglycosidase H demonstrated that the supramaximal cerulein-induced block in processing occurred before the medial Golgi compartment. With supramaximal cerulein stimulation, vacuoles formed which contained Muclin, amylase, and LAMP1. Earlier autoradiographic studies showed that newly synthesized proteins end up in pancreatitis-associated vacuoles, so it is likely that glycoproteins with incomplete posttranslational processing are also present in vacuoles. Because glycoproteins are believed to protect the membranes of lysosomes and zymogen granules, when they are not correctly processed, their defensive mechanisms may be impaired, and this could contribute to vacuole fragility in pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C De Lisle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sangeetha SR, Appukuttan PS. IgA1 is the premier serum glycoprotein recognized by human galectin-1 since T antigen (Galbeta1-->3GalNAc-) is far superior to non-repeating N-acetyl lactosamine as ligand. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 35:269-76. [PMID: 15862866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 02/26/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human heart galectin-1 (HHL) was separated by high pressure liquid chromatography from endogenous glycoproteins co-purified with it during affinity chromatography. These glycoproteins offered excellent ligands for HHL binding and were rich in T antigen (Galbeta1-->3 GalNAc-) of O-linked oligosaccharides. In enzyme linked lectin assay and hemagglutination inhibition assay, human IgA1, bovine fetuin and other O-glycosylated T antigen-bearing glycoproteins bound to the lectin efficiently in contrast to single N-acetyl lactosamine (LacNAc)-bearing N-linked oligosaccharides released from them and to IgG which is not O-glycosylated. HHL binding to IgA1 and fetuin was unaffected by removal of their N-linked oligosaccharides by alpha-mannosidase. When immobilized, O-glycosylated serum proteins but not IgG could capture HHL from its solutions. Desialylated or polymeric IgA1 was better inhibitor than monomeric IgA1. The findings suggest a possible role for galectin-1 in anchoring of microbial and cancer cells known to be rich in T antigen, in high serum IgA1 turn over and in tissue sequestering of IgA1 immune complexes especially after their microbial desialylation in IgA nephropathy and other immune complex-mediated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Sangeetha
- Division of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gibson NJ, Hildebrand JG, Tolbert LP. Glycosylation patterns are sexually dimorphic throughout development of the olfactory system in Manduca sexta. J Comp Neurol 2004; 476:1-18. [PMID: 15236463 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the moth Manduca sexta, development of the adult olfactory system depends on complex interactions between olfactory receptor neurons in the antenna, antennal-lobe neurons in the brain, and several classes of glial cells. As one approach to characterizing molecules that may play roles in these interactions, we used lectins to screen antennae and antennal lobes at different stages of adult development. We find that each of the major neural cell types has a distinct pattern of labeling by lectins. Effects of enzymatic and other treatments on lectin labeling lead us to conclude that the predominant lectin ligands are: glycosphingolipids and an O-linked, fucose-containing glycoprotein on axons of olfactory receptor neurons, O-linked glycoproteins on antennal-lobe neurons, and N-linked glycoproteins on all classes of glial cells in the primary olfactory pathway. Wheat germ agglutinin labels all olfactory axons uniformly during much of development, but labeling becomes restricted to the pheromone-responsive olfactory receptor neurons in the adult male. Succinylated WGA reveals differences in these axon classes earlier, as glomerului develop from protoglomeruli. The adult female displays a less pronounced difference in labeling of axons targeting ordinary and sexually dimorphic glomeruli. Differences in labeling of receptor axons targeted to ordinary and sexually dimorphic glomeruli may be correlated with differences in function or connectivity in different regions of the antennal lobe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Gibson
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chacko BK, Appukuttan PS. Dextran-binding human plasma antibody recognizes bacterial and yeast antigens and is inhibited by glucose concentrations reached in diabetic sera. Mol Immunol 2003; 39:933-9. [PMID: 12695119 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(03)00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dextran-binding antibody was isolated in high yield from plasma of all 40 blood donors screened in a South Indian population. The antibody was purified by a single step affinity chromatography on Sephadex G100 using 1-O-methyl alpha-D-glucoside as eluant. Analysis of protein peaks obtained in size exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed dominance of IgG and suggested the presence of polymeric IgA in this antibody. Methyl and para-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucosides, in contrast to their beta-anomers, were very efficient inhibitors of binding of this antibody to dextran. Galactose and glucose were equally good inhibitors. Among disaccharide inhibitors sucrose was more efficient than maltose or melibiose. Hemoglobin artificially glycosylated to contain covalently-linked glucose or alpha-anomeric galactose was sugar-specifically recognized by this antibody. Galactose moieties in glycoproteins or polysaccharides were, however, not recognized. The dextran-binding antibody bound sugar-specifically to glycoconjugates from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and to lipopolysaccharides from Klebsiella and group A Streptococci, but not to lipopolysaccharides from E. coli. Inhibition studies suggested glucose moiety with unsubstituted C2 and C4 and alpha-anomeric C1 as ideal for recognition by the dextran-binding antibody. Concentration of glucose required for 50% inhibition of binding of the purified antibody to polystyrene-coated dextran in phosphate buffered saline was above the glucose concentrations in normal sera, but well below those reached in diabetic sera. Binding of the antibody from dialysed plasma to immobilized dextran was lowered only marginally in presence of glucose at 4.5mM (which nears normal serum glucose concentrations), but substantially in presence of the sugar at 20mM and above which are reached in diabetic sera. If verified in vivo, inhibition of this antibody by high serum glucose may possibly be among reasons for the increased susceptibility of diabetics to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B K Chacko
- Division of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, 695011, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schopperle WM, Kershaw DB, DeWolf WC. Human embryonal carcinoma tumor antigen, Gp200/GCTM-2, is podocalyxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 300:285-90. [PMID: 12504081 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously characterized a peanut agglutinin-binding tumor antigen, gp200, a surface membrane glycoprotein expressed on human embryonal carcinoma, a malignant stem cell of testicular tumors. Gp200 is remarkably similar to another embryonal carcinoma antigen, GCTM-2, a cell differentiation marker that is also detected in blood of testis cancer patients, yet neither molecular identity is known. We now report the identity of gp200 as podocalyxin. Protein sequence results of gp200 peptides match with podocalyxin sequence. Furthermore, two distinct monoclonal antibodies, specific for podocalyxin, react positively with gp200. Therefore, gp200 is a testicular tumor form of podocalyxin, a surface membrane glycoprotein that was originally discovered as a scaffolding extracellular matrix protein of kidney podocyte cells. Podocalyxin is also expressed on subsets of hematopoietic cells where it has a putative function as a cell adhesion protein. This is the first report of podocalyxin expression on malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Schopperle
- Division of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana 838, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Appukuttan PS. Terminal alpha-linked galactose rather than N-acetyl lactosamine is ligand for bovine heart galectin-1 in N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. J Mol Recognit 2002; 15:180-7. [PMID: 12382235 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Preference for the beta-anomer of galactose attributed to the bovine heart 14 kDa galectin-1 (BHL-14) was re-examined using natural glycoproteins and artificially glycosylated proteins as ligands. Endogenous glycoproteins co-purified with BHL-14 during its affinity chromatographic isolation contained oligosaccharides bearing terminal alpha-linked galactose (TAG) moieties and were superior even to laminin as ligands for homogeneous BHL-14 obtained by high pressure liquid chromatography. Artificially glycosylated proteins prepared by covalent attachment of melibiose to proteins and containing TAG moieties were ligands for BHL-14, unlike their lactose counterparts which contained beta-linked galactose. Enzymatic removal of TAG moieties from the following glycoproteins abolished their recognition by BHL-14: (i) endogenous glycoproteins co-purified with BHL-14; (ii) mouse laminin; and (iii) bovine heart glycoproteins recognized by peanut agglutinin. Modification of TAG in laminin using galactose oxidase also rendered the glycoprotein inert towards BHL-14. Desialylation of human IgG, bovine thyroglobulin or laminin failed to increase the affinity of BHL-14 for these glycoproteins. Since removal of TAG or of sialic acid moiety exposed LacNAc (Gal beta1-->4 GlcNAc) in these glycoproteins, these results indicated that TAG, rather than LacNAc, is a ligand for BHL-14 on N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins. Ready recognition of human IgA and jacalin-binding human plasma glycoproteins and non-recognition of human IgG suggested that T antigen (Galbeta1-->3 GalNAc) may also be ligand for galectin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Appukuttan
- Division of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695011, India.
| |
Collapse
|