1
|
Pombal MA, Megías M, Lozano D, López JM. Neuromeric Distribution of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-Diaphorase Activity in the Adult Lamprey Brain. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:826087. [PMID: 35197830 PMCID: PMC8859838 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.826087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports for the first time the distribution and morphological characterization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d; a reliable marker of nitric oxide synthase activity) positive elements in the central nervous system of the adult river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) on the framework of the neuromeric model and compares their cytoarchitectonic organization with that of gnathostomes. Both NADPH-d exhibiting cells and fibers were observed in all major divisions of the lamprey brain as well as in the spinal cord. In the secondary prosencephalon, NADPH-d positive cells were observed in the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb, evaginated pallium, amygdala, dorsal striatum, septum, lateral preoptic nucleus, caudal paraventricular area, posterior entopeduncular nucleus, nucleus of the stria medullaris, hypothalamic periventricular organ and mamillary region sensu lato. In the lamprey diencephalon, NADPH-d labeled cells were observed in several nuclei of the prethalamus, epithalamus, pretectum, and the basal plate. Especially remarkable was the staining observed in the right habenula and several pretectal nuclei. NADPH-d positive cells were also observed in the following mesencephalic areas: optic tectum (two populations), torus semicircularis, nucleus M5 of Schöber, and a ventral tegmental periventricular nucleus. Five different cell populations were observed in the isthmic region, whereas the large sensory dorsal cells, some cells located in the interpeduncular nucleus, the motor nuclei of most cranial nerves, the solitary tract nucleus, some cells of the reticular nuclei, and small cerebrospinal fluid-contacting (CSF-c) cells were the most evident stained cells of the rhombencephalon proper. Finally, several NADPH-d positive cells were observed in the rostral part of the spinal cord, including the large sensory dorsal cells, numerous CSF-c cells, and some dorsal and lateral interneurons. NADPH-d positive fibers were observed in the olfactory pathways (primary olfactory fibers and stria medullaris), the fasciculus retroflexus, and the dorsal column tract. Our results on the distribution of NADPH-d positive elements in the brain of the adult lamprey L. fluviatilis are significantly different from those previously reported in larval lampreys and demonstrated that these animals possess a complex nitrergic system readily comparable to those of other vertebrates, although important specific differences also exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Pombal
- Neurolam Group, Facultade de Bioloxía-IBIV, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel A. Pombal,
| | - Manuel Megías
- Neurolam Group, Facultade de Bioloxía-IBIV, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. López
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Catalano-Iniesta L, Iglesias-Osma MC, Sánchez-Robledo V, Carretero-Hernández M, Blanco EJ, Carretero J, García-Barrado MJ. Variations in adrenal gland medulla and dopamine effects induced by the lack of Irs2. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:667-677. [PMID: 30367392 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The adrenomedullary chromaffin cells' hormonal pathway has been related to the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. In mice, the deletion of insulin receptor substrate type 2 (Irs2) causes peripheral insulin resistance and reduction in β-cell mass, leading to overt diabetes, with gender differences on adrenergic signaling. To further unravel the relevance of Irs2 on glycemic control, we analyzed in adult Irs2 deficient (Irs2-/-) mice, of both sexes but still normoglycemic, dopamine effects on insulin secretion and glycerol release, as well as their adrenal medulla by an immunohistochemical and morphologic approach. In isolated islets, 10 μM dopamine significantly inhibited insulin release in wild-type (WT) and female Irs2-/- mice; however, male Irs2-/- islets were insensitive to that catecholamine. Similarly, on isolated adipocytes, gender differences were observed between WT and Irs2-/- mice in basal and evoked glycerol release with crescent concentrations of dopamine. By immunohistochemistry, reactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in female mice was significantly higher in the adrenal medulla of Irs2-/- compared to WT; although no differences for TH-immunopositivity were observed between the male groups of mice. However, compared to their corresponding WT animals, adrenomedullary chromaffin cells of Irs2-/- mice showed a significant decrease in the cellular and nuclear areas, and even in their percentage of apoptosis. Therefore, our observations suggest that, together with gender differences on dopamine responses in Irs2-/- mice, disturbances in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells could be related to deficiency of Irs2. Accordingly, Irs2 could be necessary for adequate glucose homeostasis and maintenance of the population of the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Catalano-Iniesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, INCyL and IBSAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X el Sabio, s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, INCyL and IBSAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X el Sabio, s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Robledo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, INCyL and IBSAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X el Sabio, s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Hernández
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique J Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Carretero
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María José García-Barrado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, INCyL and IBSAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Avda. Alfonso X el Sabio, s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. .,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernstein HG, Trübner K, Krebs P, Dobrowolny H, Bielau H, Steiner J, Bogerts B. Increased densities of nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons in the temporal cortex and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of polytoxicomanic heroin overdose victims: possible implications for heroin neurotoxicity. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:182-90. [PMID: 23953641 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is one of the most dangerous drugs of abuse, which may exert various neurotoxic actions on the brain (such as gray matter loss, neuronal apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic defects, depression of adult neurogenensis, as well as development of spongiform leucoencephalopathy). Some of these toxic effects are probably mediated by the gas nitric oxide (NO). We studied by morphometric analysis the numerical density of neurons expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in cortical and hypothalamic areas of eight heroin overdose victims and nine matched controls. Heroin addicts showed significantly increased numerical densities of nNOS immunoreactive cells in the right temporal cortex and the left paraventricular nucleus. Remarkably, in heroin abusers, but not in controls, we observed not only immunostained interneurons, but also cortical pyramidal cells. Given that increased cellular expression of nNOS was accompanied by elevated NO generation in brains of heroin addicts, these elevated levels of NO might have contributed to some of the known toxic effects of heroin (for example, reduced adult neurogenesis, mitochondrial pathology or disturbances in synaptic functioning).
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar U. Colocalization of somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5) with somatostatin, NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), and tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 2007; 504:185-205. [PMID: 17626271 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a major site of somatostatin (SST) production and action. SST is synthesized in several hypothalamic nuclei and involved in a variety of functions. Using SST receptor (SSTR)-specific antibodies, we localized SSTR subtypes in the rat hypothalamus. In addition, we also demonstrated SSTRs colocalization with SST, NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). SSTR1 is strongly localized in neurons in all major hypothalamic nuclei as well as in nerve fibers in the zona externa of the median eminence and the ependyma of the third ventricle. SSTR2 is also well expressed in most regions but with a relatively lower abundance in comparison to SSTR1. In contrast, SSTR3 is localized primarily in the paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and median eminence. SSTR4-like immunoreactivity is mainly confined to the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, median eminence, and ependymal cells of third ventricle, with the rare SSTR4-positive neuron in the paraventricular nucleus. SSTR5 is the least expressed subtype occurring only in few cells in the inner layer of the median eminence. Overall, SSTR1 is the predominant subtype, followed by SSTR2, 4, 3, and 5. Combined immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, and histochemistry were used to demonstrate SSTRs colocalization with SST, TH, and NADPH-d. SSTRs colocalization with SST, TH, and NADPH-d displays in a region and receptor specificity. Colocalization of SST and NADPH-d with SSTRs in hypothalamic regions was similar, suggesting that SST and NADPH-d producing cells are same. In contrast, TH was selectively coexpressed with SSTRs in the hypothalamus in a receptor-specific manner. Taken together, these data suggest that SSTRs may interact with NADPH-d and TH to exert a physiological role in concert within the hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ashwell KWS, Lajevardi SE, Cheng G, Paxinos G. The hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the echidna and platypus. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2006; 68:197-217. [PMID: 16809908 DOI: 10.1159/000094358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The monotremes are an intriguing group of mammals that have major differences in their reproductive physiology and lactation from therian mammals. Monotreme young hatch from leathery skinned eggs and are nourished by milk secreted onto areolae rather than through nipples. Parturition and lactation are in part controlled through the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. We have used Nissl staining, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin, oxytocin, neurophysin and non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein, and carbocyanine dye tracing techniques to examine the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and the course of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract in two monotremes: the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). In both monotremes, the supraoptic nucleus consisted of loosely packed neurons, mainly in the retrochiasmatic position. In the echidna, the paraventricular nucleus was quite small, but had similar chemoarchitectural features to therians. In the platypus, the paraventricular nucleus was larger and appeared to be part of a stream of magnocellular neurons extending from the paraventricular nucleus to the retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus. Immunohistochemistry for non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein and carbocyanine dye tracing suggested that hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract neurons in the echidna lie mainly in the retrochiasmatic supraoptic and lateral hypothalamic regions, but most neurophysin and oxytocin immunoreactive neurons in the echidna were found in the paraventricular, lateral hypothalamus and supraoptic nuclei and most oxytocinergic neurons in the platypus were distributed in a band from the paraventricular nucleus to the retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus. The small size of the supraoptic nucleus in the two monotremes might reflect functional aspects of monotreme lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken W S Ashwell
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
López JM, Moreno N, Morona R, Muñoz M, González A. Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and monoamines in neurons of the amphibian brain. Brain Res Bull 2005; 66:555-9. [PMID: 16144649 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
By means of double immunohistofluorescence techniques, we have investigated the colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system of the anurans Rana perezi and Xenopus laevis and the urodele Pleurodeles waltl. A wide codistribution of neuronal populations, expressing these markers, was found throughout the brain and spinal cord. In contrast, colocalization of these markers was rather restricted. Only in the caudal portion of the brainstem raphe column in anurans, approximately 80% of the 5-HT-positive cells were also NOS-immunoreactive, whereas in the urodele brain, about 40% of the serotonergic cells at the level of the glossopharyngeal motor nucleus were simultaneously NOS-positive. In various brain regions, a wide codistribution of NOS- and TH-containing neurons was observed, but real colocalization of nitrergic and catecholaminergic cells was only found in a small neuron population in the posterior tubercle of anuran amphibians. Therefore, in amphibians, only a distinct and small cell population within the serotonergic raphe column (anurans and urodele) and in the catecholaminergic posterior tubercle (anurans) seem to produce simultaneously nitric oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Palma E, Muscoli C, Mancuso E, Sculco F, Sacco I, Alecce W, Costa N, Colica C, Cristiano D, Rotiroti D, Mollace V. The role of nitrinergic connections in central cardiovascular responses mediated by physostigmine infused into posterior hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2004; 368:112-5. [PMID: 15342145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, cholinergic connections located into posterior hypothalamus (PH) have been implicated in the central regulation of blood pressure (BP). Here we investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the blood pressure response elicited by infusion of physostigmine into PH of normotensive rats. In freely moving rats, physostigmine (60-200 nM) produced a dose- and time-dependent elevation of BP which was antagonized by the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine (60 nM) and by L-NAME (100 microM), an inhibitor of NO synthase, both infused into the same site. In contrast, L-arginine (L-Arg; 100 microM), the precursor of NO, and glyceryltrinitrate (GTN; 140 nM), an NO donor, infused into the PH did not affect physostigmine-related pressor response. In rats pre-treated with Escherichia coli lipopolisaccharide (LPS; 0.5 microg i.p. 24h beforehand), however, scopolamine, L-Arg and GTN produced a decrease of BP, an effect antagonized by L-NAME. This suggests that NO only slightly modulates physostigmine-related pressor response elicited into PH of LPS-untreated rats. In contrast, the release of large amounts of NO generated by pre-treating rats with LPS, down-regulates cholinergic connections located at the PH, thus contributing in the central dysregulation of BP which can be found when high circulating endotoxin levels may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Palma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Roccelletta di Borgia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chapter II Histochemistry of nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(00)80056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
9
|
Krukoff TL. Central actions of nitric oxide in regulation of autonomic functions. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1999; 30:52-65. [PMID: 10407125 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification of nitric oxide (NO) as a gaseous, nonconventional neurotransmitter in the central nervous system has led to an explosion of studies aimed at learning about the roles of NO, not only at a cellular level, but also in regulating the activity of specific physiological systems that are coordinated by the brain. In the 1980s, publications began to appear which pointed to a role for NO in regulating peripheral autonomic function. In the 1990s, it became apparent that NO also acts centrally to affect autonomic responses. In this review, I will discuss the state of the current knowledge about the central role of NO in physiological functions which are related specifically to the control of sympathetic output. Studies which do not differentiate a central from a peripheral role for NO in these functions have not been included. After a brief discussion about the cellular events in which NO is involved, the distribution of NO-producing neurons in central autonomic areas of the brain will be presented. The more general actions of central NO in regulating sympathetic activity, as assessed with i.c.v. injections of pharmacological agents, will be followed by more specific sites of action achieved with microinjections into discrete brain areas. The review will be concluded with discussions about central NO in two physiological states of sympathetic imbalance, hypertension and stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Krukoff
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Popeski N, Amir S, Woodside B. Changes in NADPH-d staining in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei during pregnancy and lactation in rats: role of ovarian steroids and oxytocin. J Neuroendocrinol 1999; 11:53-61. [PMID: 9918229 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), a histochemical marker for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is increased in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei in late pregnant rats. To determine whether increases in staining were evident at other times during pregnancy and lactation the number of cells that stained for NADPH-d in the SON and PVN in rats on days 4, 12, 16, and 22 of pregnancy and on days 4, 12, and 20 of lactation was compared to that in virgin females. In a second experiment the influence of ovarian hormones on NADPH-d staining was assessed by comparing staining in the SON and PVN among ovariectomized animals exposed to either a steroid hormone replacement schedule that mimics late pregnancy (oestrogen and progesterone with progesterone removal), oestrogen alone, oestrogen and progesterone, or cholesterol alone. In the last experiment of this series staining was compared among ovariectomized animals given either oestrogen or cholesterol priming accompanied by oxytocin (OT) or vehicle infusion into the third ventricle for 7 days. The number of cells showing dense staining for NADPH-d in both the SON and PVN increased on days 12 and 22 of pregnancy and 4 and 12 of lactation compared to that observed in virgins. NADPH-d staining in these areas was also increased by both the steroid treatment that mimicked late pregnancy and chronic central OT infusion in oestrogen-primed animals. These data suggest that NADPH-d staining in the SON and PVN is increased at times when oxytocinergic cells are known to be active and that the hormonal state associated with late pregnancy is sufficient to increase NADPH-d staining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Popeski
- Centre for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Psychology Department, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|