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Yin L, Fu S, Wu R, Wei S, Yi J, Zhang LM, Yang L. A neutral polysaccharide from green tea: Structure, effect on α-amylase activity and hydrolysis property. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 687:108369. [PMID: 32335047 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A neutral tea polysaccharide (TPSN) was isolated from green tea. Gas chromatography analysis showed that TPSN was composed of d-glucose, l-arabinose and d-galactose residues at a molar ratio of 90.0: 9.1: 0.9. The weight-averaged molecular weight of TPSN was determined as about 2.0 × 105 g mol-1 using static light scattering analysis. The result of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy indicated that TPSN and water-soluble starch had similar structures. TPSN exhibited inhibitory activity towards α-amylase through the noncompetitive inhibition mechanism, but the tertiary structure of α-amylase related to enzymatic activity, analyzed using circular dichroism spectroscopy, was not affected by TPSN. Meanwhile, TPSN exhibited hydrolysis properties catalyzed by α-amylase. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the various behaviors of TPSN to α-amylase could be attributed to that the different chain segments of TPSN combined with different amino acid residues of α-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yin
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shanshan Fu
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Roujun Wu
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shuyue Wei
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Juzhen Yi
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Polymer-based Composites, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Polymer-based Composites, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Polymer-based Composites, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Raguin A, Ebenhöh O. Design starch: stochastic modeling of starch granule biogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:885-893. [PMID: 28673938 PMCID: PMC5652221 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Starch is the most widespread and abundant storage carbohydrate in plants and the main source of carbohydrate in the human diet. Owing to its remarkable properties and commercial applications, starch is still of growing interest. Its unique granular structure made of intercalated layers of amylopectin and amylose has been unraveled thanks to recent progress in microscopic imaging, but the origin of such periodicity is still under debate. Both amylose and amylopectin are made of linear chains of α-1,4-bound glucose residues, with branch points formed by α-1,6 linkages. The net difference in the distribution of chain lengths and the branching pattern of amylose (mainly linear), compared with amylopectin (racemose structure), leads to different physico-chemical properties. Amylose is an amorphous and soluble polysaccharide, whereas amylopectin is insoluble and exhibits a highly organized structure of densely packed double helices formed between neighboring linear chains. Contrarily to starch degradation that has been investigated since the early 20th century, starch production is still poorly understood. Most enzymes involved in starch growth (elongation, branching, debranching, and partial hydrolysis) are now identified. However, their specific action, their interplay (cooperative or competitive), and their kinetic properties are still largely unknown. After reviewing recent results on starch structure and starch growth and degradation enzymatic activity, we discuss recent results and current challenges for growing polysaccharides on granular surface. Finally, we highlight the importance of novel stochastic models to support the analysis of recent and complex experimental results, and to address how macroscopic properties emerge from enzymatic activity and structural rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Raguin
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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Liver glycogen in type 2 diabetic mice is randomly branched as enlarged aggregates with blunted glucose release. Glycoconj J 2015; 33:41-51. [PMID: 26521055 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a vital highly branched polymer of glucose that is essential for blood glucose homeostasis. In this article, the structure of liver glycogen from mice is investigated with respect to size distributions, degradation kinetics, and branching structure, complemented by a comparison of normal and diabetic liver glycogen. This is done to screen for differences that may result from disease. Glycogen α-particle (diameter ∼ 150 nm) and β-particle (diameter ∼ 25 nm) size distributions are reported, along with in vitro γ-amylase degradation experiments, and a small angle X-ray scattering analysis of mouse β-particles. Type 2 diabetic liver glycogen upon extraction was found to be present as large loosely bound, aggregates, not present in normal livers. Liver glycogen was found to aggregate in vitro over a period of 20 h, and particle size is shown to be related to rate of glucose release, allowing a structure-function relationship to be inferred for the tissue specific distribution of particle types. Application of branching theories to small angle X-ray scattering data for mouse β-particles revealed these particles to be randomly branched polymers, not fractal polymers. Together, this article shows that type 2 diabetic liver glycogen is present as large aggregates in mice, which may contribute to the inflexibility of interconversion between glucose and glycogen in type 2 diabetes, and further that glycogen particles are randomly branched with a size that is related to the rate of glucose release.
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Bertoft E, Koch K, Åman P. Building block organisation of clusters in amylopectin from different structural types. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:1212-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gray-Weale A, Gilbert RG. General description of the structure of branched polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Matheson N, Caldwell R. Modeling of α(1–4) chain arrangements in α(1–4)(1–6) glucans: The action and outcome of β-amylase and Pseudomonas stutzeri amylase on an α(1–4)(1–6) glucan model. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rolland-Sabaté A, Colonna P, Mendez-Montealvo MG, Planchot V. Branching Features of Amylopectins and Glycogen Determined by Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation Coupled with Multiangle Laser Light Scattering. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2520-32. [PMID: 17645307 DOI: 10.1021/bm070024z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize starch polysaccharides using asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation coupled with multiangle laser light scattering. Amylopectins from eight different botanical sources and rabbit liver glycogen were studied. Amylopectins and glycogen were completely solubilized and analyzed, and high mass recoveries were achieved (81.7-100.0%). Amylopectin Mw, RG, and the hydrodynamic coefficient nuG (the slope of the log-log plot of RGi vs Mi) were within the ranges 1.05-3.18 x 10(8) g mol(-1), 163-229 nm, 0.37-0.49, respectively. The data were also considered in terms of structural parameters. The results were analyzed by comparison with the theory of hyperbranched polymers (Flory, P. J. Principles of Polymer Chemistry; Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, 1953; Burchard, W. Macromolecules, 1977, 10, 919-927). This theory, based upon the ABC model, has been shown to underestimate the branching degrees of amylopectins. However, quantitative agreement with the data in the literature was found for amylopectins when using the ABC model modified by the introduction of a multiplying factor, determined from previously described amylopectin structures in terms of the number of branching point calculations.
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Konkolewicz D, Gray-Weale AA, Gilbert RG. Molecular weight distributions from size separation data for hyperbranched polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Putaux JL, Potocki-Véronèse G, Remaud-Simeon M, Buleon A. Alpha-D-glucan-based dendritic nanoparticles prepared by in vitro enzymatic chain extension of glycogen. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:1720-8. [PMID: 16768390 DOI: 10.1021/bm050988v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea was used to glucosylate glycogen particles in vitro in the presence of sucrose as the glucosyl donor. The morphology and structure of the resulting insoluble products were shown to strongly depend on the initial sucrose/glycogen weight ratio. For the lower ratio (1.14), all glucose molecules produced from sucrose were transferred onto glycogen, yielding a slight elongation of the external chains and their organization into small crystallites at the surface of the glycogen particles. With a high initial sucrose/glycogen ratio (342), the external glycogen chains were extended by amylosucrase, yielding dendritic nanoparticles with a diameter 4-5 times that of the initial particle. A partial crystallization of the elongated chains induced a "shrinkage" of the nanospheres. The synthesis of linear alpha-(1,4) chains occurred simultaneously, yielding semicrystalline fibrous entities. All products displayed a B-type crystal structure. The kinetics of chain elongation and aggregation were thoroughly investigated in order to explain how the action of amylosucrase resulted in such different structures. These results emphasize the potentiality of amylosucrase in the design of original carbohydrate-based dendritic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Putaux
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, ICMG-CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Perry PA, Fitzgerald MA, Gilbert RG. Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching as a Probe of Diffusion in Starch Systems. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:521-30. [PMID: 16471925 DOI: 10.1021/bm0507711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion coefficients of dextran probes of various molecular weights in starch solutions over a wide concentration range were carried out using fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), combined with a confocal microscope and tracer probe diffusion. The technique is simple to implement and can be carried out using increasingly common microscopy apparatus, giving access to a wide variety of new structural and kinetic information. The data can be rationalized in terms of the effects of probe molecular weight and on matrix starch concentration and structure. This provides a new tool to investigate the behavior of systems where starch is an ingredient that contributes to the processing and textural properties of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Perry
- Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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