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Hassaballah AI, AboulMagd AM, Hemdan MM, Hekal MH, El-Sayed AA, Farag PS. New pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives as EGFR-TK inhibitors: design, green synthesis, potential anti-proliferative activity and P-glycoprotein inhibition. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1995-2015. [PMID: 38196910 PMCID: PMC10774712 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, four series of new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized with both green and conventional methods. All the synthesized candidates were chemically confirmed using spectroscopic methods, and the DFT of the reaction mechanism was illustrated. The anti-proliferative activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against NCI 60 cancer cell lines. Two compounds (15 & 16) exhibited excellent broad-spectrum cytotoxic activity in NCI 5-log dose assays against the full 60-cell panel with GI50 values ranging from 0.018 to 9.98 μM. Moreover, the enzymatic assessment of the most active derivatives 4, 15, and 16 against EGFR tyrosine kinase showed significant inhibitory activities with IC50 of 0.054, 0.135, and 0.034 μM, respectively. The quantitative real-time PCR for the P-glycoprotein effect of compounds 15 and 16 was examined and illustrated the ability to inhibit the P-glycoprotein by 0.301 and 0.449 fold in comparison to the control. Mechanistic study using reversal activity in MDA-MB-468 cell line revealed the effect of both compounds 15 and 16 cytotoxicity against DOX/MDA-MB-468 with IC50 = 0.267 and 0.844 μM, respectively. Additionally, compound 16 was found to induce cell cycle arrest at the S phase with a subsequent increase in pre-G cell population in MDA-MB-468 cell line. It also increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, a molecular docking study was carried out to explain the target compounds' potent inhibitory activity within the EGFR binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya I Hassaballah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
| | - Asmaa M AboulMagd
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB) Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Magdy M Hemdan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Hekal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
| | - Amira A El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
| | - Paula S Farag
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
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2
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Verma M, Trivedi L, Vasudev PG. Interaction Patterns of Pyrazolopyrimidines with Receptor Proteins. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2331-2344. [PMID: 37023262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds have a prominent role in medicinal chemistry and drug design. They are not only useful as medicinally active compounds but also as a modular structural scaffold for drug design. Therefore, heterocycles are present in many ligands that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. Pyazolopyrimidines are nitrogen heterocycles and are part of many biologically active compounds and marketed drugs. This study examines the non-covalent interactions between the pyrazolopyrimidine rings and receptor proteins through data mining and analysis of high-resolution crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The Protein Data Bank contains 471 crystal structures with pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives as ligands, among which 50% contains 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (Pyp1), while 38% contains pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidines (Pyp2). 1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines (Pyp3) are found in 11% of the structures, and no structural data is available for pyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine isomers (Pyp4). Among receptor proteins, transferases are found in most examples (67.5%), followed by hydrolases (13.4%) and oxidoreductases (8.9%). Detailed analysis of structures to identify the most prevalent interactions of pyrazolopyrimidines with proteins shows that aromatic π···π interactions are present in ∼91% of the structures and hydrogen bonds/other polar contacts are present in ∼73% of the structures. The centroid-centroid distances (dcent) between the pyrazolopyrimidine rings and aromatic side chains of the proteins have been retrieved from crystal structures recorded at a high resolution (data resolution <2.0 Å). The average value of dcent in pyrazolopyrimidine-protein complexes is 5.32 Å. The information on the geometric parameters of aromatic interactions between the core pyrazolopyrimidine ring and the protein would be helpful in future in silico modeling studies on pyrazolopyrimidine-receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Verma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 220025, India
| | - Laxmikant Trivedi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Prema G Vasudev
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 220025, India
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Khoshnevis S, Smolensky MH, Haghayegh S, Castriotta RJ, Hermida RC, Diller KR. Recommended timing of medications that impact sleep and wakefulness: A review of the American Prescribers' Digital Reference. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 67:101714. [PMID: 36509029 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An appreciable number of medicines have a recommended unique single time-of-day or asymmetrical or unequal-interval multiple-daily administration schedule. Many prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) products, according to administration time, can exert positive or negative impact on nighttime sleep and daytime wakefulness. Intuitively, medicines used to manage nighttime sleep and daytime wake disorders should be taken, respectively, at night before bedtime and morning after arising. However, some utilized for other medical conditions, if improperly timed, may compromise nocturnal sleep and diurnal attentiveness. We conducted a comprehensive review of the American Prescribers' Digital Reference, internet version of the Physician's Desk Reference, for the recommended scheduling of medications and OTC remedies that can impact sleep and wakefulness. The search revealed several hundred therapies of various classes -- α2-receptor agonists, antidepressants, barbiturates, central nervous system stimulants, benzodiazepines, dopamine agonists, dopamine norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, eugeroics, γ-aminobutyric acid modulators, H1 and H3-receptor antagonists, melatonin analogues, OTC melatonin-containing products, non-benzodiazepine benzodiazepine-receptor agonists, dual orexin-receptor antagonists, and serotonin modulators -- that have a recommended unique dosing schedule. The tables and text of this article are intended to guide the proper scheduling of these medicines to optimize desired and/or minimize undesired effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khoshnevis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Michael H Smolensky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shahab Haghayegh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard J Castriotta
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramon C Hermida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories, Atlantic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies (atlanTTic), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Kenneth R Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Hongjin Zhai, Zhang S, Ampomah-Wireko M, Wang H, Cao Y, Yang P, Yang Y, Frejat FOA, Wang L, Zhao B, Ren C, Wu C. Pyrazole: An Important Core in Many Marketed and Clinical Drugs. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Jacob RG, Hartwig D, Nascimento JER, Abib PB, Ebersol CP, Nunes PP, Birmann PT, Casaril AM, Savegnago L, Schumacher RF. Sequential one-pot synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of 5-amino-4-(arylselanyl)-1H-pyrazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Trivedi L, Gupta K, Mishra V, Gopakumar TG, Gupta A, Vasudev PG. Crystal structure and self-assembly on graphite of a pyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivative. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2021; 77:757-763. [PMID: 34864717 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229621011232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the heterocyclic compound 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine, C19H15N3O, has been determined and its self-assembly on the surface of graphite has been examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The title compound crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The packing of the L-shaped molecules in the crystal is governed by arene interactions, in the absence of any conventional hydrogen-bonding interactions. The packing arrangement reveals four types of dimeric motifs stabilized by π-π and C-H...π interactions. At low coverage, molecules assemble into long needle-like islands on the graphite surface. High-resolution AFM images reveal that the molecules interact through weak noncovalent interactions between the aromatic H atoms and the methoxy O atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmikant Trivedi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CIMAP PO, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 015, India
| | - Kratika Gupta
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CIMAP PO, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 015, India
| | - Vipin Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208 016, India
| | | | - Atul Gupta
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CIMAP PO, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 015, India
| | - Prema G Vasudev
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CIMAP PO, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 015, India
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Sanad SMH, Mekky AEM. 3-Aminopyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine: Effective Precursor for Barium Hydroxide-Mediated Three Components Synthesis of New Mono- and Bis(pyrimidines) with Potential Cytotoxic Activity. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100500. [PMID: 34784450 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient one-pot procedure for preparing a new series of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-fused pyrimidines was described. The target hybrids were developed through a three-component reaction of 3-amino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine, benzaldehydes, and acetophenones (molar ratio 1 : 1 : 1). The best conditions for the previous reaction were 2.5 equivalents of barium hydroxide in DMF at 150 °C for 6 h. New bis(pyrimidines) were synthesized in high yields using a similar one-pot reaction protocol with some modifications. Thus, two equivalents of each of the appropriate acetophenones and 3-aminopyrazolopyridine were reacted with one equivalent of the appropriate bis(aldehydes). The reaction was carried out at 150 °C for 8 h using 4.5 equivalents of barium hydroxide in DMF. Repeating the previous reaction with the appropriate bis(acetyl) derivatives and benzaldehydes resulted in good yields of the target bis(pyrimidines). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of new pyrimidines against the MCF-7, HEPG2, and Caco2 cell lines was evaluated using the reference doxorubicin (IC50 values of 4.34-6.97 μM). Hybrid 6h had the best activity against Caco2 and MCF-7 cell lines, IC50 values of 12.62 and 14.50 μM, respectively. The IC50 values for hybrids 6c, 6e, and 6f against MCF-7 and Caco2 cell lines were 23.99-41.69 and 33.14-43.33 μM, respectively. Furthermore, hybrid 6e displayed IC50 value of 20.06 μM HEPG2 cell lines, while the hybrids 6c, 6f and 6h exhibited IC50 values ranging between 26.29-50.51 μM. Furthermore, hybrid 6e had an IC50 value of 20.06 μM for the HEPG2 cell lines, whereas hybrids 6c, 6f, and 6h had IC50 values ranging from 26.29 to 50.51 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M H Sanad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E M Mekky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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8
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Ma J, Yang J, Yan K, Sun X, Wei W, Tian L, Wen J. Electrochemical‐Induced C(sp
3
)−H Dehydrogenative Trimerization of Pyrazolones to Tripyrazolones. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University, Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University, Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Kelu Yan
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University, Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Xue Sun
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University, Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University, Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Laijin Tian
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University, Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University, Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
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9
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Mekky AEM, Ahmed MSM, Sanad SMH, Abdallah ZA. Bis(benzofuran-enaminone) hybrid possessing piperazine linker: Versatile precursor for microwave assisted synthesis of bis(pyrido[2',3':3,4]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1867745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. M. Mekky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Fang Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Yan J. An environmentally benign and efficient synthesis of 4‐Selanylpyrazoles catalyzed by haloid salts in water. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingguo Fang
- College of Biological and Environmental SciencesZhejiang Shuren University Hangzhou 310015 People's Republic of China
| | - Junxing Wang
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yan
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310032 People's Republic of China
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11
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Dabiri Y, Gama-Brambila RA, Taškova K, Herold K, Reuter S, Adjaye J, Utikal J, Mrowka R, Wang J, Andrade-Navarro MA, Cheng X. Imidazopyridines as Potent KDM5 Demethylase Inhibitors Promoting Reprogramming Efficiency of Human iPSCs. iScience 2019; 12:168-181. [PMID: 30685712 PMCID: PMC6354736 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneering human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based pre-clinical studies have raised safety concerns and pinpointed the need for safer and more efficient approaches to generate and maintain patient-specific iPSCs. One approach is searching for compounds that influence pluripotent stem cell reprogramming using functional screens of known drugs. Our high-throughput screening of drug-like hits showed that imidazopyridines—analogs of zolpidem, a sedative-hypnotic drug—are able to improve reprogramming efficiency and facilitate reprogramming of resistant human primary fibroblasts. The lead compound (O4I3) showed a remarkable OCT4 induction, which at least in part is due to the inhibition of H3K4 demethylase (KDM5, also known as JARID1). Experiments demonstrated that KDM5A, but not its homolog KDM5B, serves as a reprogramming barrier by interfering with the enrichment of H3K4Me3 at the OCT4 promoter. Thus our results introduce a new class of KDM5 chemical inhibitors and provide further insight into the pluripotency-related properties of KDM5 family members. O4I3 supports the maintenance and generation of human iPSCs O4I3 is a potent H3K4 demethylase KDM5 inhibitor in vitro and in cells KDM5A, but not KDM5B, serves as an epigenetic barrier of reprogramming Chemical or genetic inhibition of KDM5A tends to promote the reprogramming efficiency
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Dabiri
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, ImNeuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A Gama-Brambila
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, ImNeuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katerina Taškova
- Faculty of Biology, University Mainz, Gresemundweg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology GmbH, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Herold
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reuter
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jichang Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Miguel A Andrade-Navarro
- Faculty of Biology, University Mainz, Gresemundweg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology GmbH, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, ImNeuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Krishnammagari SK, Jeong YT. An Efficient and Transition Metal-Free Base-Promoted Multi-Component Synthesis of Aza-Fused Polysubstituted Pyrido[2′,3′:3,4]Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidine Derivatives. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1526808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeon Tae Jeong
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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13
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Krishnammagari SK, Cho BG, Kim JT, Jeong YT. An efficient and solvent-free one-pot multi-component synthesis of novel highly substituted pyrido[2′,3′:3,4]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile derivatives catalyzed by tetramethylguanidine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1514053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Byung Gwon Cho
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Tae Kim
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Tae Jeong
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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An efficient and green synthesis of novel highly functionalized nitrogen-fused pyrido[2′,3′:3,4]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives using recyclable choline hydroxide. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Allam M, Bhavani A, Mudiraj A, Ranjan N, Thippana M, Babu PP. Synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones tethered to 1,2,3-triazoles and their evaluation as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Li L, Xu H, Dai L, Xi J, Gao L, Rong L. An efficient metal-free cascade process for the synthesis of 4-arylpyrimido[1,2-b]indazole-3-carbonitrile derivatives. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Sun P, Yang D, Wei W, Sun X, Zhang W, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang H. Metal- and solvent-free, iodine-catalyzed cyclocondensation and C H bond sulphenylation: A facile access to C-4 sulfenylated pyrazoles via a domino multicomponent reaction. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Sun P, Yang D, Wei W, Jiang L, Wang Y, Dai T, Wang H. DMSO-promoted regioselective synthesis of sulfenylated pyrazoles via a radical pathway. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient DMSO-promoted direct sulfenylation of pyrazolones with thiols leading to C-4 sulfenylated pyrazoles has been realized under metal- and solvent-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sun
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Daoshan Yang
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Linhong Jiang
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Yuquan Wang
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Tongxin Dai
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
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19
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Schroeck JL, Ford J, Conway EL, Kurtzhalts KE, Gee ME, Vollmer KA, Mergenhagen KA. Review of Safety and Efficacy of Sleep Medicines in Older Adults. Clin Ther 2016; 38:2340-2372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Yang D, Sun P, Wei W, Meng L, He L, Fang B, Jiang W, Wang H. Metal-free iodine-catalyzed direct cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) between pyrazoles and thiols. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A green and efficient iodine-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative C–S coupling method for the synthesis of C-4 sulfenylated pyrazoles has been initially developed under metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoshan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Lingduan Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Lingchao He
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Baokai Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
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da Silva MJV, Silva RGM, Melo UZ, Gonçalves DS, Back DF, Moura S, Pontes RM, Basso EA, Gauze GF, Rosa FA. Theoretical and experimental investigation of the polyeletrophilic β-enamino diketone: straightforward and highly regioselective synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinones. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12968k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient regioselective synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinones from enamino diketone along with a theoretical and experimental study of the chemical reactivity enamino diketone.
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22
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Oliveira DH, Aquino TB, Nascimento JER, Perin G, Jacob RG, Alves D. Direct Synthesis of 4-Organylselanylpyrazoles by Copper- Catalyzed One-Pot Cyclocondensation and CH Bond Selenylation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Devi AS, Kaping S, Vishwakarma JN. A facile environment-friendly one-pot two-step regioselective synthetic strategy for 3,7-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines related to zaleplon and 3,6-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-amines assisted by KHSO₄ in aqueous media. Mol Divers 2015; 19:759-71. [PMID: 26016724 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
3-Aminopyrazoles required for the synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were obtained by the reaction of enaminonitriles with hydrazine hydrate. The resulting aminopyrazoles are reacted with formylated acetophenones under reflux at [Formula: see text] assisted by KHSO[Formula: see text] in aqueous media to form regioselectively 3,7-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and 3,6-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-amines. X-ray crystallography of selected compounds 5b and 7i further confirmed the regioselective formation of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem Satyapati Devi
- Organic Research Lab., Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Airport Road-Azara, Guwahati, Assam, 781017, India
| | - Shunan Kaping
- Organic Research Lab., Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Airport Road-Azara, Guwahati, Assam, 781017, India
| | - Jai Narain Vishwakarma
- Organic Research Lab., Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Airport Road-Azara, Guwahati, Assam, 781017, India.
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24
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Kaswan P, Pericherla K, Purohit D, Kumar A. Synthesis of 5,7-diarylpyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidines via KOH mediated tandem reaction of 1 H -pyrazol-3-amines and chalcones. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Because of proven efficacy, reduced side effects, and less concern about addiction, non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists (non-BzRA) have become the most commonly prescribed hypnotic agents to treat onset and maintenance insomnia. First-line treatment is cognitive-behavioral therapy. When pharmacologic treatment is indicated, non-BzRA are first-line agents for the short-term and long-term management of transient and chronic insomnia related to adjustment, psychophysiologic, primary, and secondary causation. In this article, the benefits and risks of non-BzRA are reviewed, and the selection of a hypnotic agent is defined, based on efficacy, pharmacologic profile, and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Sleep Medicine Associates of Texas, 5477 Glen Lakes Drive, Suite 100, Dallas, TX 75231, USA.
| | - Manya Somiah
- Sleep Medicine Associates of Texas, 5477 Glen Lakes Drive, Suite 100, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
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26
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 7-trifluoromethylpyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidines as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of pyrazolopyrimidopyrimidine derivatives: anti-inflammatory agents with gastroprotective effect in rats. Med Chem Res 2013; 23:1591-1598. [PMID: 24489456 PMCID: PMC3905175 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of new anti-inflammatory
1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine 5 from aminocyanopyrazole. All compounds were characterized by physical,
chemical and spectral studies. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of the resulting products
showed that compounds 5a, b,
f (50–100 mg/kg, i.p) are active anti-inflammatory agents in
carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay, and their effects are comparable to that of
acetylsalicylic–lysine (300 mg/kg, i.p.), used as a reference drug. The nature of substituent (Y,
R3) had a pronounced effect on the anti-inflammatory activity. Studies of
structure–activity relationships have led to selection of compound
ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-7-imino-N1-phenyl-1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate, 5f which
exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, the compounds 5a, b, f
showed a significant gastroprotective effect against HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer.
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28
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Chauhan M, Kumar R. Medicinal attributes of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5657-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lim D, Park SB. Synthesis of Molecular Frameworks Containing Two Distinct Heterocycles Connected in a Single Molecule with Enhanced Three-Dimensional Shape Diversity. Chemistry 2013; 19:7100-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
This article reviews common sleep disorders in children and pharmacologic options for them. Discussions of pediatric sleep pharmacology typically focus on treatment of insomnia. Although insomnia is a major concern in this population, other conditions of concern in children are presented, such as narcolepsy, parasomnias, restless legs syndrome, and sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pelayo
- Stanford Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
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31
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Behbehani H, Ibrahim HM. 4-Thiazolidinones in heterocyclic synthesis: synthesis of novel enaminones, azolopyrimidines and 2-arylimino-5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinones. Molecules 2012; 17:6362-85. [PMID: 22634845 PMCID: PMC6268424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4-thiazolidinones 3a–d were used as a key intermediates for the synthesis of 2-arylimino-5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinones derivatives 7a–pvia nucleophilic addition reactions with the arylidene malononitrile. Moreover the 4-thiazolidinones 3a and 3c condensed with the DMF-DMA to form the corresponding enamines 8 and 9 depending on the reaction conditions. Otherwise the 4-thiazolidinone 3b reacts regioselectively with DMF-DMA to afford the enaminones 10 and 11, respectively. The latter reacts with many heterocyclic amines affording polyfunctionally substituted fused pyrimidine derivatives 13–18. The enamine 8b was also reacted with the 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole to afford the acyclic product 19, which could not be further cyclized to the corresponding tricyclic system 20. Moreover the 4-thiazolidinone 3c reacted with the benzenediazonium chloride to afford the arylhydrazones 12. The X-ray single crystal technique was employed in this study for structure elucidation and Z/E potential isomerism configuration determination. The X-ray crystallographic analyses of eight products could be obtained, thus establishing with certainty the structures proposed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Behbehani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +965-990-630-62; Fax: +965-248-164-82
| | - Hamada Mohamed Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, A. R., Egypt; E-Mail:
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32
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Study progress of Tuina for insomnia in recent 10 years. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-011-0558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Srinivasan V, Brzezinski A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Spence DW, Cardinali DP, Brown GM. Melatonin agonists in primary insomnia and depression-associated insomnia: are they superior to sedative-hypnotics? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:913-23. [PMID: 21453740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatment of insomnia involves the use of sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine drugs. Although benzodiazepines improve sleep, their multiple adverse effects hamper their application. Adverse effects include impairment of memory and cognitive functions, next-day hangover and dependence. Non-benzodiazepines are effective for initiating sleep but are not as effective as benzodiazepines for improving sleep quality or efficiency. Furthermore, their prolonged use produces adverse effects similar to those observed with benzodiazepines. Inasmuch as insomnia may be associated with decreased nocturnal melatonin, administration of melatonin is a strategy that has been increasingly used for treating insomnia. Melatonin can be effective for improving sleep quality without the adverse effects associated with hypnotic-sedatives. Ramelteon, a synthetic analog of melatonin which has a longer half life and a stronger affinity for MT1 and MT2 melatonergic receptors, has been reportedly effective for initiating and improving sleep in both adult and elderly insomniacs without showing hangover, dependence, or cognitive impairment. Insomnia is also a major complaint among patients suffering from depressive disorders and is often aggravated by conventional antidepressants especially the specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The novel antidepressant agomelatine, a dual action agent with affinity for melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and 5-HT2c antagonistic properties, constitutes a new approach to the treatment of major depressive disorders. Agomelatine ameliorates the symptoms of depression and improves the quality and efficiency of sleep. Taken together, the evidence indicates that MT1/MT2 receptor agonists like ramelteon or agomelatine may be valuable pharmacological tools for insomnia and for depression-associated insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanujan Srinivasan
- Sri Sathya Sai Medical Educational and Research Foundation, Prsanthi Nilayam, Plot-40 Kovai Thirunagar, Coimbatore-641014, India
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34
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Youssef AM, Neeland EG, Villanueva EB, White MS, El-Ashmawy IM, Patrick B, Klegeris A, Abd-El-Aziz AS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5685-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Foda NH, Bakhaidar RB. Zaleplon. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2010; 35:347-371. [PMID: 22469226 DOI: 10.1016/s1871-5125(10)35008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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36
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Lemon MD, Strain JD, Hegg AM, Farver DK. Indiplon in the management of insomnia. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2009; 3:131-42. [PMID: 19920929 PMCID: PMC2769245 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Indiplon is a novel pyrazolopyrimidine, nonbenzodiazepine γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist studied for the treatment of insomnia. This article reviews the chemistry, pharmacology, clinical pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, clinical trials, safety, tolerability, contraindications, use in special populations, and dosing of indiplon. OVID, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), and PubMed databases were searched (1966 to February 2009) for the keywords indiplon, NBI-34060, and insomnia. References of key articles were also reviewed to identify additional publications. Only English language articles were selected for review. Indiplon has been shown to have high affinity and selectivity for the GABAα1 receptor subunit associated with sedation. In clinical studies, indiplon has demonstrated efficacy in improving latency to sleep onset, latency to persistent sleep, total sleep time, wake time after sleep onset, number of awakenings after sleep onset, and overall sleep quality when compared to placebo. Indiplon has a favorable safety profile with limited rebound insomnia and no tolerance. Neurocrine Biosciences, Incorporated received an Approvable Letter from the United States Food and Drug Administration in December 2007 for the indiplon IR 5 mg and 10 mg capsules based on meeting three additional requirements. At the time of this writing, indiplon remains unapproved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lemon
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, VA Black Hills Health Care System, 13 Comanche Road, Fort Meade, SD 57741, USA.
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Abstract
There is a strong interaction between sleep and headache. Sleep and headache disorders overlap epidemiologically, and share elements of anatomy and physiology. Perhaps as a result, their treatment is often mutually interdependent. Despite this, headache and sleep disorders tend to be treated separately, by different subspecialties of neurology. The headache disorders and their relationship to sleep, the commonalities of headache and sleep pathophysiology, and headache disorders that are particularly susceptible to sleep modulation (and vice versa) are reviewed. Practical management advice for sleep-modulated headaches is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Brennan
- Headache Research and Treatment Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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38
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Abstract
This article reviews the most common pharmacologic options in the treatment of sleep disorders in children. Despite the high prevalence of sleep disorders in children, there is a paucity of education and information available on the pharmacologic management of sleep disorders in children. The principles of sleep physiology and pathophysiology that help provide more rational pharmacologic management are discussed. Medications are typically not Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the pediatric age range or for the specific sleep disorder. Medications have a role for insomnia, narcolepsy, parasomnias, and sleep-related movement disorders. The available choices of hypnotics are reviewed. Medications to increase alertness of narcoleptics and decrease cataplexy are discussed. The use of dopaminergic agents for Restless Legs Syndrome is reviewed. The potential use of medication in sleep apnea is also reviewed. Pharmacologic guidelines need to be developed specifically for sleep disorders in children. Ideally, these guidelines should be FDA approved for the specific sleep disorder and for the pediatric age range. The development of easy to swallow, chewable or liquid forms of these medications are needed. Training programs should play the lead role in enhancing pediatricians' knowledge of the pharmacologic treatment of sleep disorders in children.
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40
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Foda NH, Abd Elbary A, El‐Gazayerly O. Reversed–Phase Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Zaleplon in Human Plasma and its Pharmacokinetic Application. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600721654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Najib J. Eszopiclone, a Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative-Hypnotic Agent for the Treatment of Transient and Chronic Insomnia. Clin Ther 2006; 28:491-516. [PMID: 16750462 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper reviews the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of the nonbenzodiazepine cyclopyrrolone agent eszopiclone in the management of adult patients with insomnia. METHODS Recent studies, abstracts, reviews, and consensus statements published in English were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1966-December 2005), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 December 2005), and PharmaProjects (1990-December 2005) using the search terms eszopiclone, cyclopyrrolone, insomnia, nonbenzodiazepine, and zopiclone enantiomer. Selected information provided by the manufacturer of eszopiclone was included, as were all pertinent clinical trials. RESULTS Eszopiclone is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with Tmax achieved within approximately 1 hour and a terminal-phase elimination half-life of approximately 6 hours. Approximately 52% to 59% of a dose is weakly bound to plasma protein. Eszopiclone is extensively metabolized by oxidation and demethylation. In vitro studies have indicated that the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 are involved in the biotransformation of eszopiclone; therefore, drugs that induce or inhibit these CYP isozymes may affect the metabolism of eszopiclone. Eszopiclone is excreted in the urine as racemic zopiclone at <10% of the orally administered dose. Six Phase III clinical trials were identified that evaluated the safety profile and efficacy of eszopiclone, 1 in healthy subjects with transient insomnia and 5 in patients with primary chronic insomnia (3 in younger adults and 2 in the elderly). In the trials in younger adults, eszopiclone significantly improved sleep efficiency, sleep latency, wake time after sleep onset, number of awakenings, number of nights awakened weekly, total sleep time, and quality and depth of sleep compared with placebo (P<0.05). In the trials in elderly patients, who received eszopiclone 2 mg or placebo for 2 weeks, eszopiclone was associated with significantly shorter sleep latency compared with placebo (P<0.004), as well as a significant decrease in the cumulative number of naps (P<0.05). The most commonly reported drug-related, dose-responsive adverse event in clinical trials of eszopiclone 2 and 3 mg was bitter taste (17% and 34%, respectively), followed by dizziness (5% and 7%) and dry mouth (5% and 7%). Somnolence occurred at an incidence of 4% to 9% with both doses. Tolerance or rebound insomnia was not reported. CONCLUSIONS Eszopiclone represents an effective and well-tolerated option for the treatment of insomnia. In the absence of published studies comparing eszopiclone with similar hypnotic agents (eg, zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone), it is not yet possible to evaluate its efficacy relative to other agents used for insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Najib
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn 11201, and Department of Pharmacy St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although insomnia is highly prevalent, sleep disturbances often go unrecognized and untreated. When insomnia is recognized, considerable emphasis has been placed on improving sleep onset; however, there is growing evidence that improving sleep maintenance is an equally important treatment goal. METHODS A MEDLINE literature search was performed using the search parameters "insomnia," "zolpidem," "zaleplon," "flurazepam," "estazolam," "quazepam," "triazolam," and "temazepam," as these agents are FDA-approved for the treatment of insomnia. Per reviewer comments, the search criteria was later expanded to include lorazepam. A literature search using the terms "trazodone" and "insomnia" was also performed, as this is the second-most commonly prescribed agent for treating insomnia. Sleep efficacy endpoints from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in adult populations and key review articles published between 1975 and 2004 were included in this review. As only one randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluated trazodone use in primary insomnia, the trazodone search was expanded to include all clinical trials that evaluated trazodone use in insomnia. Relevant texts and other articles that evaluated side effect profiles of these agents were also included, one of which was published in January of 2005. In all publications, impact of treatment on sleep maintenance parameters (wake time after sleep onset, number of awakenings) and measures of next-day functioning were evaluated, in addition to sleep onset parameters (sleep latency, time to sleep onset/induction) and sleep duration data (total sleep time). RESULTS Many of the currently available agents used to treat insomnia, including the antidepressant trazodone, the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem and zaleplon, and some of the benzodiazepines, have not consistently demonstrated effectiveness in promoting sleep maintenance. Furthermore, the benzodiazepines with established sleep maintenance efficacy are associated with next-day sedation, the risk of tolerance and dependence, or both. CONCLUSIONS New agents that offer relief of sleep maintenance insomnia without residual next day impairment while improving next day function are needed. Several compounds currently under development may offer clinicians a more effective and safer treatment for this common disorder.
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Drover DR. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of short-acting hypnosedatives: zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43:227-38. [PMID: 15005637 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200443040-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines have historically been the mainstay of treatment for sleeping disorders, yet they have many shortcomings. A new group of sedative hypnotic agents has been developed for this purpose. Similar to the benzodiazepines, zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone have activity at the GABA receptor complex, yet they appear to have more selectivity for certain subunits of the GABA receptor. This produces a clinical profile that is more efficacious with fewer side effects. Zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone are structurally distinct. Due to variation in binding to the GABA receptor subunits, these three compounds show subtle differences in their effect on sleep stages, and as antiepileptics, anxiolytics and amnestics. The duration of action of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone can be related to their individual pharmacokinetic profile, which subsequently determines the time course of drug effect. Each of these compounds has a unique pharmacokinetic profile with different bioavailability, volume of distribution and elimination half-lives. Zaleplon has a rapid elimination so there are fewer residual side effects after taking a single dose at bedtime. By comparison, zolpidem and zopiclone have a more delayed elimination so there may be a prolonged drug effect. This can result in residual sedation and side effects but may be useful for sustained treatment of insomnia with less waking during the night. There are also differences in potency based on plasma concentrations suggesting that there are differences in binding to the GABA receptor complex. Although zaleplon has a much lower bioavailability (30%), the treatment dose is similar to zolpidem and zopiclone (bioavilaibility of 70%) because of the increased potency of zaleplon. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone are significantly different from benzodiazepines. The new drugs are sufficiently unique from each other to allow customisation of treatment for various types of insomnia. While zaleplon may be best indicated for the delayed onset of sleep, zolpidem and zopiclone may be better indicated for maintaining a complete night's sleep. Only the patient's symptoms and response to treatment will dictate the best course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Drover
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Pelayo R, Chen W, Monzon S, Guilleminault C. Pediatric sleep pharmacology: you want to give my kid sleeping pills? Pediatr Clin North Am 2004; 51:117-34. [PMID: 15008585 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(03)00179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for greater information about the pharmacologic management of sleep disorders in children. Pharmacologic guidelines must be developed specifically for sleep disorders in children. Ideally, these guidelines should be approved by the Food and Drug Administration for a specific sleep disorder or for the pediatric age range. This approval prevents physicians from being forced to prescribe medications as an "off label" indication. Development of easy-to-swallow, chewable, or liquid forms of these medications would be well received by parents everywhere. When these are not available, instructions for compounding these medications into a suspension by pharmacists are needed. Integration of behavioral and pharmacologic treatments may yield better patient outcomes. This approach requires pediatricians to have a comprehensive understanding of clinical sleep disorders in children. Training programs should play the lead role in enhancing pediatricians' knowledge of the pharmacologic treatment of sleep disorders in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pelayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Sabbatini M, Crispo A, Pisani A, Ragosta A, Cesaro A, Mirenghi F, Cianciaruso B, Federico S. Zaleplon improves sleep quality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. NEPHRON. CLINICAL PRACTICE 2003; 94:c99-103. [PMID: 12972720 DOI: 10.1159/000072493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2002] [Accepted: 04/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM A recent survey has shown that insomnia is still a very common problem in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of zaleplon (ZAL), a new nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drug, on the sleep quality of MHD patients with insomnia. METHODS The sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh questionnaire in 10 patients (6 males/4 females) with insomnia on MHD; these patients underwent a randomized double-blind crossover study versus placebo (PLA). The main exclusion criterion was the presence of any possible cause of insomnia related to other concurrent diseases. RESULTS Treatment with ZAL significantly improved the total score of sleep quality (p < 0.03 vs. PLA). The analysis of the single components revealed that treatment with ZAL was associated with a higher subjective sleep quality (p < 0.01 vs. PLA) and a reduced sleep latency (p < 0.01 vs. PLA). The duration of sleep was not modified by ZAL, whereas a significant improvement was detected in habitual sleep efficacy (p < 0.05 vs. PLA). No peculiar side effect was recorded on ZAL. Blood parameters did not change, nor were differences recorded in the dialysis parameters (body weight gain, blood pressure) throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that ZAL has a positive effect on the sleep quality in MHD patients. The absence of side effects and its pharmacodynamic properties make ZAL a useful drug in uremic patients.
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Idiazábal Alecha MA, Estivill Sancho E. [Treatment of insomnia in children: pharmacological aspects]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2003; 59:239-45. [PMID: 12975116 DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(03)78173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years topics related to sleep in children have aroused increased interest. Most hypnotic drugs and sedatives used to treat adult insomnia are not recommended in children. Even so, 56% of pediatricians use medication to treat childhood sleep disorders. We review the different causes of insomnia in children from birth to school age. The various therapeutic options are discussed and the therapeutic methods that have been demonstrated to be most effective in the various types of insomnia. The most frequent hypnotic drugs used in insomnia treatment are benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics such as imidazopyridine, pyrazolopyrimidine and cyclopyrrolone. Few studies have been published on the use of melatonin in insomnia although several reports suggest that is useful and relatively safe in the treatment of insomnia in school-aged children. In children with insomnia, pediatricians should first of all obtain information about the characteristics of insomnia and the environmental characteristics surrounding the child and his/her family. Once an organic cause has been ruled out, treatment should be based on informing the parents about sleep physiology and on training them in sleep hygiene and the acquisition of sleep habits. When pharmacological treatment is required, it should be carefully selected using the smallest effective doses. Melatonin seems to have a promising future in insomnia treatment in healthy children and in those with neurological disorders.
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Terzano MG, Rossi M, Palomba V, Smerieri A, Parrino L. New drugs for insomnia: comparative tolerability of zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon. Drug Saf 2003; 26:261-82. [PMID: 12608888 DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200326040-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Insomnia affects 30-35% of people living in developed countries. The impact of insomnia on daytime functioning and its relationship with medical and psychiatric illnesses necessitate early treatment to prevent insomnia becoming persistent and to avoid the development of complications. However, pharmacological strategies must achieve a balance between sedative and adverse effects. In the last 30 years, benzodiazepines have been the preferred drugs for the treatment of insomnia. Benzodiazepines act nonselectively at two central receptor sites, named omega(1) and omega(2), which are located in different areas of the CNS. The sedative action of benzodiazepines is related to omega(1) receptors, whereas omega(2) receptors are responsible for their effects on memory and cognitive functioning. According to their pharmacokinetic profile, benzodiazepines can be classified into three groups: short half-life (<3 hours), medium half-life (8-24 hours) and long half-life (>24 hours). The newer non-benzodiazepine agents zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon have a hypnosedative action comparable with that of benzodiazepines, but they display specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. These three 'Z' agents all share a short plasma half-life and limited duration of action. In addition, these agents are selective compounds that interact preferentially with omega(1) receptors (sedative effect), whereas benzodiazepines also interact with omega(2) receptors (adverse effects on cognitive performance and memory). Zaleplon is characterised by an ultrashort half-life (approximately 1 hour). Zolpidem and zopiclone have longer half-lives (approximately 2.4 and 5 hours, respectively). These properties, together with the low risk of residual effect, may explain the limited negative influences of these agents on daytime performance. Psychomotor tasks and memory capacities appear to be better preserved by non-benzodiazepine agents than by benzodiazepines. When present, cognitive deficits almost exclusively coincide with the peak plasma concentration. In particular, impairment can emerge in the first hours after drug administration, whereas psychomotor and memory tests carried out 7-8 hours later (i.e. in the morning) generally show no relevant alterations. As with benzodiazepines, the three 'Z' non-benzodiazepine agents should be used for a limited period, even in chronic relapsing conditions. Further evaluation is needed of the safety of hypnosedative medications in the long-term management of insomnia.
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Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D, Breton SL, Polard E, Gandon JM. Preference of insomniac patients between a single dose of zolpidem 10 mg versus zaleplon 10 mg. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003; 18:369-74. [PMID: 12858323 DOI: 10.1002/hup.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the preference of insomniac patients between a single dose of 10 mg zolpidem or zaleplon, respectively, administered in random order on two consecutive nights. Fifty-three patients (mean age 52.2 years, 51% females) with a history of recurrent episodes of insomnia and currently complaining of difficulties in falling asleep were included into a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study by 12 general practitioners. After each night, the patients were asked to fill in a sleep questionnaire and visual analogue scales (VAS) to subjectively assess both the quality of sleep (in the morning) and the quality of the day (in the evening). After the second study night, patients' self-assessed preference was established through a drug preference questionnaire. 62% of patients preferred zolpidem, while 38% preferred zaleplon (p = 0.08). The quality of sleep items getting to sleep and quality of sleep were significantly more improved after zolpidem (p = 0.03 and p < 0.0001, respectively). On the VAS, subjective sleep quality was significantly better after zolpidem (p < 0.0001). Diurnal awakeness and quality of day life were satisfying in both groups, without significant difference. The subjective total duration of sleep was 8.0 h for zolpidem and 8.1 h for zaleplon (n.s.). Safety was good and similar between the two drugs. Insomniac patients tended to prefer zolpidem to zaleplon on both nocturnal and diurnal assessments. These results provide additional information for the physician's choice, based on the patient's preference for a given drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Allain
- Service de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1,2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, CS34317, France.
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