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Dasgupta R, Gupta K, de Groot H, Ubbink M. Towards resolving the complex paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of small laccase: assignments of resonances to residue-specific nuclei. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:15-23. [PMID: 37904765 PMCID: PMC10539750 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-15-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Laccases efficiently reduce dioxygen to water in an active site containing a tri-nuclear copper centre (TNC). The dynamics of the protein matrix is a determining factor in the efficiency in catalysis. To probe mobility, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is highly suitable. However, several factors complicate the assignment of resonances to active site nuclei in laccases. The paramagnetic nature causes large shifts and line broadening. Furthermore, the presence of slow chemical exchange processes of the imidazole rings of copper ligand results in peak doubling. A third complicating factor is that the enzyme occurs in two states, the native intermediate (NI) and resting oxidized (RO) states, with different paramagnetic properties. The present study aims at resolving the complex paramagnetic NMR spectra of the TNC of Streptomyces coelicolor small laccase (SLAC). With a combination of paramagnetically tailored NMR experiments, all eight His Nδ 1 and Hδ 1 resonances for the NI state are identified, as well as His Hβ protons for the RO state. With the help of second-shell mutagenesis, selective resonances are tentatively assigned to the histidine ligands of the copper in the type-2 site. This study demonstrates the utility of the approaches used for the sequence-specific assignment of the paramagnetic NMR spectra of ligands in the TNC that ultimately may lead to a description of the underlying motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Dasgupta
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karthick B. S. S. Gupta
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Fungal Laccases to Where and Where? Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Machczynski MC, Babicz JT. Correlating the structures and activities of the resting oxidized and native intermediate states of a small laccase by paramagnetic NMR. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 159:62-9. [PMID: 26918900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Gasser CA, Ammann EM, Schäffer A, Shahgaldian P, Corvini PFX. Production of superparamagnetic nanobiocatalysts for green chemistry applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7281-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gasser CA, Ammann EM, Shahgaldian P, Corvini PFX. Laccases to take on the challenge of emerging organic contaminants in wastewater. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9931-52. [PMID: 25359481 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The removal of emerging organic contaminants from municipal wastewater poses a major challenge unsatisfactorily addressed by present wastewater treatment processes. Enzyme-catalyzed transformation of emerging organic contaminants (EOC) has been proposed as a possible solution to this major environmental issue more than a decade ago. Especially, laccases gained interest in this context in recent years due to their broad substrate range and since they only need molecular oxygen as a cosubstrate. In order to ensure the stability of the enzymes and allow their retention and reuse, either immobilization or insolubilization of the biocatalysts seems to be the prerequisite for continuous wastewater treatment applications. The present review summarizes the research conducted on EOC transformation with laccases and presents an overview of the possible immobilization techniques. The goal is to assess the state of the art and identify the next necessary steps that have to be undertaken in order to implement laccases as a tertiary wastewater treatment process in sewage treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Gasser
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, CH-4132, Switzerland
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Fungal laccases and their applications in bioremediation. Enzyme Res 2014; 2014:163242. [PMID: 24959348 PMCID: PMC4052089 DOI: 10.1155/2014/163242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are blue multicopper oxidases, which catalyze the monoelectronic oxidation of a broad spectrum of substrates, for example, ortho- and para-diphenols, polyphenols, aminophenols, and aromatic or aliphatic amines, coupled with a full, four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O. Hence, they are capable of degrading lignin and are present abundantly in many white-rot fungi. Laccases decolorize and detoxify the industrial effluents and help in wastewater treatment. They act on both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin-related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants, and they can be effectively used in paper and pulp industries, textile industries, xenobiotic degradation, and bioremediation and act as biosensors. Recently, laccase has been applied to nanobiotechnology, which is an increasing research field, and catalyzes electron transfer reactions without additional cofactors. Several techniques have been developed for the immobilization of biomolecule such as micropatterning, self-assembled monolayer, and layer-by-layer techniques, which immobilize laccase and preserve their enzymatic activity. In this review, we describe the fungal source of laccases and their application in environment protection.
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Arsenault A, Cabana H, Jones JP. Laccase-Based CLEAs: Chitosan as a Novel Cross-Linking Agent. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:376015. [PMID: 21811672 PMCID: PMC3147005 DOI: 10.4061/2011/376015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase from Coriolopsis Polyzona was insolubilized as cross-linked
enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) for the first time with chitosan as the cross-linking
agent. Concentrations between 0.01 and 1.867 g/L of chitosan were used and
between 0.05 and 600 mM of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
hydrochloride. The laccase was precipitated using ammonium sulphate and cross-linked
simultaneously. Specific activity and thermal stability of these biocatalysts were
measured. Activities of up to 737 U/g were obtained when
2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was used as a
substrate. Moreover, the stability of these biocatalysts was improved with regards
to thermal degradation compared to free laccase when exposed to denaturing
conditions of high temperature and low pH. The CLEAs stability against chemical
denaturants was also tested but no significant improvement was detected. The total
amount of ABTS to be oxidized during thermal degradation by CLEAs and free laccase
was calculated and the insolubilized enzymes were reported to oxidize more substrate
than free laccase. The formation conditions were analyzed by response surface
methodology in order to determine an optimal environment for the production of
efficient laccase-based CLEAs using chitosan as the cross-linking agent. After 24
hours of formation at pH 3 and at 4°C without agitation, the
CLEAs exhibit the best specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Arsenault
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, 2 500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
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Cabana H, Jones JP, Agathos SN. Preparation and characterization of cross-linked laccase aggregates and their application to the elimination of endocrine disrupting chemicals. J Biotechnol 2007; 132:23-31. [PMID: 17884220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Laccase from the white rot fungus Coriolopsis polyzona was immobilized for the first time through the formation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Laccase CLEAs were produced by using 1000g of polyethylene glycol per liter of enzyme solution as precipitant and 200muM of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. These CLEAs had a laccase activity of 148Ug(-1) and an activity recovery of 60.2% when using 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) as substrate. CLEAs formed by co-aggregation with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a stabilizer showed lower laccase activity and affinity for ABTS than those without BSA. The CLEAs co-aggregated with BSA showed higher residual activity against a protease, NaN(3), EDTA, methanol and acetone. The thermoresistance was higher for CLEAs than for free laccase and also higher for CLEAs co-aggregated with BSA than for simple CLEAs when tested at a pH of 3 and a temperature of 40 degrees C. Finally, laccase CLEAs were tested for their capacity to eliminate the known or suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) nonylphenol, bisphenol A and triclosan in a fluidized bed reactor. A 100-ml reactor with 0.5mg of laccase CLEAs operated continuously at a hydraulic retention time of 150min at room temperature and pH 5 could remove all three EDCs from a 5mgl(-1) solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Cabana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
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Yun-Yang W, Yu-Min D, Fang-Xing Y, Ying X, Rong-Zhi C, Kennedy JF. Purification and characterization of hydrosoluble components from the sap of Chinese lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 38:232-40. [PMID: 16580725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous gradient elution chromatography (CGEC) was employed to purify and separate enzymes and polysaccharides from the sap of Rhus vernicifera Chinese lacquer tree. There are three different molecules with laccase enzyme activity. Two are enzymes of each other (L1, and L2), whereas the third (RL) is an entirely separate entity. Two polysaccharides (GP1 and GP2) were also found. The Rhus laccase (RL), and isoenzymes L1 and L2, have peak molecular masses of 109,100, 120,000, 103,000 respectively; each has four copper atoms per molecule, and the pI values were 8.2, 8.6, and 9.1, respectively. The structure of the laccases was studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The typical amide I (1646cm(-1)) and amide II (1545cm(-1)) bands were observed. The results from MALDI-TOF were similar to those from CGEC, but the molecular mass from the MALDI-TOF was significantly different from that obtained from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yun-Yang
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
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Battistuzzi G, Bellei M, Leonardi A, Pierattelli R, De Candia A, Vila AJ, Sola M. Reduction thermodynamics of the T1 Cu site in plant and fungal laccases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:867-73. [PMID: 16231129 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic parameters for reduction of the type-1 (T1) copper site in Rhus vernicifera and Trametes versicolor laccases and for the derivative of the former protein from which the type-2 copper has been selectively removed (T2D) have been determined with UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry. In all cases, the enthalpic term turns out to be the main determinant of the Eo' of the T1 site. Also the difference between the reduction potentials of the two laccases is enthalpy-based and reflects differences in the coordination features of the T1 sites and their protein environment. The T1 sites in native R. vernicifera laccase and its T2D derivative show the same Eo', as a result of compensatory differences in the reduction thermodynamics. This suggests that removal of the type-2 (T2) copper results in modification of the reduction-induced solvent reorganization effects, with no influence in the structure of the multicopper protein site. This conclusion is supported by NMR data recorded on the native, the T2D, and Hg-substituted T1 derivatives of R. vernicifera laccase, which show that the T1 and T2/T3 sites are largely noninteracting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry-Centro SCS, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100, Modena, Italy.
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Machczynski MC, Vijgenboom E, Samyn B, Canters GW. Characterization of SLAC: a small laccase from Streptomyces coelicolor with unprecedented activity. Protein Sci 2004; 13:2388-97. [PMID: 15295117 PMCID: PMC2280001 DOI: 10.1110/ps.04759104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Laccases and other four-copper oxidases are usually constructed of three domains: Domains one and three house the copper sites, and the second domain often helps form a substrate-binding cleft. In contrast to this arrangement, the genome of Streptomyces coelicolor was found to encode a small, four-copper oxidase that lacks the second domain. This protein is representative of a new family of enzymes--the two-domain laccases. Disruption of the corresponding gene abrogates laccase activity in the growth media. We have recombinantly expressed this enzyme, called SLAC, in Escherichia coli and characterized it. The enzyme binds four copper ions/monomer, and UV-visible absorption and EPR measurements confirm that the conserved type 1 copper site and trinuclear cluster are intact. We also report the first known paramagnetic NMR spectrum for the trinuclear copper cluster of a protein from the laccase family. The enzyme is highly stable, retaining activity as a dimer in denaturing gels after boiling and SDS treatment. The activity of the enzyme against 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP) peaks at an unprecedentedly high pH (9.4), whereas the activity against ferrocyanide decreases with pH. SLAC binds negatively charged substrates more tightly than positively charged or uncharged molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Machczynski
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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