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Zeng X, Liu Y, Fan Y, Wu D, Meng Y, Qin M. Agents for the Treatment of Gout: Current Advances and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14474-14493. [PMID: 37908076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Gout is characterized by hyperuricemia and the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals around joints. Despite the availability of several drugs on the market, its treatment remains challenging owing to the notable side effects, such as hepatorenal toxicity and cardiovascular complications, that are associated with most existing agents. This perspective aims to summarize the current research progress in the development of antigout agents, particularly focusing on xanthine oxidase (XO) and urate anion transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry viewpoint and their preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs). This perspective provides valuable insights and theoretical guidance to medicinal chemists for the discovery of antigout agents with novel chemical structures, better efficiency, and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yangyang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Mingze Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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2
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Zhong M, Liang P, Feng Z, Yang X, Li G, Sun R, He L, Tan J, Xiao Y, Yu Z, Yi M, Wang X. A nanocomposite competent to overcome cascade drug resistance in ovarian cancer via mitochondria dysfunction and NO gas synergistic therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100872. [PMID: 38161785 PMCID: PMC10755721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common and recurring malignancies in gynecology. Patients with relapsed OC always develop "cascade drug resistance" (CDR) under repeated chemotherapy, leading to subsequent failure of chemotherapy. To overcome this challenge, amphiphiles (P1) carrying a nitric oxide (NO) donor (Isosorbide 5-mononitrate, ISMN) and high-density disulfide are synthesized for encapsulating mitochondria-targeted tetravalent platinum prodrug (TPt) to construct a nanocomposite (INP@TPt). Mechanism studies indicated that INP@TPt significantly inhibited drug-resistant cells by increasing cellular uptake and mitochondrial accumulation of platinum, depleting glutathione, and preventing apoptosis escape through generating highly toxic peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-). To better replicate the microenvironmental and histological characteristics of the drug resistant primary tumor, an OC patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDXOC) model in BALB/c nude mice was established. INP@TPt showed the best therapeutic effects in the PDXOC model. The corresponding tumor tissues contained high ONOO- levels, which were attributed to the simultaneous release of O2•- and NO in tumor tissues. Taken together, INP@TPt-based systematic strategy showed considerable potential and satisfactory biocompatibility in overcoming platinum CDR, providing practical applications for ovarian therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peiqin Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhenzhen Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan people's hospital), Dongguan 523018, China
| | - Lijuan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinxiu Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yangpengcheng Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan people's hospital), Dongguan 523018, China
| | - Muhua Yi
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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3
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Davenne T, Klintman J, Sharma S, Rigby RE, Blest HTW, Cursi C, Bridgeman A, Dadonaite B, De Keersmaecker K, Hillmen P, Chabes A, Schuh A, Rehwinkel J. SAMHD1 Limits the Efficacy of Forodesine in Leukemia by Protecting Cells against the Cytotoxicity of dGTP. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107640. [PMID: 32402273 PMCID: PMC7225753 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-leukemia agent forodesine causes cytotoxic overload of intracellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) but is efficacious only in a subset of patients. We report that SAMHD1, a phosphohydrolase degrading deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), protects cells against the effects of dNTP imbalances. SAMHD1-deficient cells induce intrinsic apoptosis upon provision of deoxyribonucleosides, particularly deoxyguanosine (dG). Moreover, dG and forodesine act synergistically to kill cells lacking SAMHD1. Using mass cytometry, we find that these compounds kill SAMHD1-deficient malignant cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Normal cells and CLL cells from patients without SAMHD1 mutation are unaffected. We therefore propose to use forodesine as a precision medicine for leukemia, stratifying patients by SAMHD1 genotype or expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Davenne
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Klintman
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rachel E Rigby
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Henry T W Blest
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Chiara Cursi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hillmen
- St James' Institute of Oncology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrei Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Schuh
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7JL, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Bzowska A, Kulikowska E, Shugar D. Purine nucleoside phosphorylases: properties, functions, and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 88:349-425. [PMID: 11337031 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs) play a key role in the purine salvage pathway, and PNP deficiency in humans leads to an impairment of T-cell function, usually with no apparent effects on B-cell function. This review updates the properties of the enzymes from eukaryotes and a wide range of prokaryotes, including a tentative classification of the enzymes from various sources, based on three-dimensional structures in the solid state, subunit composition, amino acid sequences, and substrate specificities. Attention is drawn to the compelling need of quantitative experimental data on subunit composition in solution, binding constants, and stoichiometry of binding; order of ligand binding and release; and its possible relevance to the complex kinetics exhibited with some substrates. Mutations responsible for PNP deficiency are described, as well as clinical methods, including gene therapy, for corrections of this usually fatal disease. Substrate discrimination between enzymes from different sources is also being profited from for development of tumour-directed gene therapy. Detailed accounts are presented of design of potent inhibitors, largely nucleosides and acyclonucleosides, their phosphates and phosphonates, particularly of the human erythrocyte enzyme, some with Ki values in nanomolar and picomolar range, intended for induction of the immunodeficient state for clinical applications, such as prevention of host-versus-graft response in organ transplantations. Methods of assay of PNP activity are reviewed. Also described are applications of PNP from various sources as tools for the enzymatic synthesis of otherwise inaccessible therapeutic nucleoside analogues, as coupling enzymes for assays of orthophosphate in biological systems in the micromolar and submicromolar ranges, and for coupled assays of other enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bzowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Xia Z, Bergstrand A, DePierre JW, Nässberger L. The antidepressants imipramine, clomipramine, and citalopram induce apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells via caspase-3 activation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2000; 13:338-47. [PMID: 10487422 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0461(1999)13:6<338::aid-jbt8>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Some widely used antidepressants such as imipramine, clomipramine, and citalopram have been found to possess antineoplastic effects. In the present study, these compounds were found to induce apoptotic cell death in human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Apoptosis induced by the antidepressants was identified by electron microscopy and conventional agarose gel electrophoresis and was quantitated by propodium iodide staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) via flow cytometry. Treatment with apoptosis-inducing concentrations of the antidepressants (80 microM imipramine, 35 microM clomipramine, or 220 microM citalopram) caused induction of caspase-3/caspase-3-like activity, which was monitored by the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), the loss of the 32 kD caspase-3 (CPP32) precursor, and the cleavage of the fluorescent CPP32-like substrate PhiPhiLux. Pretreatment with a potent caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl-ketone (zVAD-fmk) inhibited antidepressant-induced CPP32/CPP32-like activity and apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of caspase induced by the antidepressants was preceded by the hypergeneration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggested that the antidepressants may induce apoptosis via a caspase-3-dependent pathway, and induction of apoptosis by the antidepressants may provide a clue for the mechanism of their antineoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xia
- Department of Biochemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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Arpaia E, Benveniste P, Di Cristofano A, Gu Y, Dalal I, Kelly S, Hershfield M, Pandolfi PP, Roifman CM, Cohen A. Mitochondrial basis for immune deficiency. Evidence from purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient mice. J Exp Med 2000; 191:2197-208. [PMID: 10859343 PMCID: PMC2193200 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.12.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2000] [Accepted: 04/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)-deficient mice to gain insight into the mechanism of immune deficiency disease associated with PNP deficiency in humans. Similar to the human disease, PNP deficiency in mice causes an immunodeficiency that affects T lymphocytes more severely than B lymphocytes. PNP knockout mice exhibit impaired thymocyte differentiation, reduced mitogenic and allogeneic responses, and decreased numbers of maturing thymocytes and peripheral T cells. T lymphocytes of PNP-deficient mice exhibit increased apoptosis in vivo and higher sensitivity to gamma irradiation in vitro. We propose that the immune deficiency in PNP deficiency is a result of inhibition of mitochondrial DNA repair due to the accumulation of dGTP in the mitochondria. The end result is increased sensitivity of T cells to spontaneous mitochondrial DNA damage, leading to T cell depletion by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Arpaia
- Division of Immunology/Allergy, Department of Paediatrics and the Department of Immunology
- Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
| | - Patricia Benveniste
- Division of Immunology/Allergy, Department of Paediatrics and the Department of Immunology
- Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and the Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Yiping Gu
- Division of Immunology/Allergy, Department of Paediatrics and the Department of Immunology
- Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
| | - Ilan Dalal
- Division of Immunology/Allergy, Department of Paediatrics and the Department of Immunology
- Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
| | - Susan Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27710
| | - Michael Hershfield
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27710
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and the Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Chaim M. Roifman
- Division of Immunology/Allergy, Department of Paediatrics and the Department of Immunology
- Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
| | - Amos Cohen
- Division of Immunology/Allergy, Department of Paediatrics and the Department of Immunology
- Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X8, Canada
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7
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Cohen A, Grunebaum E, Arpaia E, Roifman CM. IMMUNODEFICIENCY CAUSED BY PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE DEFICIENCY. Radiol Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cohen A, Grunebaum E, Arpaia E, Roifman CM. IMMUNODEFICIENCY CAUSED BY PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE DEFICIENCY. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(05)70139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Xia Z, Bergstrand A, DePierre JW, Nässberger L. The antidepressants imipramine, clomipramine, and citalopram induce apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells via caspase-3 activation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 1999. [PMID: 10487422 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0461(1999)13:6%3c338::aid-jbt8%3e3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Some widely used antidepressants such as imipramine, clomipramine, and citalopram have been found to possess antineoplastic effects. In the present study, these compounds were found to induce apoptotic cell death in human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Apoptosis induced by the antidepressants was identified by electron microscopy and conventional agarose gel electrophoresis and was quantitated by propodium iodide staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) via flow cytometry. Treatment with apoptosis-inducing concentrations of the antidepressants (80 microM imipramine, 35 microM clomipramine, or 220 microM citalopram) caused induction of caspase-3/caspase-3-like activity, which was monitored by the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), the loss of the 32 kD caspase-3 (CPP32) precursor, and the cleavage of the fluorescent CPP32-like substrate PhiPhiLux. Pretreatment with a potent caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl-ketone (zVAD-fmk) inhibited antidepressant-induced CPP32/CPP32-like activity and apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of caspase induced by the antidepressants was preceded by the hypergeneration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggested that the antidepressants may induce apoptosis via a caspase-3-dependent pathway, and induction of apoptosis by the antidepressants may provide a clue for the mechanism of their antineoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xia
- Department of Biochemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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Posmantur R, Wang KK, Gilbertsen RB. Caspase-3-like activity is necessary for IL-2 release in activated Jurkat T-cells. Exp Cell Res 1998; 244:302-9. [PMID: 9770373 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The caspase family of proteases has previously been implicated in the biochemical cascade leading to apoptotic cell death. Recently caspase-3 was reported to be cleaved into its catalytically active subunits (17 and 13 kDa) following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (C. Miossec et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13459-13462). More recently, J. M. Zapata and colleagues (J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6916-6920, 1998), however, proposed that caspase-3 activity detected during T-cell activation was due to a methodological artifact related to the composition of the cell lysis buffer. Here we show that in PHA-activated Jurkat T-cells using the recommended lysis buffer detailed by Zapata et al., a caspase-3-like protease is activated and is accompanied by cleavage of PARP and alpha-spectrin into cleavage products suggestive of caspase-3 proteolytic activation. LDH release did not increase following PHA stimulation in this paradigm. Two caspase inhibitors, carbobenzoxy-Asp-CH2OC(O)-2,6-dichlorobenzene (Z-D-DCB) and acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO, blocked IL-2 release in a dose-dependent manner. Caspase-3-like protease-generated PARP and alpha-spectrin breakdown product formation was also reduced by Z-D-DCB. In addition, Jurkat T-cells costimulated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 produced significant levels of IL-2 that were also blocked by these caspase inhibitors. Importantly, IL-2 was determined in cell culture supernatants, thus avoiding a cell lysis step that might have enabled activation of caspase-3 by granzyme B. Collectively, these data support the role of caspase-3-like protease activity in Jurkat T-cell activation and demonstrate that caspase-3 like activity is necessary for IL-2 release in PHA-activated and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 costimulated Jurkat T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Posmantur
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
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