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Bringel M, Jorge PK, Francisco PA, Lowe C, Sabino-Silva R, Colombini-Ishikiriama BL, Machado MADAM, Siqueira WL. Salivary proteomic profile of dogs with and without dental calculus. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:298. [PMID: 32814559 PMCID: PMC7437026 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs' saliva is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic constituents, rich in proteins. Therefore, knowing the saliva composition of these animals is extremely important to identify the presence of proteins that may be involved in physiological and pathological mechanisms of their oral cavity. The present study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of saliva from dogs with and without dental calculus. RESULTS Saliva samples were collected from 20 dogs. Before the collection, a visual clinical examination was performed and 8 subjects (40%) did not present any signs of dental calculus, while 12 (60%) presented dental calculus. After saliva collection, the samples were submitted to protein quantification (mBCA), and then they were prepared for analysis by nLC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 658 unique proteins were identified, of which 225 were specific to dogs without dental calculus, 300 were specific to dogs with dental calculus, and 133 were common to all subjects. These proteins presented functions including transportation, immune response, structural, enzymatic regulation, signal transduction, transcription, metabolism, and some proteins perform functions as yet unknown. Several salivary proteins in dogs with dental calculus differed from those found in the group without dental calculus. Among the abundant proteins detected in periodontal affected cases, can be highlighting calcium-sensing receptor and transforming growth factor beta. Enrichment analysis reveled the presence of Rho GTPases signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This research identified salivary proteins, that should be further investigated as potencial biomarkers of chronic periodontits with dental calculus formation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Bringel
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Karine Jorge
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cadance Lowe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by progressive lung disease. Most CF therapies focus on treating secondary pulmonary complications rather than addressing the underlying processes inducing airway remodeling and ineffective response to infection. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a cytokine involved in fibrosis, inflammation, and injury response as well as a genetic modifier and biomarker of CF lung disease. Targeting the TGFβ pathway has been pursued in other diseases, but the mechanism of TGFβ effects in CF is less well understood. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss CF lung disease pathogenesis with a focus on potential links to TGFβ. TGFβ signaling in lung health and disease is reviewed. Recent studies investigating TGFβ's impact in CF airway epithelial cells are highlighted. Finally, an overview of potential therapies to target TGFβ signaling relevant to CF are addressed. Expert opinion: The broad impact of TGFβ signaling on numerous cellular processes in homeostasis and disease is both a strength and a challenge to developing TGFβ dependent therapeutics in CF. We discuss the challenges inherent in developing TGFβ-targeted therapy, identifying appropriate patient populations, and questions regarding the timing of treatment. Future directions for research into TGFβ focused therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Kramer
- a Department of Pediatrics , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - John P Clancy
- a Department of Pediatrics , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Mize TW, Sundararaj KP, Leite RS, Huang Y. Increased and correlated expression of connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor beta 1 in surgically removed periodontal tissues with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:315-9. [PMID: 25040058 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Both gingival tissue destruction and regeneration are associated with chronic periodontitis, although the former overwhelms the latter. Studies have shown that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a growth factor largely involved in tissue regeneration and remodeling, is upregulated in chronic periodontitis. However, the gingival expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF or CCN2), a TGF-β1-upregulated gene, in patients with periodontitis remains undetermined. Although both CTGF/CCN2 and TGF-b1 increase the production of extracellular matrix, they have many different biological functions. Therefore, it is important to delineate the impact of periodontitis on gingival CTGF/CCN2 expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontal tissue specimens were collected from seven individuals without periodontitis (group 1) and from 14 with periodontitis (group 2). The expression of CTGF and TGFβ1 mRNAs were quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS Analysis using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the levels of expression of both CTGF/CCN2 and TGFβ1 mRNAs were significantly increased in individuals with periodontitis compared with individuals without periodontitis. Furthermore, analysis using a nonparametric correlation (Spearman r) test showed a positive correlation between TGFβ1 and CTGF/CCN2 mRNAs. CONCLUSION The gingival expression levels of CTGF/CCN2 and TGFβ1 mRNAs in individuals with periodontitis are upregulated and correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Mize
- Division of Periodontics, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Lee JH, Nam H, Um S, Lee J, Lee G, Seo BM. Upregulation of GM-CSF by TGF-β1 in epithelial mesenchymal transition of human HERS/ERM cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:399-405. [PMID: 24258001 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hertwig's epithelial root sheath/epithelial rests of Malassez (HERS/ERM) have been suggested to play an important role in tooth root formation, particularly in periodontal development. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been suggested to contribute to root development in tooth. However, the mechanism of interaction between HERS/ERM cells and dental mesenchymal cells has not been fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in human HERS/ERM cells in order to verify the role of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in EMT process. Antibody array was used to screen secretion factors by exogenous TGF-β1. Secretion of GM-CSF was increased by exogenous TGF-β1. Expression levels of EMT markers, vimentin, ZEB1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1), and E-cadherin, were confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. Treatment with GM-CSF increased the expression of vimentin and ZEB1, similar to TGF-β1 treatment, and decreased the expression of E-cadherin. Our results suggest that GM-CSF could induce EMT in human HERS/ERM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hee Lee
- Biotooth Engineering Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Craniomaxillofacial Life Science, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Tanabe T, Kanoh S, Moskowitz WB, Rubin BK. Cardiac asthma: transforming growth factor-β from the failing heart leads to squamous metaplasia in human airway cells and in the murine lung. Chest 2013; 142:1274-1283. [PMID: 22505689 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac asthma describes symptoms of airflow obstruction due to heart failure. Chronic heart failure is associated with decreased FEV 1 , and FEV 1 improves after heart transplantation. Fibrotic remodeling of the heart and airways is mediated, in part, through transforming growth factor (TGF)- β . Blood TGF- b 1 concentration correlates with ventricular remodeling in cardiac disease, and TGF- β decreases after repair. METHODS We established a coculture of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at air-liquid interface with submerged basal cardiomyoblasts. Airway cells were immunostained with cytokeratin, actin, and involucrin. TGF- β synthesis was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylation of Smad in NHBE cells was determined by Western blotting.Mice given doxorubicin developed cardiac failure, and their airways were histologically examined. RESULTS Coculture induced involucrin-positive squamous metaplasia of NHBE cells, and this was attenuated by TGF- β antibody. Total TGF- β 1 was increased in coculture conditioned medium( P < .001). After 14 days of exposure to recombinant TGF- β 1 , there was squamous transformation of NHBE cells. One week after removing cardiomyoblasts from culture, squamous metaplasia resolved into normal ciliated epithelia. Smad was phosphorylated in NHBE cells with cardiomyoblasts or with recombinant TGF- β 1 exposure. The airways of mice with heart failure also demonstrated involucrin-positive squamous transformation. CONCLUSIONS TGF- β from cardiomyoblasts or from the failing heart can cause airway squamous metaplasia via Smad signaling, and this is blocked by anti-TGF- b antibody and reversed when cardiac cells are removed from culture. This appears to be an important mechanism for airflow obstruction with heart failure, sometimes described as cardiac asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Soichiro Kanoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - William B Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Bruce K Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA.
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Iwasaki S, Miyake M, Hayashi S, Watanabe H, Nagasawa Y, Terada S, Watanabe K, Ohwada S, Kitazawa H, Rose MT, Aso H. Effect of Myostatin on Chemokine Expression in Regenerating Skeletal Muscle Cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:66-74. [DOI: 10.1159/000351462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Benito MJ, Calder V, Corrales RM, García-Vázquez C, Narayanan S, Herreras JM, Stern ME, Calonge M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Effect of TGF-β on ocular surface epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2012; 107:88-100. [PMID: 23220729 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A role for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the pathogenesis of some ocular surface diseases has been proposed. We determined if secretion of TGF-β and expression of TGF-β receptors RI, RII, and RIII by human ocular surface epithelial cells were modified under inflammatory conditions. We also determined how these cells responded to TGF-β. A human corneal epithelial (HCE) cell line and a conjunctival epithelial cell line (IOBA-NHC) were exposed to TGF-β1 and -β2 and to proinflammatory cytokines. TGF-β receptor mRNAs were analyzed by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in both cell lines, and in conjunctival, limbal, and corneal epithelial cells from post-mortem human specimens. Expression of TGF-β receptors and pSMAD2/SMAD2 were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Secretion of TGF-β isoforms, cytokine/chemokine, and metalloproteinases (MMPs) were analyzed in cell supernatants by immunobead-based assays. Secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI) secretion was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TGF-β isoform and receptor gene expression was determined by RT-PCR in conjunctival epithelium of dry eye (DE) patients and healthy subjects. Our results showed that TGF-β RI expression was down-regulated with IL-4 exposure, whereas TGF-β RII and TGF-β2 were upregulated by TNF-α in HCE cells. TGF-β RIII receptor expression was upregulated in IOBA-NHC cells by TNF-α and IFN-γ. SMAD2 phosphorylation occurred in HCE and IOBA-NHC cells after TGF-β treatment. TGF-β significantly up- and down-regulated secretion of several cytokines/chemokines by both cell lines and MMP by HCE cells. TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 were upregulated and TGF-β RIII mRNA was down-regulated in DE conjunctival epithelium. These results show that TGF-β plays an important role in directing local inflammatory responses in ocular surface epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesús Benito
- IOBA-University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 17, Valladolid E-47011, Spain
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Sharkey DJ, Macpherson AM, Tremellen KP, Mottershead DG, Gilchrist RB, Robertson SA. TGF-β Mediates Proinflammatory Seminal Fluid Signaling in Human Cervical Epithelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1024-35. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ge Q, Moir LM, Black JL, Oliver BG, Burgess JK. TGFβ1 induces IL-6 and inhibits IL-8 release in human bronchial epithelial cells: the role of Smad2/3. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:846-54. [PMID: 20607798 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells contribute to asthmatic airway inflammation by secreting cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, all of which are elevated in asthmatic airways. This study examines the signaling pathways leading to TGFβ1 induced IL-6 and IL-8 in primary HBE cells from asthmatic and non-asthmatic volunteers. HBE cells were stimulated with TGFβ1 in the presence or absence of signaling inhibitors. IL-6 and IL-8 protein and mRNA were measured by ELISA and real-time PCR respectively, and cell signaling kinases by Western blot. TGFβ1 increased IL-6, but inhibited IL-8 production in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic cells; however, TGF induced significantly more IL-6 in asthmatic cells. Inhibition of JNK MAP kinase partially reduced TGFβ1 induced IL-6 in both cell groups. TGFβ1 induced Smad2 phosphorylation, and blockade of Smad2/3 prevented both the TGFβ1 modulated IL-6 increase and the decrease in IL-8 production in asthmatic and non-asthmatic cells. Inhibition of Smad2/3 also increased basal IL-8 release in asthmatic cells but not in non-asthmatic cells. Using CHIP assays we demonstrated that activated Smad2 bound to the IL-6, but not the IL-8 promoter region. We conclude that the Smad2/3 pathway is the predominant TGFβ1 signaling pathway in HBE cells, and this is altered in asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells. Understanding the mechanism of aberrant pro-inflammatory cytokine production in asthmatic airways will allow the development of alternative ways to control airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ge
- Respiratory Research Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Amenomori M, Mukae H, Ishimatsu Y, Sakamoto N, Kakugawa T, Hara A, Hara S, Fujita H, Ishimoto H, Hayashi T, Kohno S. Differential effects of human neutrophil peptide-1 on growth factor and interleukin-8 production by human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:411-9. [DOI: 10.3109/01902141003714049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misato Amenomori
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- 2Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan; and Department of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishimatsu
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kakugawa
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hara
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hara
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hanako Fujita
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishimoto
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomayoshi Hayashi
- 3Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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Hatsushika K, Hirota T, Harada M, Sakashita M, Kanzaki M, Takano S, Doi S, Fujita K, Enomoto T, Ebisawa M, Yoshihara S, Sagara H, Fukuda T, Masuyama K, Katoh R, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Ogawa H, Tamari M, Nakao A. Transforming growth factor-beta(2) polymorphisms are associated with childhood atopic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1165-74. [PMID: 17651146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta plays an important role in the regulation of airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma. Recent studies suggest that TGF-beta(2) is a predominant isoform expressed in severe asthma and it is also associated with airway remodelling. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the polymorphisms in TGF-beta(2) are associated with childhood atopic bronchial asthma in a Japanese population. METHODS We identified a total of eight polymorphisms and characterized the linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of the gene. Three variants in the promoter and 3'UTR were genotyped, and we conducted an association study of TGF-beta(2) (childhood atopic asthma n=297, normal controls n=555). An association analysis of these variants and an expression and functional analysis were performed. RESULTS 3'UTR 94862T >A was found to be significantly associated with the risk of childhood atopic asthma (P=0.00041). The -109-->ACAA ins promoter variant was also associated with the risk of childhood atopic asthma (P=0.0037). TGF-beta(2) expression was observed in both the normal and asthmatic bronchial epithelium, and both real-time PCR and an ELISA showed a significant basal and TGF-beta(1)-induced TGF-beta(2) expression in the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS2B. Furthermore, the promoter variant -109-->ACAA ins increased the TGF-beta(2) promoter-reporter activity in BEAS2B cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that TGF-beta(2) may therefore be involved in the development of childhood atopic asthma by means of functional genetic polymorphism. The polymorphisms in TGF-beta(2) may become important information for asthma susceptibility in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hatsushika
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Leung SY, Niimi A, Noble A, Oates T, Williams AS, Medicherla S, Protter AA, Chung KF. Effect of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I kinase inhibitor 2,4-disubstituted pteridine (SD-208) in chronic allergic airway inflammation and remodeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:586-94. [PMID: 16888081 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.109314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a multifunctional regulator of cell growth and differentiation with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. We used an inhibitor of TGF-beta receptor I (TGF-betaRI) kinase, SD-208 (2,4-disubstituted pteridine, a ATP-competitive inhibitor of TGF-betaRI kinase), to determine the role of TGF-beta in airway allergic inflammation and remodeling. Brown-Norway rats sensitized and repeatedly exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) aerosol challenge were orally administered SD-208 twice daily, before each of six OVA exposures to determine the preventive effects, or only before each of the last three of six OVA exposures to investigate its reversal effects. SD-208 (60 mg/kg) reversed bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) induced by repeated allergen exposure, but it did not prevent it. SD-208 prevented changes in serum total and OVA-specific IgE, but it did not reverse them. SD-208 had both a preventive and reversal effect on airway inflammation as measured by major basic protein-positive eosinophils and CD2(+) T-cell counts in mucosal airways, cell proliferation measured by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine expression in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and epithelial cells, and goblet cell hyperplasia induced by repeated allergen challenges. There was a significant decrease in intracellular Smad2/3 expression. SD-208 did not significantly decrease the increased ASM thickness induced by allergen exposure. These findings support a proinflammatory and proremodeling role for TGF-beta in allergic airway inflammation. Inhibition of TGF-betaRI kinase activities by SD-208 may be a useful approach to the reversal of BHR and to the prevention and reversal of inflammatory and remodeling features of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sum Yee Leung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK
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Qi W, Chen X, Polhill TS, Sumual S, Twigg S, Gilbert RE, Pollock CA. TGF-beta1 induces IL-8 and MCP-1 through a connective tissue growth factor-independent pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 290:F703-9. [PMID: 16204411 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) functions as an important immunomodulatory cytokine in human kidney. Evidence suggests that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is an important downstream mediator of the profibrotic effects of TGF-beta(1). However, the role of CTGF in TGF-beta(1)-induced chemokine production remains unknown. This study was undertaken to determine whether CTGF is involved in mediating TGF-beta(1)-induced chemokine production in renal proximal tubular (HK-2) cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured. TGF-beta(1) induced an increase in IL-8 and MCP-1 (both P < 0.05) compared with control levels. CTGF was effectively silenced using small interference RNA (siRNA) in HK-2 cells. RT-PCR and real-time PCR confirmed a 94% reduction in CTGF mRNA. In the CTGF-silenced cells, TGF-beta(1)-stimulated IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion was not altered compared with control cells. Similarly, basal secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1 was not changed in CTGF-silenced cells. The direct effect of CTGF (20, 200, and 400 ng/ml) on IL-8 and MCP-1 was assessed at 24-, 48-, and 72-h time points and no stimulation was observed. Our studies further demonstrate that in the CTGF gene-silenced cells, CTGF partially mediates TGF-beta(1)-induced fibronectin and collagen IV secretion. These data suggest that TGF-beta(1) induced IL-8 and MCP-1 via CTGF-independent pathway. TGF-beta mediates both fibrosis and chemokine production in the proximal tubule of the kidney. However, CTGF plays a more specific role as a downstream mediator of TGF-beta(1)-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weier Qi
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is an important fibrogenic and immunomodulatory factor that may play a role in the structural changes observed in the asthmatic airways. In vitro as well as in vivo studies have evidenced a dual role for TGF-beta: it can either function as a pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokine on inflammatory cells, participating into the initiation and resultion of inflammatory and immune responses in the airways. TGF-beta is also involved in the remodelling of the airway wall, and has in particular been related to the subepithelial fibrosis. TGF-beta is produced in the airways by inflammatory cells infiltrated in the bronchial mucosa, as well as by structural cells of the airway wall including fibroblasts, epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. By releasing TGF-beta, these different cell types may then participate into the increased levels of TGF-beta observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic patients. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-beta may play a role in inflammation in asthma. However, as its role is dual in the modulation of inflammation, further studies are needed to elucidate the precise role of TGF-beta in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duvernelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 425, Neuroimmunopharmacologie Pulmonaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg I, 74, Route du Rhin, B P 24, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
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Abstract
In the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis, repeated cycles of infection and inflammation are responsible for bronchial wall thickening, a major determinant of loss of FEV(1) and progressive damage to the small and large airways. Proteolytic degradation of elastin, collagen and fibronectin fibrils in the tissue matrix leads to the loss of normal tissue architecture and the development of bronchiectasis, the most commonly observed morphological change on high-resolution computed tomography examination. We have reviewed the evidence for increased expression of growth factors (TGF, HGF, FGF, EGF, VEGF) and activation of tissue repair processes in cystic fibrosis. Significantly higher concentrations of the growth factors compared with normal do not appear to prevent or reverse structural remodelling in the airways. The reasons why this process appears to be ineffective are discussed and we speculate on alternative strategies that might have a significant impact on the observed structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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Nguyen NP, Antoine JE, Dutta S, Karlsson U, Sallah S. Current concepts in radiation enteritis and implications for future clinical trials. Cancer 2002; 95:1151-63. [PMID: 12209703 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation enteritis is one of the most feared complications of abdominal and pelvic radiation. Once its occurs, the process is relentless and may result in the patient's death. Available treatment is only supportive. Recent progress in molecular biology has shed some light on the pathogenesis of radiation enteritis and other diseases that are characterized by excessive fibrosis. New treatment modalities may be devised to improve the outcome of patients who are affected with this complication. METHODS A literature search was used to identify the common denominator between many radiation-induced fibrotic conditions and other sclerotic diseases. Factors that affect the disease process and possible therapeutic interventions were evaluated. RESULTS The hyperstimulation of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) leads to increased fibrosis and, ultimately, organ failure. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) inhibits the effects of TGF-beta1 in the nucleus. The fibrotic process may be reverted by IFN-gamma in various pathologic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Radiation enteritis and other radiation-induced, long-term complications are characterized by excessive stimulation of TGF-beta1. Preliminary studies suggest that IFN-gamma may be effective in the treatment of patients with radiation-induced cutaneous fibrosis. IFN-gamma should be considered in Phase I-II studies to assess its toxicity and efficacy in the treatment of patients with radiation enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam P Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75216, USA.
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Kelley TJ, Elmer HL, Corey DA. Reduced Smad3 protein expression and altered transforming growth factor-beta1-mediated signaling in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:732-8. [PMID: 11726399 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.6.4574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease characterized by an aggressive inflammatory response in the airways. Given the antiinflammatory properties of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, it was our goal to examine components of TGF-beta1-mediated signaling in both a cultured cell model and a mouse model of CF. A CF-related reduction of protein levels of the TGF-beta1 signaling molecule Smad3 was found in both of these model systems, whereas Smad4 levels were unchanged. Functional effects of reduced Smad3 expression are manifest in our cultured cell model, as reduced basal and TGF-beta1-stimulated levels of luciferase expression using the TGF-beta1-responsive reporter construct 3TP-Lux in the CF-phenotype cells compared with control cells. However, TGF-beta1-stimulated responses using the A3-Luc reporter construct were normal in both cell lines. These results suggest that select TGF-beta1-mediated signaling pathways are impaired in CF epithelial cells. This selective loss of Smad3 protein expression in CF epithelium may also influence inflammatory responses. Our data demonstrate that both CF-phenotype cells lacking Smad3 expression, and A549 cells expressing a dominant-negative Smad3, are unable to support TGF-beta1-mediated inhibition of either the interleukin (IL)-8 or the NOS2 promoter. We conclude that a CF-related reduction in Smad3 protein expression selectively alters TGF- beta1-mediated signaling in CF epithelium, potentially contributing to aggressive inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4948, USA.
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