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Vianello C, Salluzzo M, Anni D, Boriero D, Buffelli M, Carboni L. Increased Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes in Alzheimer's Disease-Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity Models in Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054540. [PMID: 36901549 PMCID: PMC10002426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been extensively demonstrated, but despite this, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying it are still unknown. In previous work, we discovered a central role for the autophagy pathway in the common alterations observed between AD and T2DM. In this study, we further investigate the role of genes belonging to this pathway, measuring their mRNA expression and protein levels in 3xTg-AD transgenic mice, an animal model of AD. Moreover, primary mouse cortical neurons derived from this model and the human H4Swe cell line were used as cellular models of insulin resistance in AD brains. Hippocampal mRNA expression showed significantly different levels for Atg16L1, Atg16L2, GabarapL1, GabarapL2, and Sqstm1 genes at different ages of 3xTg-AD mice. Significantly elevated expression of Atg16L1, Atg16L2, and GabarapL1 was also observed in H4Swe cell cultures, in the presence of insulin resistance. Gene expression analysis confirmed that Atg16L1 was significantly increased in cultures from transgenic mice when insulin resistance was induced. Taken together, these results emphasise the association of the autophagy pathway in AD-T2DM co-morbidity, providing new evidence about the pathophysiology of both diseases and their mutual interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Vianello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Salluzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Anni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Tsatsanis A, McCorkindale AN, Wong BX, Patrick E, Ryan TM, Evans RW, Bush AI, Sutherland GT, Sivaprasadarao A, Guennewig B, Duce JA. The acute phase protein lactoferrin is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease and predictor of Aβ burden through induction of APP amyloidogenic processing. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5516-5531. [PMID: 34400772 PMCID: PMC8758478 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) forms the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) component of pathognomonic extracellular plaques of AD. Additional early cortical changes in AD include neuroinflammation and elevated iron levels. Activation of the innate immune system in the brain is a neuroprotective response to infection; however, persistent neuroinflammation is linked to AD neuropathology by uncertain mechanisms. Non-parametric machine learning analysis on transcriptomic data from a large neuropathologically characterised patient cohort revealed the acute phase protein lactoferrin (Lf) as the key predictor of amyloid pathology. In vitro studies showed that an interaction between APP and the iron-bound form of Lf secreted from activated microglia diverted neuronal APP endocytosis from the canonical clathrin-dependent pathway to one requiring ADP ribosylation factor 6 trafficking. By rerouting APP recycling to the Rab11-positive compartment for amyloidogenic processing, Lf dramatically increased neuronal Aβ production. Lf emerges as a novel pharmacological target for AD that not only modulates APP processing but provides a link between Aβ production, neuroinflammation and iron dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsatsanis
- grid.5335.00000000121885934The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Andrew N. McCorkindale
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Bruce X. Wong
- grid.5335.00000000121885934The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Science, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Tim M. Ryan
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Robert W. Evans
- grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Asipu Sivaprasadarao
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Boris Guennewig
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - James A. Duce
- grid.5335.00000000121885934The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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3
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New Evidence for P-gp-Mediated Export of Amyloid-β PEPTIDES in Molecular, Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuronal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010246. [PMID: 33383667 PMCID: PMC7795149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective clearance mechanisms lead to the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in the Alzheimer’s brain. Though predominantly generated in neurons, little is known about how these hydrophobic, aggregation-prone, and tightly membrane-associated peptides exit into the extracellular space where they deposit and propagate neurotoxicity. The ability for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, to export Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has previously been reported. However, controversies surrounding the P-gp–Aβ interaction persist. Here, molecular data affirm that both Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptide isoforms directly interact with and are substrates of P-gp. This was reinforced ex vivo by the inhibition of Aβ42 transport in brain capillaries from P-gp-knockout mice. Moreover, we explored whether P-gp could exert the same role in neurons. Comparison between non-neuronal CHO-APP and human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells revealed that P-gp is expressed and active in both cell types. Inhibiting P-gp activity using verapamil and nicardipine impaired Aβ40 and Aβ42 secretion from both cell types, as determined by ELISA. Collectively, these findings implicate P-gp in Aβ export from neurons, as well as across the BBB endothelium, and suggest that restoring or enhancing P-gp function could be a viable therapeutic approach for removing excess Aβ out of the brain in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Scremin E, Agostini M, Leparulo A, Pozzan T, Greotti E, Fasolato C. ORAI2 Down-Regulation Potentiates SOCE and Decreases Aβ42 Accumulation in Human Neuroglioma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155288. [PMID: 32722509 PMCID: PMC7432374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques, the hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), are generated by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), the proteolytic product of amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β and γ-secretase. A large body of evidence points towards a role for Ca2+ imbalances in the pathophysiology of both sporadic and familial forms of AD (FAD). A reduction in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is shared by numerous FAD-linked mutations, and SOCE is involved in Aβ accumulation in different model cells. In neurons, both the role and components of SOCE remain quite obscure, whereas in astrocytes, SOCE controls their Ca2+-based excitability and communication to neurons. Glial cells are also directly involved in Aβ production and clearance. Here, we focus on the role of ORAI2, a key SOCE component, in modulating SOCE in the human neuroglioma cell line H4. We show that ORAI2 overexpression reduces both SOCE level and stores Ca2+ content, while ORAI2 downregulation significantly increases SOCE amplitude without affecting store Ca2+ handling. In Aβ-secreting H4-APPswe cells, SOCE inhibition by BTP2 and SOCE augmentation by ORAI2 downregulation respectively increases and decreases Aβ42 accumulation. Based on these findings, we suggest ORAI2 downregulation as a potential tool to rescue defective SOCE in AD, while preventing plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scremin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Mario Agostini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Alessandro Leparulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute—Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via G. Orus 2B, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute—Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Cristina Fasolato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (C.F.)
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5
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Wu X, Cai H, Pan L, Cui G, Qin F, Li Y, Cai Z. Small Molecule Natural Products and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:187-204. [PMID: 30714527 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190201153257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and deadly neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, cognitive impairment and dementia. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the pathogenesis based on the pathological changes in the brain of AD patients during the last few decades. Unfortunately, there is no effective agents/therapies to prevent or control AD at present. Currently, only a few drugs, which function as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors or N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, are available to alleviate symptoms. Since many small molecule natural products have shown their functions as agonists or antagonists of receptors, as well as inhibitors of enzymes and proteins in the brain during the development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs, it is likely that natural products will play an important role in anti-AD drug development. We review recent papers on using small molecule natural products as drug candidates for the treatment of AD. These natural products possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, anti-amyloidogenic and neuroprotective activities. Moreover, bioactive natural products intended to be used for preventing AD, reducing the symptoms of AD and the new targets for treatment of AD are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Cui
- Drug Clinical Trial Research Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - YunChun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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6
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Paracchini L, Beltrame L, Boeri L, Fusco F, Caffarra P, Marchini S, Albani D, Forloni G. Exome sequencing in an Italian family with Alzheimer's disease points to a role for seizure-related gene 6 (SEZ6) rare variant R615H. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:106. [PMID: 30309378 PMCID: PMC6182820 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The typical familial form of Alzheimer's disease (FAD) accounts for about 5% of total Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. Presenilins (PSEN1 and PSEN2) and amyloid-β (A4) precursor protein (APP) genes carry all reported FAD-linked mutations. However, other genetic loci may be involved in AD. For instance, seizure-related gene 6 (SEZ6) has been reported in brain development and psychiatric disorders and is differentially expressed in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD cases. METHODS We describe a targeted exome sequencing analysis of a large Italian kindred with AD, negative for PSEN and APP variants, that indicated the SEZ6 heterozygous mutation R615H is associated with the pathology. RESULTS We overexpressed R615H mutation in H4-SW cells, finding a reduction of amyloid peptide Aβ(1-42). Sez6 expression decreased with age in a mouse model of AD (3xTG-AD), but independently from transgene expression. CONCLUSIONS These results support a role of exome sequencing for disease-associated variant discovery and reinforce available data on SEZ6 in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Paracchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Caffarra
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Neurologia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
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7
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Zhao Z, Pissarnitski DA, Huang X, Palani A, Zhu Z, Greenlee WJ, Hyde LA, Song L, Terracina G, Zhang L, Parker EM. Discovery of a Tetrahydrobenzisoxazole Series of γ-Secretase Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1002-1006. [PMID: 29057041 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new series of tetrahydrobenzisoxazoles as modulators of γ-secretase activity and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) will be detailed. Several compounds are active γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) with good to excellent selectivity for the reduction of Aβ42 in the cellular assay. Compound 14a was tested in vivo in a nontransgenic rat model and was found to significantly reduce Aβ42 in the CNS compartment compared to vehicle-treated animals (up to 58% reduction of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 as measured 3 h after an acute oral dosing at 30 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Pissarnitski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William J. Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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8
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Charkhkar H, Meyyappan S, Matveeva E, Moll JR, McHail DG, Peixoto N, Cliff RO, Pancrazio JJ. Amyloid beta modulation of neuronal network activity in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1629:1-9. [PMID: 26453830 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays offer a means of screening potential therapeutics and accelerating the drug development process. Here, we utilized neuronal cultures on planar microelectrode arrays (MEA) as a functional assay to assess the neurotoxicity of amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42), a biomolecule implicated in the Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). In this approach, neurons harvested from embryonic mice were seeded on the substrate-integrated microelectrode arrays. The cultured neurons form a spontaneously active network, and the spiking activity as a functional endpoint could be detected via the MEA. Aβ42 oligomer, but not monomer, significantly reduced network spike rate. In addition, we demonstrated that the ionotropic glutamate receptors, NMDA and AMPA/kainate, play a role in the effects of Aβ42 on neuronal activity in vitro. To examine the utility of the MEA-based assay for AD drug discovery, we tested two model therapeutics for AD, methylene blue (MB) and memantine. Our results show an almost full recovery in the activity within 24h after administration of Aβ42 in the cultures pre-treated with either MB or memantine. Our findings suggest that cultured neuronal networks may be a useful platform in screening potential therapeutics for Aβ induced changes in neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Charkhkar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Susheela Meyyappan
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Evgenia Matveeva
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 219, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jonathan R Moll
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 219, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Daniel G McHail
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Nathalia Peixoto
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Richard O Cliff
- System of Systems Analytics, Inc. (SoSACorp), 11250 Waples Mill Road, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Natural Product and Natural Product-Derived Gamma Secretase Modulators from Actaea Racemosa Extracts. MEDICINES 2015; 2:127-140. [PMID: 28930205 PMCID: PMC5456218 DOI: 10.3390/medicines2030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathogenic oligomerization, aggregation, and deposition of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), resulting in severe neuronal toxicity and associated cognitive dysfunction. In particular, increases in the absolute or relative level of the major long form of Aβ, Aβ42, are associated with increased cellular toxicity and rapidity of disease progression. As a result of this observation, screening to identify potential drugs to reduce the level of Aβ42 have been undertaken by way of modulating the proteolytic activity of the gamma secretase complex without compromising its action on other essential substrates such as Notch. In this review we summarize results from a program that sought to develop such gamma secretase modulators based on novel natural products identified in the extract of Actaea racemosa, the well-known botanical black cohosh. Following isolation of compound 1 (SPI-014), an extensive medicinal chemistry effort was undertaken to define the SAR of 1 and related semisynthetic compounds. Major metabolic and physicochemical liabilities in 1 were overcome including replacement of both the sugar and acetate moieties with more stable alternatives that improved drug-like properties and resulted in development candidate 25 (SPI-1865). Unanticipated off-target adrenal toxicity, however, precluded advancement of this series of compounds into clinical development.
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10
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Krassnig S, Schweinzer C, Taub N, Havas D, Auer E, Flunkert S, Schreibmayer W, Hutter-Paier B, Windisch M. Influence of Lentiviral β-Synuclein Overexpression in the Hippocampus of a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease on Amyloid Precursor Protein Metabolism and Pathology. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:243-57. [PMID: 26111745 DOI: 10.1159/000430952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Synuclein (β-Syn) is a member of the highly homologous synuclein protein family. The most prominent family member, α-synuclein (α-Syn), abnormally accumulates in so-called Lewy bodies, one of the major pathological hallmarks of α-synucleinopathies. Notably, parts of the peptide backbone, called the nonamyloid component, are also found in amyloid plaques. However, β-Syn seems to have beneficial effects by reducing α-Syn aggregation, and amyloid antiaggregatory activity has been described. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to analyze if wild-type β-Syn can counteract functional and pathological changes in a murine Alzheimer model over different time periods. METHODS At the onset of pathology, lentiviral particles expressing human β-Syn were injected into the hippocampus of transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein with Swedish and London mutations (APPSL). An empty vector served as the control. Behavioral analyses were performed 1, 3 and 6 months after injection followed by biochemical and histological examinations of brain samples. RESULTS β-Syn expression was locally concentrated and rather modest, but nevertheless changed its effect on APP expression and plaque load in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta was enhanced in APPSL mice expressing human β-Syn, but an inverse trend was observed in wild-type animals. CONCLUSION The initially reported beneficial effects of β-Syn could be partially reproduced, but locally elevated levels of β-Syn might also cause neurodegeneration. To enlighten the controversial pathological mechanism of β-Syn, further examinations considering the relationship between concentration and exposure time of β-Syn are needed.
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11
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Mohamet L, Miazga NJ, Ward CM. Familial Alzheimer’s disease modelling using induced pluripotent stem cell technology. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:239-247. [PMID: 24772250 PMCID: PMC3999781 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in which patients exhibit gradual loss of memory that impairs their ability to learn or carry out daily tasks. Diagnosis of AD is difficult, particularly in early stages of the disease, and largely consists of cognitive assessments, with only one in four patients being correctly diagnosed. Development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of AD has proved to be a lengthy, costly and relatively unproductive process with attrition rates of > 90%. As a result, there are no cures for AD and few treatment options available for patients. Therefore, there is a pressing need for drug discovery platforms that can accurately and reproducibly mimic the AD phenotype and be amenable to high content screening applications. Here, we discuss the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be derived from adult cells, as a method of recapitulation of AD phenotype in vitro. We assess their potential use in high content screening assays and the barriers that exist to realising their full potential in predictive efficacy, toxicology and disease modelling. At present, a number of limitations need to be addressed before the use of iPSC technology can be fully realised in AD therapeutic applications. However, whilst the use of AD-derived iPSCs in drug discovery remains a fledgling field, it is one with immense potential that is likely to reach fruition within the next few years.
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Glennon EBC, Whitehouse IJ, Miners JS, Kehoe PG, Love S, Kellett KAB, Hooper NM. BIN1 is decreased in sporadic but not familial Alzheimer's disease or in aging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78806. [PMID: 24205320 PMCID: PMC3804620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) has been implicated in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) by a number of genome wide association studies (GWAS) in a variety of populations. Here we measured BIN1 in frontal cortex samples from 24 sporadic AD and 24 age-matched non-dementia brains and correlated the expression of this protein with markers of AD. BIN1 was reduced by 87% (p=0.007) in sporadic AD compared to non-dementia controls, but BIN1 in sporadic AD did not correlate with soluble Aβ (r(s)=-0.084, p=0.698), insoluble Aβ (r(s)=0.237, p=0.269), Aβ plaque load (r(s)=0.063, p=0.771) or phospho-tau load (r(s)=-0.160, p=0.489). In contrast to our findings in sporadic AD, BIN1 was unchanged in the hippocampus from 6 cases of familial AD compared to 6 age-matched controls (p=0.488). BIN1 declined with age in a cohort of non-dementia control cases between 25 and 88 years but the correlation was not significant (rs=-0.449, p=0.081). Although BIN1 is known to have a role in endocytosis, and the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is dependent on endocytosis, knockdown of BIN1 by targeted siRNA or the overexpression of BIN1 in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) had no effect on APP processing. These data suggest that the alteration in BIN1 is involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic, but not familial AD and is not a consequence of AD neurodegeneration or the ageing process, a finding in keeping with the numerous GWAS that implicate BIN1 in sporadic AD. However, the mechanism of its contribution remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. C. Glennon
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel J. Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J. Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. B. Kellett
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Loureiro RM, Dumin JA, McKee TD, Austin WF, Fuller NO, Hubbs JL, Shen R, Jonker J, Ives J, Bronk BS, Tate B. Efficacy of SPI-1865, a novel gamma-secretase modulator, in multiple rodent models. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:19. [PMID: 23597079 PMCID: PMC3707052 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Modulation of the gamma-secretase enzyme, which reduces the production of the amyloidogenic Aβ42 peptide while sparing the production of other Aβ species, is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Satori has identified a unique class of small molecule gamma-secretase modulators (GSMs) capable of decreasing Aβ42 levels in cellular and rodent model systems. The compound class exhibits potency in the nM range in vitro and is selective for lowering Aβ42 and Aβ38 while sparing Aβ40 and total Aβ levels. In vivo, a compound from the series, SPI-1865, demonstrates similar pharmacology in wild-type CD1 mice, Tg2576 mice and Sprague Dawley rats. Methods Animals were orally administered either a single dose of SPI-1865 or dosed for multiple days. Aβ levels were measured using a sensitive plate-based ELISA system (MSD) and brain and plasma exposure of drug were assessed by LC/MS/MS. Results In wild-type mice using either dosing regimen, brain Aβ42 and Aβ38 levels were decreased upon treatment with SPI-1865 and little to no statistically meaningful effect on Aβ40 was observed, reflecting the changes observed in vitro. In rats, brain Aβ levels were examined and similar to the mouse studies, brain Aβ42 and Aβ38 were lowered. Comparable changes were also observed in the Tg2576 mice, where Aβ levels were measured in brain as well as plasma and CSF. Conclusions Taken together, these data indicate that SPI-1865 is orally bioavailable, brain penetrant, and effective at lowering Aβ42 in a dose responsive manner. With this unique profile, the class of compounds represented by SPI-1865 may be a promising new therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Loureiro
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jo Ann Dumin
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy D McKee
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wesley F Austin
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nathan O Fuller
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jed L Hubbs
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ruichao Shen
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeff Jonker
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeff Ives
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian S Bronk
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Barbara Tate
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, 281 Albany St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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McKee TD, Loureiro RM, Dumin JA, Zarayskiy V, Tate B. An improved cell-based method for determining the γ-secretase enzyme activity against both Notch and APP substrates. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 213:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Pacheco-Quinto J, Eckman EA. Endothelin-converting enzymes degrade intracellular β-amyloid produced within the endosomal/lysosomal pathway and autophagosomes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5606-15. [PMID: 23283972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in Aβ removal are increasingly being considered as a possible cause for the abnormal Aβ build-up typical of Alzheimer disease. Of particular interest is a pool of Aβ that accumulates intraneuronally and may contribute to neuronal toxicity. The mechanism for intraneuronal accumulation, however, is not well understood and is commonly attributed to impaired removal of extracellular Aβ by neurons. Based on the intracellular distribution of the well established Aβ degrading enzymes, ECE-1 and ECE-2, we tested whether impairments in their catalytic activity could lead to intracellular Aβ accumulation. Using SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing wild-type amyloid precursor protein and pharmacological inhibition of endogenous ECE activity, we found that ECEs participate in the degradation of at least two distinct pools of Aβ; one destined for secretion and the other being produced and degraded within the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal pathways. Although ECE-1 regulates both pools of Aβ, ECE-2 regulates mainly the intracellular pool of the peptide. Consistent with this result, ECE-2 was found to co-localize with markers of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway but not with a trans-Golgi network marker. Furthermore, ECE-2 was detected in autophagic vesicles in cells treated with chloroquine. Under these conditions, ECE inhibition produced significantly higher elevations in intracellular Aβ than chloroquine treatment alone. This study highlights the existence of Aβ clearance mechanisms by ECEs at intracellular sites of production. Alterations in ECE activity may be considered as a cause for increased intraneuronal Aβ in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pacheco-Quinto
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates and Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey 07960, USA
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16
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Modulation of gamma-secretase for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:210756. [PMID: 23320246 PMCID: PMC3536039 DOI: 10.1155/2012/210756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amyloid Hypothesis states that the cascade of events associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD)—formation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline—are triggered by Aβ peptide dysregulation (Kakuda et al., 2006, Sato et al., 2003, Qi-Takahara et al., 2005). Since γ-secretase is critical for Aβ production, many in the biopharmaceutical community focused on γ-secretase as a target for therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease. However, pharmacological approaches to control γ-secretase activity are challenging because the enzyme has multiple, physiologically critical protein substrates. To lower amyloidogenic Aβ peptides without affecting other γ-secretase substrates, the epsilon (ε) cleavage that is essential for the activity of many substrates must be preserved. Small molecule modulators of γ-secretase activity have been discovered that spare the ε cleavage of APP and other substrates while decreasing the production of Aβ42. Multiple chemical classes of γ-secretase modulators have been identified which differ in the pattern of Aβ peptides produced. Ideally, modulators will allow the ε cleavage of all substrates while shifting APP cleavage from Aβ42 and other highly amyloidogenic Aβ peptides to shorter and less neurotoxic forms of the peptides without altering the total Aβ pool. Here, we compare chemically distinct modulators for effects on APP processing and in vivo activity.
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17
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Findeis MA, Schroeder F, McKee TD, Yager D, Fraering PC, Creaser SP, Austin WF, Clardy J, Wang R, Selkoe D, Eckman CB. Discovery of a novel pharmacological and structural class of gamma secretase modulators derived from the extract of Actaea racemosa. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23205187 DOI: 10.1021/cn3000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A screen of a library of synthetic drugs and natural product extracts identified a botanical extract that modulates the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in cultured cells to produce a lowered ratio of amyloid-beta peptide (1-42) (Aβ42) relative to Aβ40. This profile is of interest as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The extract, from the black cohosh plant (Actaea racemosa), was subjected to bioassay guided fractionation to isolate active components. Using a combination of normal-phase and reverse-phase chromatography, a novel triterpene monoglycoside, 1, was isolated. This compound was found to have an IC(50) of 100 nM for selectively reducing the production of amyloidogenic Aβ42 while having a much smaller effect on the production of Aβ40 (IC(50) 6.3 μM) in cultured cells overexpressing APP. Using IP-MS methods, this compound was found to modulate the pool of total Aβ produced by reducing the proportion of Aβ42 while increasing the relative amounts of shorter and less amyloidogenic Aβ37 and Aβ39. Concentrations of 1 sufficient to lower levels of Aβ42 substantially (up to 10 μM) did not significantly affect the processing of Notch or other aspects of APP processing. When 1 (10 μg) was administered to CD-1 normal mice intracerebroventricularly, the level of Aβ42 in brain was reduced. Assays for off-target pharmacology and the absence of overt signs of toxicity in mice dosed with compound 1 suggest a comparatively selective pharmacology for this triterpenoid. Compound 1 represents a new lead for the development of potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease via modulation of gamma-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Findeis
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Frank Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Timothy D. McKee
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Debra Yager
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States
| | - Patrick C. Fraering
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Steffen P. Creaser
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Wesley F. Austin
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Dennis Selkoe
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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18
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Griffiths HH, Whitehouse IJ, Baybutt H, Brown D, Kellett KAB, Jackson CD, Turner AJ, Piccardo P, Manson JC, Hooper NM. Prion protein interacts with BACE1 protein and differentially regulates its activity toward wild type and Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33489-500. [PMID: 21795680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulate in the brain. Cleavage of APP by the β-secretase BACE1 is the rate-limiting step in the production of Aβ. We have reported previously that the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) inhibited the action of BACE1 toward human wild type APP (APP(WT)) in cellular models and that the levels of endogenous murine Aβ were significantly increased in PrP(C)-null mouse brain. Here we investigated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this observation. PrP(C) interacted directly with the prodomain of the immature Golgi-localized form of BACE1. This interaction decreased BACE1 at the cell surface and in endosomes where it preferentially cleaves APP(WT) but increased it in the Golgi where it preferentially cleaves APP with the Swedish mutation (APP(Swe)). In transgenic mice expressing human APP with the Swedish and Indiana familial mutations (APP(Swe,Ind)), PrP(C) deletion had no influence on APP proteolytic processing, Aβ plaque deposition, or levels of soluble Aβ or Aβ oligomers. In cells, although PrP(C) inhibited the action of BACE1 on APP(WT), it did not inhibit BACE1 activity toward APP(Swe). The differential subcellular location of the BACE1 cleavage of APP(Swe) relative to APP(WT) provides an explanation for the failure of PrP(C) deletion to affect Aβ accumulation in APP(Swe,Ind) mice. Thus, although PrP(C) exerts no control on cleavage of APP(Swe) by BACE1, it has a profound influence on the cleavage of APP(WT), suggesting that PrP(C) may be a key protective player against sporadic Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heledd H Griffiths
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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19
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Crestini A, Piscopo P, Iazeolla M, Albani D, Rivabene R, Forloni G, Confaloni A. Rosuvastatin and Thapsigargin Modulate γ-Secretase Gene Expression and APP Processing in a Human Neuroglioma Model. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:461-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Belyaev ND, Kellett KAB, Beckett C, Makova NZ, Revett TJ, Nalivaeva NN, Hooper NM, Turner AJ. The transcriptionally active amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain is preferentially produced from the 695 isoform of APP in a {beta}-secretase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41443-54. [PMID: 20961856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases generates several biologically active products, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and the APP intracellular domain (AICD). AICD regulates transcription of several neuronal genes, especially the Aβ-degrading enzyme, neprilysin (NEP). APP exists in several alternatively spliced isoforms, APP(695), APP(751), and APP(770). We have examined whether each isoform can contribute to AICD generation and hence up-regulation of NEP expression. Using SH-SY5Y neuronal cells stably expressing each of the APP isoforms, we observed that only APP(695) up-regulated nuclear AICD levels (9-fold) and NEP expression (6-fold). Increased NEP expression was abolished by a β- or γ-secretase inhibitor but not an α-secretase inhibitor. This correlated with a marked increase in both Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) in APP(695) cells as compared with APP(751) or APP(770) cells. Similar phenomena were observed in Neuro2a but not HEK293 cells. SH-SY5Y cells expressing the Swedish mutant of APP(695) also showed an increase in Aβ levels and NEP expression as compared with wild-type APP(695) cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that AICD was associated with the NEP promoter in APP(695), Neuro2a, and APP(Swe) cells but not APP(751) nor APP(770) cells where AICD was replaced by histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). AICD occupancy of the NEP promoter was replaced by HDAC1 after treatment of the APP(695) cells with a β- but not an α-secretase inhibitor. The increased AICD and NEP levels were significantly reduced in cholesterol-depleted APP(695) cells. In conclusion, Aβ and functional AICD appear to be preferentially synthesized through β-secretase action on APP(695).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai D Belyaev
- Proteolysis Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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21
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Czvitkovich S, Duller S, Mathiesen E, Lorenzoni K, Imbimbo BP, Hutter-Paier B, Windisch M, Wronski R. Comparison of pharmacological modulation of APP metabolism in primary chicken telencephalic neurons and in a human neuroglioma cell line. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:257-67. [PMID: 20603724 PMCID: PMC3041911 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases and the formation of Aβ peptides are pivotal for Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, a large number of drugs has been developed targeting APP metabolism. However, many pharmacological compounds have been identified in vitro in immortalized APP overexpressing cell lines rather than in primary neurons. Here, we compared the effect of already characterized secretase inhibitors and modulators on Aβ formation in primary chicken telencephalic neurons and in a human neuroglioma cell line (H4) ectopically expressing human APP with the Swedish double mutation. Primary chicken neurons replicated the effects of a β-secretase inhibitor (β-secretase inhibitor IV), two γ-secretase inhibitors (DAPM, DAPT), two non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs (sulindac sulfide, CW), and of the calpain inhibitor calpeptin. With the exception of the two γ-secretase inhibitors, all tested compounds were more efficacious in primary chicken telencephalic neurons than in the immortalized H4 cell line. Moreover, H4 cells failed to reproduce the effect of calpeptin. Hence, primary chicken telencephalic neurons represent a suitable cell culture model for testing drugs interfering with APP processing and are overall more sensitive to pharmacological interference than immortalized H4 cells ectopically expressing mutant human APP.
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22
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Chakrabarti E, Ghosh S, Sadhukhan S, Sayre L, Tochtrop GP, Smith JD. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Analogues of a Novel Inhibitor of β-Amyloid Secretion. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5302-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100308g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adlebert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adlebert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Lawrence Sayre
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adlebert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Gregory P. Tochtrop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adlebert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jonathan D. Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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Chang PT, Kung FL, Talekar RS, Chen CS, Lai SY, Lee HY, Chern JW. An Improved Screening Model To Identify Inhibitors Targeting Zinc-Enhanced Amyloid Aggregation. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6944-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901011e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Teh Chang
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Ren-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Lu Kung
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Ren-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Rahul Subhash Talekar
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Ren-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shu Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Ren-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Lai
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Ren-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yun Lee
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Ren-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Wang Chern
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Ren-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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24
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Cole DC, Stock JR, Kreft AF, Antane M, Aschmies SH, Atchison KP, Casebier DS, Comery TA, Diamantidis G, Ellingboe JW, Harrison BL, Hu Y, Jin M, Kubrak DM, Lu P, Mann CW, Martone RL, Moore WJ, Oganesian A, Riddell DR, Sonnenberg-Reines J, Sun SC, Wagner E, Wang Z, Woller KR, Xu Z, Zhou H, Jacobsen JS. (S)-N-(5-Chlorothiophene-2-sulfonyl)-beta,beta-diethylalaninol a Notch-1-sparing gamma-secretase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:926-9. [PMID: 19097890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta), produced by the proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretase, is widely believed to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Research around the high-throughput screening hit (S)-4-chlorophenylsulfonyl isoleucinol led to the identification of the Notch-1-sparing (9.5-fold) gamma-secretase inhibitor (S)-N-(5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonyl)-beta,beta-diethylalaninol 7.b.2 (Abeta(40/42) EC(50)=28 nM), which is efficacious in reduction of Abeta production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Cole
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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25
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Findeis MA. The role of amyloid beta peptide 42 in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:266-86. [PMID: 17716740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last 20 years, an expanding body of research has elucidated the central role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) production in the risk, onset, and progression of the neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Ongoing research is establishing a greater level of detail for our understanding of the normal functions of APP, its proteolysis products, and the mechanisms by which this processing occurs. The importance of this processing machinery in normal cellular function, such as Notch processing, has revealed specific concerns about targeting APP processing for therapeutic purposes. Aspects of AD that are now well studied include direct and indirect genetic and other risk factors for AD, APP processing, and Abeta production. Emerging from these studies is the particular importance of the long form of Abeta, Abeta42. Elevated Abeta42 levels, as well as particularly the elevation of the ratio of Abeta42 to the shorter major form Abeta40, has been identified as important in early events in the pathogenesis of AD. The specific pathological importance of Abeta42 has drawn attention to seeking drugs that will selectively lower the levels of this peptide through reduced production or increased clearance while allowing normal protein processing to remain substantially intact. An increasing variety of compounds that modulate APP processing to reduce Abeta levels are being identified, some with Abeta42 selectivity. Such compounds are now reaching clinical evaluation to determine how they may be of benefit in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Findeis
- Satori Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 222 Berkeley Street, Suite 1040, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
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26
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Del Giudice E, Facchinetti F, Nofrate V, Boccaccio P, Minelli T, Dam M, Leon A, Moschini G. Fifty Hertz electromagnetic field exposure stimulates secretion of beta-amyloid peptide in cultured human neuroglioma. Neurosci Lett 2007; 418:9-12. [PMID: 17382472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies raise the possibility that individuals with occupational exposure to low frequency (50-60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (LF-EMF), are at increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms through which LF-EMF may affect AD pathology are unknown. We here tested the hypothesis that the exposure to LF-EMF may affect amyloidogenic processes. We examined the effect of exposure to 3.1 mT 50 Hz LF-EMF on Abeta secretion in H4 neuroglioma cells stably overexpressing human mutant amyloid precursor protein. We found that overnight exposure to LF-EMF induces a significant increase of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) secretion, including the isoform Abeta 1-42, without affecting cell survival. These findings show for the first time that exposure to LF-EMF stimulates Abeta secretion in vitro, thus alluding to a potential link between LF-EMF exposure and APP processing in the brain.
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Chen F, Eckman EA, Eckman CB. Reductions in levels of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide after oral administration of ginsenosides. FASEB J 2006; 20:1269-71. [PMID: 16636099 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5530fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For millennia, ginseng and some of its components have been used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions, including age-related memory impairment. Because of its purported effects and apparently low rate of side effects, ginseng remains one of the top selling natural product remedies in the United States. Given its potential role for improving age-related memory impairments and its common use in China for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms, we analyzed the effects of commercially available preparations of ginseng on the accumulation of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) in a cell-based model system. In this model system, ginseng treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of Abeta in the conditioned medium. We next examined the effects of several compounds isolated from ginseng and found that certain ginsenosides lowered Abeta concentration in a dose-dependent manner with ginsenoside Rg3 having an approximate IC50 of under 25 microM against Abeta42. Furthermore, we found that three of these isolated components, ginsenoside Rg1, Rg3, and RE, resulted in significant reductions in the amount of Abeta detected in the brains of animals after single oral doses of these agents. The results indicate that ginseng itself, or purified ginsenosides, may have similarly useful effects in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Birdsall Bldg. Rm. 327, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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Gundersen E, Fan K, Haas K, Huryn D, Steven Jacobsen J, Kreft A, Martone R, Mayer S, Sonnenberg-Reines J, Sun SC, Zhou H. Molecular-modeling based design, synthesis, and activity of substituted piperidines as γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1891-4. [PMID: 15780628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disease widely thought to be associated with the accumulation of beta amyloid (Abeta) in the brain. Inhibition of gamma-secretase, one of the enzymes responsible for Abeta production, may be a useful strategy for the treatment of AD. Described below is a series of gamma-secretase inhibitors designed from a scaffold identified by a ROCS [J. Comput. Chem.1996, 17, 1653] search of the corporate database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gundersen
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543-8000, USA.
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Middendorp O, Ortler C, Neumann U, Paganetti P, Lüthi U, Barberis A. Yeast growth selection system for the identification of cell-active inhibitors of β-secretase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1674:29-39. [PMID: 15342111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abeta peptides, which are believed to be at the origin of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are produced through the sequential processing of the transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the beta- and gamma-secretase. The identification of small molecules that penetrate the brain and inhibit these secretases is of great therapeutic potential. Here, we describe a cellular selection system in yeast for the identification of inhibitors of the human beta-secretase BACE-1. Similar to the natural situation in mammalian cells, BACE-1 and its substrate APP are bound to membranes in secretory pathway compartments. Yeast cells expressing these human proteins have been engineered so as to grow under selective conditions only upon reduction of BACE-1 activity, thus allowing identification of compounds that, in addition to inhibiting BACE-1, must permeate cellular membranes and present no cytotoxic effects. Our results show that gradual reduction of BACE-1 expression in the engineered yeast strain resulted in gradual increase of cell growth rate. Moreover, two validated BACE-1 inhibitors, which have IC50 values between 7 and 8 microM in mammalian cell assays, stimulated yeast growth in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was specific for BACE-1 since these compounds had no effect on yeast cells expressing a different secretase cleaving the APP substrate at the alpha-site. The target-specific cellular assay presented here is applicable in high-throughput screens for selecting inhibitors of defined secretases acting on natural substrates in a membrane-bound protein configuration.
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De Felice FG, Ferreira ST. Beta-amyloid production, aggregation, and clearance as targets for therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2002; 22:545-63. [PMID: 12585679 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021832302524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. Despite major efforts aimed at elucidating the molecular basis and physiopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is still no effective treatment available for this devastating disorder. The biological mechanisms underlying the development of AD are complex, as multiple factors appear to modulate (either positively or negatively) the progression of neurodegeneration in the brains of AD patients. Not surprisingly, a number of different therapeutic approaches aimed at distinct aspects of the disease are currently being pursued. Given its central role in the neuropathology of AD, the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) is the focus of many such approaches. 2. In this review, we discuss recent developments along three major lines of investigation: (i) identification and characterization of inhibitors of the enzymes involved in proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein and production of Abeta; (ii) identification of the pathways involved in cerebral degradation and clearance of Abeta; and (iii) characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of amyloid aggregation that prevent cerebral amyloid deposition and neurotoxicity. 3. Significant progress has been achieved in these directions, opening up new perspectives toward the development of effective approaches for the treatment or prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G De Felice
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Yager D, Watson M, Healy B, Eckman EA, Eckman CB. Natural product extracts that reduce accumulation of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide: selective reduction in A beta42. J Mol Neurosci 2002; 19:129-33. [PMID: 12212770 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-002-0023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Without a treatment that significantly delays the progression of the disease over 14 million Americans are likely to be affected with AD by the middle of the 21st Century, presenting an enormous economic and social burden. Evidence gathered over the last two decades has implicated the abnormal accumulation of A beta, in particular the longer more amyloidogenic form A beta42, as a potential causative agent in the disease. To screen for compounds that reduce A beta accumulation we have established several high throughput, cell based screens capable of the sensitive and selective detection of A beta40 and A beta42. Using these screens we have analyzed a proprietary library of natural product extracts for their ability to influence A beta accumulation. Using this approach, we have identified several agents capable of influencing total A beta concentration. In addition, we have identified one extract that selectively reduces A beta42. Intracerebroventricular administration of this agent to mice results in a selective reduction in A beta42 in the brain.
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