1
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Sacco RE, Jensen ED, Sullivan YB, LaBresh J, Davis WC. An update on the development of a bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, immune reagent toolkit. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110769. [PMID: 38703558 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
There are extensive immunological reagents available for laboratory rodents and humans. However, for veterinary species there is a need for expansion of immunological toolkits, with this especially evident for marine mammals, such as cetaceans. In addition to their use in a research setting, immune assays could be employed to monitor the health status of cetaceans and serve as an adjunct to available diagnostic tests. Such development of specific and sensitive immune assays will enhance the proper care and stewardship of wild and managed cetacean populations. Our goal is to provide immune reagents and immune assays for the research community, clinicians, and others involved in care of bottlenose dolphins. This review will provide an update on our development of a bottlenose dolphin immunological toolkit. The future availability and continued development of these reagents is critical for improving wild and managed bottlenose dolphin population health through enhanced assessment of their responses to alterations in the marine environment, including pathogens, and improve our ability to monitor their status following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy E Sacco
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Eric D Jensen
- US Navy Marine Mammal Program, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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2
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Davis WC, Mahmoud AH, Hulubei V, Hasan A, Abdellrazeq GS. Progress in the development and use of monoclonal antibodies to study the evolution and function of the immune systems in the extant lineages of ungulates. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 270:110730. [PMID: 38422854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Details on the origin and function of the immune system are beginning to emerge from genomic studies tracing the origin of B and T cells and the major histocompatibility complex. This is being accomplished through identification of DNA sequences of ancestral genes present in the genomes of lineages of vertebrates that have evolved from a common primordial ancestor. Information on the evolution of the composition and function of the immune system is being obtained through development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the MHC class I and II molecules and differentially expressed on leukocytes differentiation molecules (LDM). The mAbs have provided the tools needed to compare the similarities and differences in the phenotype and function of immune systems that have evolved during speciation. The majority of information currently available on evolution of the composition and function of the immune system is derived from study of the immune systems in humans and mice. As described in the present review, further information is beginning to emerge from comparative studies of the immune systems in the extant lineages of species present in the two orders of ungulates, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla. Methods have been developed to facilitate comparative research across species on pathogens affecting animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Davis
- Department Veterinary Microbiology, College Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Asmaa H Mahmoud
- Department Veterinary Microbiology, College Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department Veterinary Microbiology, College Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Amany Hasan
- Department Veterinary Microbiology, College Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department Veterinary Microbiology, College Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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3
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Elnagga MM, Abdellrazeq GS, Sacco RE, Harsla TR, Mucci ML, Fry LM, Hulubei V, Davis WC. Comparative analysis of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies developed against the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 with monoclonal antibodies made against ovine IFN-γ bovine IL-17A and IL-1β revealed they recognize epitopes conserved on dolphin and bovine orthologues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 250:110456. [PMID: 35728348 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Opportunities to include Cetancodontamorpha in the study of the evolution of the immune system in the clades of Artiodactylamorpha, Ruminantiamorpha, Suinamorpha, and Camelidamorpha have increased with the use of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, as a sentinel species to study the effects of environmental pollutants on the health of marine mammals. Efforts are currently underway to increase the number reagents needed for detailed studies. Thus far, screening of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) made to leukocyte differentiation molecules (LDM) and the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and class II molecules in Ruminantiamorpha have yielded some mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes expressed on orthologues in the bottlenose dolphin. More direct approaches are in progress to identify additional mAbs to bottlenose LDM and cytokines. As reported here, both direct and indirect approaches were used to identify mAbs specific for cytokines useful in monitoring the effects of environmental pollutants on the immune system. Immunization of mice with expressed bottlenose dolphin cytokines yielded mAbs specific for IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17A. Screening of previously developed mAbs used in livestock immunology research revealed mAbs developed against ovine IFN-γ and bovine IL-17 and IL-1β recognize conserved epitopes in bottlenose dolphin orthologues. The mAbs identified in the present study expand the reagents available to study the function of the immune system in bottlenose dolphins and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elnagga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Trevor R Harsla
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mallory L Mucci
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA.
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4
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Alpaca ( Vicugna pacos), the first nonprimate species with a phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6697-6707. [PMID: 32139608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909474117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are a major γδ T cell population in the human blood expressing a characteristic Vγ9JP rearrangement paired with Vδ2. This cell subset is activated in a TCR-dependent and MHC-unrestricted fashion by so-called phosphoantigens (PAgs). PAgs can be microbial [(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate, HMBPP] or endogenous (isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP) and PAg sensing depends on the expression of B7-like butyrophilin (BTN3A, CD277) molecules. IPP increases in some transformed or aminobisphosphonate-treated cells, rendering those cells a target for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in immunotherapy. Yet, functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have only been described in humans and higher primates. Using a genome-based study, we showed in silico translatable genes encoding Vγ9, Vδ2, and BTN3 in a few nonprimate mammalian species. Here, with the help of new monoclonal antibodies, we directly identified a T cell population in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos), which responds to PAgs in a BTN3-dependent fashion and shows typical TRGV9- and TRDV2-like rearrangements. T cell receptor (TCR) transductants and BTN3-deficient human 293T cells reconstituted with alpaca or human BTN3 or alpaca/human BTN3 chimeras showed that alpaca Vγ9Vδ2 TCRs recognize PAg in the context of human and alpaca BTN3. Furthermore, alpaca BTN3 mediates PAg recognition much better than human BTN3A1 alone and this improved functionality mapped to the transmembrane/cytoplasmic part of alpaca BTN3. In summary, we found remarkable similarities but also instructive differences of PAg-recognition by human and alpaca, which help in better understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the activation of this prominent population of γδ T cells.
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5
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Pattern of CD14, CD16, CD163 and CD172a expression on water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 211:1-5. [PMID: 31084887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the immune system of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) revealed significant similarities and differences to the bovine immune system. Herein, we extend these studies and document the pattern of expression of CD14, CD16, CD163 and CD172a on buffalo leukocytes using a set of cross-reactive mAbs that are known to recognize conserved epitopes within orthologous molecules in cattle, sheep and goats. Buffalo leukocytes were isolated and subjected to mAb labelling for flow cytometry. Single color flow cytometry confirmed mAbs recognition of buffalo orthologues of CD14, CD16, CD163 and CD172a, and revealed consistent patterns of expression similar to that reported in other ruminants. Multicolor flow cytometry revealed that buffalo CD14+ monocytes uniquely co-express CD16, CD163 and CD172a, whereas buffalo granulocytes co-express CD16 and CD172a. This study expands mAbs available to define and study the buffalo monocytes, and also extends information available on the unique features of the buffalo immune system.
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6
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Gao C, He X, Quan J, Jiang Q, Lin H, Chen H, Qu L. Specificity Characterization of SLA Class I Molecules Binding to Swine-Origin Viral Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitope Peptides in Vitro. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2524. [PMID: 29326671 PMCID: PMC5741678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I molecules play a crucial role in generating specific cellular immune responses against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. They mainly bind and present antigens of intracellular origin to circulating MHC I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Binding of an appropriate epitope to an SLA class I molecule is the single most selective event in antigen presentation and the first step in the killing of infected cells by CD8+ CTLs. Moreover, the antigen epitopes are strictly restricted to specific SLA molecules. In this study, we constructed SLA class I complexes in vitro comprising viral epitope peptides, the extracellular region of the SLA-1 molecules, and β2-microglobulin (β2m) using splicing overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (SOE-PCR). The protein complexes were induced and expressed in an Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression system and subsequently purified and refolded. Specific binding of seven SLA-1 proteins to one classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and four porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) epitope peptides was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based method. The SLA-1∗13:01, SLA-1∗11:10, and SLA-1∗11:01:02 proteins were able to bind specifically to different CTL epitopes of CSFV and PRRSV and the MHC restrictions of the five epitopes were identified. The fixed combination of Asn151Val152 residues was identified as the potentially key amino acid residues influencing the binding of viral several CTL epitope peptides to SLA-1∗13:01 and SLA-1∗04:01:01 proteins. The more flexible pocket E in the SLA-1∗13:01 protein might have fewer steric limitations and therefore be able to accommodate more residues of viral CTL epitope peptides, and may thus play a critical biochemical role in determining the peptide-binding motif of SLA-1∗13:01. Characterization of the binding specificity of peptides to SLA class I molecules provides an important basis for epitope studies of infectious diseases in swine, and for the rational development of novel porcine vaccines, as well as for detailed studies of CTL responses in pigs used as animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Gao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiwen He
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinqiang Quan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huan Lin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liandong Qu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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7
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Elnaggar MM, Abdellrazeq GS, Venn-Watson SK, Jensen ED, Hulubei V, Fry LM, Sacco RE, Davis WC. Identification of monoclonal antibodies cross-reactive with bottlenose dolphin orthologues of the major histocompatibility complex and leukocyte differentiation molecules. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 192:54-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Grandoni F, Elnaggar MM, Abdellrazeq GS, Signorelli F, Fry LM, Marchitelli C, Hulubei V, Khaliel SA, Torky HA, Davis WC. Characterization of leukocyte subsets in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine MHC class I and class II molecules and leukocyte differentiation molecules. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:101-109. [PMID: 28433527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are a major component of the livestock industry worldwide, limited progress has been made in the study of the mechanisms regulating the immune response to pathogens and parasites affecting their health and productivity. This has been, in part, attributable to the limited availability of reagents to study immune responses in buffalo. As reported here, a set of cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), developed against bovine, ovine and caprine leukocyte differentiation molecules (LDM) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, were identified and used to compare expression of LDM in Italian and Egyptian buffalo. The results show most of the epitopes identified with the mAbs are conserved on LDM and MHC I and II molecules in both lineages of buffalo. Comparison of the composition of lymphocyte subsets between buffalo and cattle revealed they are similar except for expression of CD2 and CD8 on workshop cluster one (WC1) positive γδ T cells. In cattle, CD8 is expressed on a subset of CD2+/WC1- γδ T cells that are present in low frequency in blood of young and old animals, whereas, CD8-/CD2-/WC1+ γδ T cells are present in high frequency in young animals, decreasing with age. In the buffalo, CD2 is expressed on a subset of WC1+ γδ T cells and CD8 is expressed on all WC1+ γδ T cells. The availability of this extensive set of mAbs provides opportunities to study the immunopathogenesis of pathogens and parasites affecting the health of buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Grandoni
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per la Produzione delle Carni e Il Miglioramento genetico (CREA-PCM), Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Federica Signorelli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per la Produzione delle Carni e Il Miglioramento genetico (CREA-PCM), Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Cinzia Marchitelli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per la Produzione delle Carni e Il Miglioramento genetico (CREA-PCM), Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Samy A Khaliel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Helmy A Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Vergara-Alert J, Vidal E, Bensaid A, Segalés J. Searching for animal models and potential target species for emerging pathogens: Experience gained from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus. One Health 2017; 3:34-40. [PMID: 28616501 PMCID: PMC5454147 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging pathogens represent a substantial threat to public health, as demonstrated with numerous outbreaks over the past years, including the 2013-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus in western Africa. Coronaviruses are also a threat for humans, as evidenced in 2002/2003 with infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which caused more than 8000 human infections with 10% fatality rate in 37 countries. Ten years later, a novel human coronavirus (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV), associated with severe pneumonia, arose in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Until December 2016, MERS has accounted for more than 1800 cases and 35% fatality rate. Finding an animal model of disease is key to develop vaccines or antivirals against such emerging pathogens and to understand its pathogenesis. Knowledge of the potential role of domestic livestock and other animal species in the transmission of pathogens is of importance to understand the epidemiology of the disease. Little is known about MERS-CoV animal host range. In this paper, experimental data on potential hosts for MERS-CoV is reviewed. Advantages and limitations of different animal models are evaluated in relation to viral pathogenesis and transmission studies. Finally, the relevance of potential new target species is discussed.
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Key Words
- Animal model
- BSL, biosafety level
- Coronavirus (CoV)
- DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- Emerging pathogen
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- HCoV, human coronaviruses
- MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
- NHP, Nonhuman primates
- PI, post-inoculation
- RDB, receptor binding domain
- Reservoir
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- URT, upper respiratory tract
- WHO, World Health Organization
- hDPP4, human dipeptidyl peptidase-4
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Topliff CL, Alkheraif AA, Kuszynski CA, Davis WC, Steffen DJ, Schmitz JA, Eskridge KM, Charleston B, Henningson JN, Kelling CL. Experimental acute infection of alpacas with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subgenotype b alters peripheral blood and GALT leukocyte subsets. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:186-192. [PMID: 28166712 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717690015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen in cattle and alpacas ( Vicugna pacos), causing acute and persistent BVDV infections. We characterized the effect of acute BVDV infection on the immune system of alpacas by determining lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) as well as serum interferon levels. Alpacas were experimentally infected with BVDV-1b (strain CO-06). Peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated at 0, 3, 6, and 9 d postinfection (dpi), and leukocytes of GALT at 9 dpi, and evaluated using flow cytometry. Serum interferon levels were determined daily. Flow cytometric analyses of peripheral blood leukocytes showed a significant decrease in CD4+, CD8+, and αβ T-lymphocytes at 3 dpi. CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly increased, and activated lymphocytes were significantly decreased in the C3-stomach region in BVDV-infected alpacas. Serum interferon concentrations significantly increased in BVDV-infected alpacas at 3-6 dpi, peaking at 3 dpi. Our study confirms that BVDV can be a primary acute pathogen in alpacas and that it induces an interferon response and alters leukocyte subset populations. The changes in the proportion of T-lymphocytes during the early stages of BVDV infection may result in transient immunosuppression that may contribute to secondary bacterial and viral infections, similar to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Topliff
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Abdulrahman A Alkheraif
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Charles A Kuszynski
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - William C Davis
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - David J Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Jack A Schmitz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Kent M Eskridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Bryan Charleston
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Jamie N Henningson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Clayton L Kelling
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
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11
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Rees J, Haig D, Mack V, Davis WC. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for hamster leukocyte differentiation molecules. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 183:40-44. [PMID: 28063475 PMCID: PMC5256479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to identify mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes on hamster leukocyte differentiation molecules (hLDM) and also to characterize mAbs developed against hLDM. Initial screening of mAbs developed against LDMs in other species yielded mAbs specific for the major histocompatibility (MHC) II molecule, CD4 and CD18. Screening of sets of mAbs developed against hLDM yielded 22 new mAbs, including additional mAbs to MHC II molecules and mAbs that recognize LDMs expressed on all leukocytes, granulocytes, all lymphocytes, all T cells, a subset of T cells, or on all B cells. Based on comparison of the pattern of expression of LDMs expressed on all hamster leukocytes with the patterns of expression of known LDMs in other species, as detected by flow cytometry (FC), four mAbs are predicted to recognize CD11a, CD44, and CD45. Cross comparison of mAbs specific for a subset of hamster T cells with a cross reactive mAb known to recognize CD4 in mice and one recognising CD8 revealed they recognize CD4. The characterization of these mAbs expands opportunities to use hamsters as an additional model species to investigate the mechanisms of immunopathogenesis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rees
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton, Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - David Haig
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton, Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Victoria Mack
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
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12
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Differences in leukocyte differentiation molecule abundances on domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) neutrophils identified by flow cytometry. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 46:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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14
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Bildfell RJ, Löhr CV, Tornquist SJ. Diagnostic sampling and gross pathology of New World camelids. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:577-91. [PMID: 23101677 PMCID: PMC7125673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bildfell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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15
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Tuberculosis immunity: opportunities from studies with cattle. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2011:768542. [PMID: 21197095 PMCID: PMC3004413 DOI: 10.1155/2011/768542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis share >99% genetic identity and induce similar host responses and disease profiles upon infection. There is a rich history of codiscovery in the development of control measures applicable to both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) including skin-testing procedures, M. bovis BCG vaccination, and interferon-γ release assays. The calf TB infection model offers several opportunities to further our understanding of TB immunopathogenesis. Recent observations include correlation of central memory immune responses with TB vaccine efficacy, association of SIRPα+ cells in ESAT-6:CFP10-elicited multinucleate giant cell formation, early γδ T cell responses to TB, antimycobacterial activity of memory CD4+ T cells via granulysin production, association of specific antibody with antigen burden, and suppression of innate immune gene expression in infected animals. Partnerships teaming researchers with veterinary and medical perspectives will continue to provide mutual benefit to TB research in man and animals.
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16
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Daley-Bauer LP, Purdy SR, Smith MC, Gagliardo LF, Davis WC, Appleton JA. Contributions of conventional and heavy-chain IgG to immunity in fetal, neonatal, and adult alpacas. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:2007-15. [PMID: 20926693 PMCID: PMC3008178 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00287-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to conventional immunoglobulins, camelids produce antibodies that do not incorporate light chains into their structures. These so-called heavy-chain (HC) antibodies have incited great interest in the biomedical community, as they have considerable potential for biotechnological and therapeutic application. Recently, we have begun to elucidate the immunological functions of HC antibodies, yet little is known about their significance in maternal immunity or about the B lymphocytes that produce them. This study describes the application of isotype-specific reagents toward physiological assessments of camelid IgGs and the B cells that produce them. We document the specificities of monoclonal antibodies that distinguish two conventional IgG1 isotypes and two HC IgG3 variants produced by alpacas. Next, we report that the relative concentrations of five isotypes are similar in serum, milk, and colostrum; however, following passive transfer, the concentrations of HC IgG2 and IgG3 declined more rapidly than the concentration of conventional IgG1 in the sera of neonates. Finally, we assessed the distribution of B cells of distinct isotypes within lymphoid tissues during fetal and adult life. We detected IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 in lymphocytes located in lymph node follicles, suggesting that HC B cells affinity mature and/or class switch. One IgG3 isotype was present in B cells located in ileal Peyer's patches, and one conventional IgG1 isotype was detected in splenic marginal zone B cells. Our findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge pertaining to HC antibodies and are compatible with functional specialization among conventional and HC IgGs in the alpaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. P. Daley-Bauer
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Hadley, Massachusetts 01035, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - S. R. Purdy
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Hadley, Massachusetts 01035, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - M. C. Smith
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Hadley, Massachusetts 01035, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - L. F. Gagliardo
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Hadley, Massachusetts 01035, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - W. C. Davis
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Hadley, Massachusetts 01035, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - J. A. Appleton
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Hadley, Massachusetts 01035, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164
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17
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Effector functions of camelid heavy-chain antibodies in immunity to West Nile virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:239-46. [PMID: 19955323 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00421-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three classes of IgG have been described for camelids. IgG1 has a conventional four-chain structure, while IgG2 and IgG3 do not incorporate light chains. The structures and antigen-binding affinities of the so-called heavy-chain classes have been studied in detail; however, their regulation and effector functions are largely undefined. The aim of this study was to examine the participation of conventional and heavy-chain IgG antibodies in the camelid immune defense directed against West Nile virus (WNV). We found that natural infection or vaccination with killed WNV induced IgG1 and IgG3. Vaccination also induced IgG1 and IgG3; IgG2 was produced during the anamnestic response to vaccination. When purified IgGs were tested in plaque-reduction neutralization titer (PRNT) tests, IgG3 demonstrated PRNT activities comparable to those of conventional IgG1. In contrast, IgG2 demonstrated only suboptimal activity at the highest concentrations tested. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that macrophages bound IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3. Furthermore, subneutralizing concentrations of all three isotypes enhanced WNV infection of cultured macrophages. Our results document distinctions in regulation and function between camelid heavy-chain isotypes. The reduced size and distinct structure of IgG3 did not negatively impact its capacity to neutralize virus. In contrast, IgG2 appeared to be less efficient in neutralization. This information advances our understanding of these unusual antibodies in ways that can be applied in the development of effective vaccines for camelids.
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18
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Davis WC, Hamilton MJ. Use of flow cytometry to develop and characterize a set of monoclonal antibodies specific for rabbit leukocyte differentiation molecules. J Vet Sci 2008; 9:51-66. [PMID: 18296889 PMCID: PMC2839113 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to identify and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that react with rabbit leukocyte differentiation molecules (LDM). Screening sets of mAbs, developed against LDM in other species, for reactivity with rabbit LDM yielded 11 mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes on rabbit LDM orthologues and multiple mAbs that recognize epitopes expressed on the major histocompatibility class I or class II molecules. Screening of mAbs submitted to the Animal Homologues Section of the Eighth Human Leukocyte Differentiation Workshop yielded 7 additional mAbs. Screening of mAbs generated from mice immunized with leukocytes from rabbit thymus or spleen or concanavalin A activated peripheral blood and/or spleen lymphocytes has yielded 42 mAbs that recognize species restricted epitopes expressed on one or more lineages of leukocytes. Screening of the anti-rabbit mAbs against leukocytes from other species yielded one additional mAb. The studies show that screening of existing sets of mAbs for reactivity with rabbit LDM will not be productive and that a direct approach will be needed to develop mAbs for research in rabbits. The flow cytometric approach we developed to screen for mAbs of interest offers a way for individual laboratories to identify and characterize mAbs to LDM in rabbits and other species. A web-based program we developed provides a source of information that will facilitate analysis. It contains a searchable data base on known CD molecules and a data base on mAbs, known to react with LDM in one or more species of artiodactyla, equidae, carnivora, and or lagomorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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19
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Davis WC, Drbal K, Mosaad AEAAE, Elbagory ARM, Tibary A, Barrington GM, Park YH, Hamilton MJ. Use of flow cytometry to identify monoclonal antibodies that recognize conserved epitopes on orthologous leukocyte differentiation antigens in goats, llamas, and rabbits. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:123-30. [PMID: 17686528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to screen a panel of 320 mAbs, submitted to the Animal Homologues Section of the HLDA8, for mAbs that recognize epitopes conserved on orthologous leukocyte differentiation antigens (LDA) in goats, lamas, and rabbits. Nineteen mAbs specific for CD11a (1), CD14 (3), CD18 (1), CD21 (1), CD29 (2), CD44 (2), CD47 (3), CD49d (1), CD172a (1), CD45RB (1), CD61 (1), RACT48A, and GBSP71A reacted with goat LDA. Twenty three mAbs specific for CD7 (1), CD9 (2), CD11a (1), CD14 (3), CD18 (4), CD29 (1), CD32 (1), CD44 (1), CD47 (4), CD49d (2), CD50 (1), CD80 (1), CD172a (1), and GBSP71A reacted with llama LDA. Eighteen mAbs specific for CD9 (2), CD11a (1), CD14 (2), CD18 (4), CD21 (1), CD44 (2), CD45RB (1), CD49d (1), CD209 (1), RACT48A, and GBSP71A reacted with rabbit LDA. The specificities of two cross reactive mAbs that recognize different conserved epitopes on all leukocytes in two species (RACT48A) and all three species (GBSP71A) have not been determined. The patterns of reactivity of most of the mAbs were consistent with patterns of reactivity noted on human leukocytes. The specificity of some cross reactive mAbs generated in non-human species were validated on human leukocytes. Further studies are needed to verify that CD7, CD32, CD45RB, CD50, and CD209 recognize orthologous molecules in the indicated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Davis
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The production of monoclonal antibodies is very costly, and antibodies are only available for a limited number of species. Until a more cost effective method of antibody production is found, identification of cross-reactive antibodies is an alternative approach that can provide investigators studying immunity in minor species with valuable antibody reagents. Flow cytometry was used to test 21 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), raised against alphabeta and gammadelta T cell receptors and CD3 from human and five animal species, for cross-reactivity in 44 different species including 16 species of nonhuman primates, marsupials, carnivores, lagomorphs, rodents, ruminants, swine, cetacean, horse, birds, a reptile, and fish. Fifteen of the mAbs cross-reacted with orthologous molecules in one or more species. Two antibodies, anti-human TCR gammadelta (B1.1), and anti-human CD3 (SP34) were found to costain in 13 species of nonhuman primates. This study has identified valuable new reagents for studying T cell populations in different animal species and for the first time characterized antibodies useful for studying gammadelta T cell populations in many species of primates. These antibodies may be used for further immunity research in species with less well-characterized immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Conrad
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5.
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21
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Davis WC, Hamilton MJ. Use of flow cytometry to characterize immunodeficiency syndromes in camelids. Small Rumin Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Koo HC, Park YH, Hamilton MJ, Barrington GM, Davies CJ, Kim JB, Dahl JL, Waters WR, Davis WC. Analysis of the immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally infected calves. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6870-83. [PMID: 15557608 PMCID: PMC529129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.6870-6883.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease of cattle is widespread and causes significant economic loss to producers. Control has been hindered by limited understanding of the immune response to the causative agent, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and lack of an effective vaccine and sensitive specific diagnostic assays. The present study was conducted to gain insight into factors affecting the immune response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. A persistent proliferative response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis purified protein derivative and soluble M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens was detected in orally infected neonatal calves 6 months postinfection (p.i.) by flow cytometry (FC). CD4(+) T cells with a memory phenotype (CD45R0(+)) expressing CD25 and CD26 were the predominant cell type responding to antigens. Few CD8(+) T cells proliferated in response to antigens until 18 months p.i. gammadelta T cells did not appear to respond to antigen until 18 months p.i. The majority of WC1(+) CD2(-) and a few WC1(-) CD2(+) gammadelta T cells expressed CD25 at time zero. By 18 months, however, subsets of gammadelta T cells from both control and infected animals showed an increase in expression of CD25, ACT2, and CD26 in the presence of the antigens. Two populations of CD3(-) non-T non-B null cells, CD2(+) and CD2(-), proliferated in cell cultures from some control and infected animals during the study, with and without antigen. The studies clearly show multicolor FC offers a consistent reliable way to monitor the evolution and changes in the immune response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that occur during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Cheong Koo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Kokron CM, Errante PR, Barros MT, Baracho GV, Camargo MM, Kalil J, Rizzo LV. Clinical and laboratory aspects of common variable immunodeficiency. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2004; 76:707-26. [PMID: 15558152 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652004000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is an immunological disorder characterized by defective antibody production, recurrent infections, most notably of the respiratory tract, autoimmune phenomena and cancer. Some CVID patients may also present disturbances of the cellular immune response such as a decrease in the number and proportion of different lymphocyte populations, diminished lymphoproliferative response to mitogens and antigens, altered production of cytokines, and deficient expression of cell-surface molecules. Most Brazilian CVID patients included in this study show a decrease in T and B lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, their lymphocytes are more susceptible to apoptosis following activation than normal individuals, and they have a decrease in the expression of activation molecules like CD25, CD69, CD40L and CD70. Moreover, they show a decreased synthesis of IL-4 and IL-5 in comparison with normal individuals. The increase in susceptibility to apoptosis following activation, may also be responsible for the decrease in the expression of activation molecules and CD40L, decrease in Th2 cytokines synthesis, and in the number of T and B circulating cells. In this study we discuss some of these immunological disturbances correlating them to the patients' clinical features and comparing our patients' findings to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Kokron
- Serviço de Imunologia, Av. Dr. Anéas de Carvalho Aguilar, 155, 8 andar, bloco 3, 05403-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Thomas GW, Bell SC, Phythian C, Taylor P, Knottenbelt DC, Carter SD. Aid to the antemortem diagnosis of Fell pony foal syndrome by the analysis of B lymphocytes. Vet Rec 2003; 152:618-21. [PMID: 12790165 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.20.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fell pony foals are affected by a congenital fatal immunodeficiency that commonly leads to anaemia and lymphopenia. Previous work has shown that the foals' circulating subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes are unaffected. In this study it was shown that the mean population of B lymphocytes in 10 affected foals was less than 10 per cent of that in normal foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ
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Ungar-Waron H, Yagil R, Brenner J, Paz R, Partosh N, Van Creveld C, Lubashevsky E, Trainin Z. Reactions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of camels with monoclonal antibodies against ruminant leukocytes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:137-43. [PMID: 12493494 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The particular immune system of the camel has been but little investigated. In this work circulating camel peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were studied by flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against ruminant leukocytes were used for the detection of cell surface antigens. Monoclonals to T-cell markers, CD4 (CACT138A) and CD8 (CACT80C), exhibited no reactivity towards camel PBMC in contrast to their reactivity to PBMC of other ruminant species and those of cattle in particular. A relatively high percentage (29.1+/-8.9%) of camel PBMC reacted with a non-immunoglobulin cell surface marker, B-B2, comparable to the reactivity of bovine PBMC. The B-B7 cell marker revealed 22.4+/-10.0% of reactive camel PBMC while the CD45 leukocyte common antigen was identified only on 19.4+/-3.1% of camel PBMC as compared to 74.7+/-4.9% for bovine PBMC. IgM (PIg45A) was detected on 9.1+/-1.4% of camel PBMC and on 46.6+/-19.5% of the bovine PBMC. Double fluorescent labeling with two B-cell markers and an anti-ruminant lambda light-chain mAb revealed 7-9% of cells bearing both B and lambda L-chain markers. Light chain reactivity was also assessed using an anti-goat F(ab')(2) antiserum. The values obtained, 14.3+/-5.8% for the camel and 47.8+/-2.7% for the cattle, are close to the values observed for surface IgM. These data suggest that camels, like other ruminants, possess L-chain bearing cells of the B-cell lineage. However, in the camel, Igs are different in that in addition to regular four chain Igs, about 65% of them possess two heavy chain Igs devoid of light chains. Because different sets of V(H) gene segments are used by four and two chain Igs, it is possible that there might be two lineages of B-cells each secreting a different form of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ungar-Waron
- Department of Immunology (Ministry of Agriculture), Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 50250 Beit-Dagan, Israel
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Ahn JS, Konno A, Gebe JA, Aruffo A, Hamilton MJ, Park YH, Davis WC. Scavenger receptor cysteine‐rich domains 9 and 11 of WC1 are receptors for the WC1 counter receptor. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.2.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman
| | - A. Konno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - J. A. Gebe
- Benoaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - A. Aruffo
- Bristol‐Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey; and
| | - M. J. Hamilton
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman
| | - Y. H. Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - W. C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman
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Davis WC, Haverson K, Saalmüller A, Yang H, Lunney JK, Hamilton MJ, Pescovitz MD. Analysis of monoclonal antibodies reacting with molecules expressed on gammadelta T-cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 80:53-62. [PMID: 11445218 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) selected after the first round of analysis in the Third International Swine Workshop were grouped with additional mAbs from the first and second workshops and mAbs under study for further evaluation. Preparations of peripheral blood leukocytes were used in single and multicolor flow cytometric (FC) analyses. Six mAbs did not react with gammadelta T-cells. Two were negative for all tested specificities. Seven mAbs recognized molecules expressed on gammadelta T-cells that were not lineage restricted. One of these from the first workshop (2B11) yielded a pattern of labeling identical to a mAb under study (PGB73A). Ten mAbs were characterized in previous workshops and known to react with the gammadelta TCR or molecules expressed on subsets of gammadelta T-cells. One belonged to SWC4, two to SWC5, and one to SWC6. Two mAbs from the second workshop recognized a molecule or molecules expressed on subsets of gammadelta T-cells. A new mAb (PPT16) added late to the workshop following a request by the workshop chairs appeared to recognize a determinant expressed on the gammadelta TCR/CD3 molecular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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