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Riccio EKP, Pratt-Riccio LR, Bianco-Júnior C, Sanchez V, Totino PRR, Carvalho LJM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Molecular and immunological tools for the evaluation of the cellular immune response in the neotropical monkey Saimiri sciureus, a non-human primate model for malaria research. Malar J 2015; 14:166. [PMID: 25927834 PMCID: PMC4416248 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neotropical, non-human primates (NHP) of the genus Saimiri and Aotus are recommended by the World Health Organization as experimental models for the study of human malaria because these animals can be infected with the same Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. However, one limitation is the lack of immunological tools to assess the immune response in these models. The present study focuses on the development and comparative use of molecular and immunological methods to evaluate the cellular immune response in Saimiri sciureus. Methods Blood samples were obtained from nineteen uninfected Saimiri. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these animals and splenocytes from one splenectomized animal were cultured for 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs in the presence of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and ionomycin. The cytokine levels in the supernatant were detected using human and NHP cytometric bead array Th1/Th2 cytokine kits, the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine Th1/Th2 Assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assays and intracellular cytokine secretion assays. Cytokine gene expression was examined through TaqMan® Gene Expression Real-Time PCR using predesigned human gene-specific primers and probes or primers and probes designed based on published S. sciureus cytokine sequences. Results The use of five assays based on monoclonal antibodies specific for human cytokines facilitated the detection of IL-2, IL-4 and/or IFN-γ. TaqMan array plates facilitated the detection of 12 of the 28 cytokines assayed. However, only seven cytokines (IL-1A, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12B, IL-17, IFN-β, and TNF) presented relative expression levels of at least 70% of the gene expression observed in human PBMC. The use of primers and probes specific for S. sciureus cytokines facilitated the detection of transcripts that showed relative expression below the threshold of 70%. The most efficient evaluation of cytokine gene expression, in PBMC and splenocytes, was observed after 6–12 hrs of culture, except for LTA in PBMC, whose expression was best analysed after 24 hrs of culture. Conclusions Real-time PCR facilitates the analysis of a large number of cytokines altered during malaria infection, and this technique is considered the best tool for the evaluation of the cellular immune response in S. sciureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn K P Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Lilian R Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cesare Bianco-Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Violette Sanchez
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Present address: Research Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France.
| | - Paulo R R Totino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Salas 513-517, 5° andar Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Reference Centre for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Secretary for Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Alves FA, Souza MT, Gonçalves EC, Schneider MPC, Marinho AM, Muniz JAPC, Fragoso SP, Krieger MA, Goldenberg S, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Carvalho LJM. DNA sequencing of 13 cytokine gene fragments of Aotus infulatus and Saimiri sciureus, two non-human primate models for malaria. Cytokine 2010; 52:151-5. [PMID: 20943414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aotus and Saimiri are non-human primate models recommended by the World Health Organization for experimental studies in malaria, especially for vaccine pre-clinical trials. However, research using these primates is hindered by the lack of specific reagents to evaluate immune responses to infection or vaccination. As a step toward developing molecular tools for cytokine expression studies in these species, primer pairs for 18 cytokine gene fragments were designed based on human DNA sequences and used to amplify the corresponding genes in Aotus infulatus and Saimiri sciureus genomic DNA samples. IFNγ, TNFα, LTA, IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, IL13, CSF2 and TGFβ2 gene fragments were amplified and sequenced. Primer pairs for IL8, IL17, IL18, IL27 and MIF failed to generate amplification products. When compared to the available corresponding human and non-human primate sequences, most--except IL3 and IL4--showed identity degrees above 90%. Small variations in sequence can help to explain the failure to amplify certain genes or the amplification only at lower annealing temperatures as compared to human DNA samples for several primer pairs. The sequences made available provide the basis for designing molecular tools such as primers for real time PCR specific for A. infulatus and/or S. sciureus. The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank nucleotide sequence database and have been assigned accession numbers DQ985386 to DQ985389, DQ989356 to DQ989369, FJ89020 to FJ89024, and FJ89029.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Alves
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Laboratory for Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and Center for Malaria Research and Training (CPD-Mal), FIOCRUZ and SVS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Baena A, Mootnick AR, Falvo JV, Tsytsykova AV, Ligeiro F, Diop OM, Brieva C, Gagneux P, O'Brien SJ, Ryder OA, Goldfeld AE. Primate TNF promoters reveal markers of phylogeny and evolution of innate immunity. PLoS One 2007; 2:e621. [PMID: 17637837 PMCID: PMC1905939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a critical cytokine in the immune response whose transcriptional activation is controlled by a proximal promoter region that is highly conserved in mammals and, in particular, primates. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) upstream of the proximal human TNF promoter have been identified, which are markers of human ancestry. Methodology/Principal findings Using a comparative genomics approach we show that certain fixed genetic differences in the TNF promoter serve as markers of primate speciation. We also demonstrate that distinct alleles of most human TNF promoter SNPs are identical to fixed nucleotides in primate TNF promoters. Furthermore, we identify fixed genetic differences within the proximal TNF promoters of Asian apes that do not occur in African ape or human TNF promoters. Strikingly, protein-DNA binding assays and gene reporter assays comparing these Asian ape TNF promoters to African ape and human TNF promoters demonstrate that, unlike the fixed differences that we define that are associated with primate phylogeny, these Asian ape-specific fixed differences impair transcription factor binding at an Sp1 site and decrease TNF transcription induced by bacterial stimulation of macrophages. Conclusions/significance Here, we have presented the broadest interspecies comparison of a regulatory region of an innate immune response gene to date. We have characterized nucleotide positions in Asian ape TNF promoters that underlie functional changes in cell type- and stimulus-specific activation of the TNF gene. We have also identified ancestral TNF promoter nucleotide states in the primate lineage that correspond to human SNP alleles. These findings may reflect evolution of Asian and African apes under a distinct set of infectious disease pressures involving the innate immune response and TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Baena
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Mootnick
- Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, California, United States of America
| | - James V. Falvo
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alla V. Tsytsykova
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Filipa Ligeiro
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ousmane M. Diop
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Claudia Brieva
- Unidad de Rescate y Rehabilitación de Animales Silvestres, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Project for Explaining the Origin of Humans, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oliver A. Ryder
- Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Goldfeld
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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