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Sekijima M, Sahara H, Shimizu A, Iwanaga T, Murokawa T, Ariyoshi Y, Pomposelli T, Maharlooei MK, Sykes M, Yamada K. Preparation of hybrid porcine thymus containing non-human primate thymic epithelial cells in miniature swine. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12543. [PMID: 31293016 PMCID: PMC6908759 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have achieved greater than a 6-month survival of a life-supporting kidney co-transplanted with a vascularized thymic graft into non-human primates (NHPs). Although we have achieved pig-specific unresponsiveness in vitro, immunosuppression was not able to be fully weaned. Studies in mice and humanized mice suggest that a hybrid pig thymus (Hyb-thy)-containing host thymic epithelial cells (TECs) can optimize intra-thymic selection, achieving xenograft tolerance with improved reconstitution of T-cell function. METHODS We have tested the feasibility of the preparation of a Hyb-thy that contains NHP TECs in the donor thymic grafts. We first prepared the Hyb-thy in the donor pigs 2-3 weeks before xeno-Tx. We performed six cases of Hyb-thy preparation in six juvenile miniature swine. Two pigs received non-manipulated cynomolgus monkey thymic cells that were isolated from an excised atrophic thymus via injection into their thymic lobes (Group 1). The remaining four received thymic cells that were isolated from non-atrophic thymic glands (Groups 2 and 3). Pigs in Group 2 received unmanipulated thymic cells in one thymic lobe, as well as CD2-positive cell-depleted TEC-enriched cells in the contralateral lobe. Pigs in Group 3 received TEC-enriched cells alone. RESULTS All thymus-injected pigs received tacrolimus and rapamycin until endpoint (POD16). We detected cynomolgus monkey TEC networks in pig thymus from Groups 1 and 3, while pigs in Group 2 rejected the thymic cells. We demonstrated the preparation of Hyb-thy in pigs using tacrolimus plus rapamycin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the enrichment of TEC from the excised NHP thymus facilitated NHP TEC engraftment in pig thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Sekijima
- Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation
Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima
University, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sahara
- Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation
Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima
University, Japan
- Columbia University Center for Translational Immunology,
Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical
School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Iwanaga
- Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation
Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima
University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Murokawa
- Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation
Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima
University, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ariyoshi
- Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation
Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima
University, Japan
| | - Thomas Pomposelli
- Columbia University Center for Translational Immunology,
Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Mohsen Khosravi Maharlooei
- Columbia University Center for Translational Immunology,
Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia University Center for Translational Immunology,
Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Columbia University Center for Translational Immunology,
Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Salvadori C, Finlayson J, Trogu T, Formenti N, Lanfranchi P, Citterio C, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Poli A, Chianini F. Characterization of Immune System Cell Subsets in Fixed Tissues from Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:207-212. [PMID: 27476109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune system cell subsets in lymph nodes and spleen from alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra subspecies rupicapra) living in the Italian Alps were characterized immunohistochemically. Seven primary antibodies (against human CD3, CD79αcy, CD68, or ovine CD4, CD8, CD21 and γδ T-cell receptor [TCR] epitopes) were tested on tissues fixed either in formalin or in zinc salts (ZS) and cross-reactivity with chamois immune cell epitopes was shown. ZS fixation allowed wider identification of immune cells, without the need for antigen retrieval. CD4(+) and CD21(+) cells were labelled only in ZS-fixed tissues. Reagents specific for human CD3, CD79 and CD68 antigens successfully detected chamois immune cells, both in ZS-fixed and formalin-fixed tissues. The reactivity and distribution of immune cells in lymph nodes and spleen were similar to those described in other domestic and wild ruminants. Results from this study may allow future investigation of the immune response and pathogenesis of diseases in the chamois.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salvadori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Pisa University, Viale delle Piagge, Pisa, Italy
| | - J Finlayson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh, UK
| | - T Trogu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Milan University, Via Festa del Perdono, Milano, Italy
| | - N Formenti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Milan University, Via Festa del Perdono, Milano, Italy
| | - P Lanfranchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Milan University, Via Festa del Perdono, Milano, Italy
| | - C Citterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione di Belluno, Via M. Cappellari, Belluno, Italy
| | - J Palarea-Albaladejo
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Poli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Pisa University, Viale delle Piagge, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Chianini
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh, UK.
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Mori H, Soonsawad P, Schuetter L, Chen Q, Hubbard NE, Cardiff RD, Borowsky AD. Introduction of Zinc-salt Fixation for Effective Detection of Immune Cell-related Markers by Immunohistochemistry. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:883-9. [PMID: 26157038 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315587593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue localization of immune cells is critical to the study of disease processes in mouse models of human diseases. However, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for immune cell phenotyping in mouse tissue sections presents specific technical challenges. For example, CD4 and CD8 have been difficult to detect using IHC on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded mouse tissue, prompting alternative methods. We investigated the use of formalin-free zinc-salt fixation (ZN) and optimized IHC protocols for detecting a panel of immune cell-related markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, Foxp3, B220, F4/80, CD68, and major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class-I, MHC class-II, and Gr-1). The IHC results for these markers were compared on mouse spleen tissue treated with neutral buffered formalin (NBF) or ZN with or ZN without antigen retrieval (AR). Whereas CD4 and CD8 were not detected in NBF-treated tissue, all markers were detected in ZN-treated tissue without AR. Thus, the use of ZN treatment for IHC staining can be a good tool for studying immunoreactive lesions in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Mori
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pan Soonsawad
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Louis Schuetter
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Neil E Hubbard
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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4
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Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Gómez-Laguna J, Barranco I, Pallarés FJ, Ramis G, Salguero FJ, Carrasco L. Downregulation of antigen-presenting cells in tonsil and lymph nodes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:425-37. [PMID: 22816521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can persist in different organs of infected pigs, which suggests a failure in the immune response. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a pivotal role in the induction of effective T- and B-cell responses. In this study, we investigated the changes in the different APC subpopulations and T- and B-cell counts in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes of pigs experimentally infected with a European PRRSV field isolate. Our results demonstrated that the expression of S100, SWC3, HLA-DR molecule and CD3 was diminished in the studied organs throughout the study, observing a significant negative correlation between viral antigen and HLA-DR expression in both retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes. In contrast, λ-light chains showed an increase during the study. Taking all into account, after PRRSV infection, no enhancement in the number of APCs and T cells was observed, suggesting an impairment of the immune function which may allow the persistence of PRRSV into the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain.
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Gabner S, Tonar Z, Tichy A, Saalmüller A, Worliczek HL, Joachim A, Witter K. Immunohistochemical detection and quantification of T cells in the small intestine of Isospora suis-infected piglets-influence of fixation technique and intestinal segment. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:408-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Altered pathogenesis of porcine respiratory coronavirus in pigs due to immunosuppressive effects of dexamethasone: implications for corticosteroid use in treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2007; 81:13681-93. [PMID: 17942563 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01702-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis and optimal treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are unclear, although corticosteroids were used to reduce lung and systemic inflammation. Because the pulmonary pathology of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) in pigs resembles SARS, we used PRCV as a model to clarify the effects of the corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX) on coronavirus (CoV)-induced pneumonia. Conventional weaned pigs (n = 130) in one of four groups (PRCV/phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] [n = 41], PRCV/DEX [n = 41], mock/PBS [n = 23], and mock/DEX [n = 25]) were inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with the ISU-1 strain of PRCV (1 x 10(7) PFU) or cell culture medium. DEX was administered (once daily, 2 mg/kg of body weight/day, intramuscularly) from postinoculation day (PID) 1 to 6. In PRCV/DEX pigs, significantly milder pneumonia, fewer PRCV-positive cells, and lower viral RNA titers were present in lungs early at PID 2; however, at PID 4, 10, and 21, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia, significantly higher numbers of PRCV-positive cells, and higher viral RNA titers were observed compared to results for PRCV/PBS pigs. Significantly lower numbers of CD2(+), CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cells were also observed in lungs of PRCV/DEX pigs than in those of PRCV/PBS pigs at PID 8 and 10, coincident with fewer gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting cells in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes as determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Our results confirm that DEX treatment alleviates PRCV pneumonia early (PID 2) in the infection but continued use through PID 6 exacerbates later stages of infection (PID 4, 10, and 21), possibly by decreasing cellular immune responses in the lungs (IFN-gamma-secreting T cells), thereby creating an environment for more-extensive viral replication. These data have potential implications for corticosteroid use with SARS-CoV patients and suggest a precaution against prolonged use based on their unproven efficacy in humans, including possible detrimental secondary effects.
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Pedrera M, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Romero-Trevejo JL, Raya AI, Núñez A, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Cytokine Expression in Paraffin Wax-embedded Tissues from Conventional Calves. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:273-8. [PMID: 17400240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cross-reactivity of antibodies against human tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta and porcine IL-6, and the distribution of immunolabelled cells were evaluated on paraffin wax-embedded tissues from five healthy calves. The tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin or Bouin's solution and processed for structural studies and immunohistochemical studies by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Bouin's solution proved to be the more suitable fixative and Tween 20 the most effective antigen unmasking technique for increasing detectable antigenicity. Constitutive expression of TNFalpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 by different cell populations, mainly macrophage-like cells, was detected. Lymphoid organs displayed a higher presence of immunolabelled cells than did lung, liver or kidney. TNFalpha and IL-1alpha appeared as the predominant cytokines, especially in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the ileum and in the regional mesenteric lymph nodes. The results will facilitate investigation of the role of these cytokine-producing cells in inflammatory disease processes in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pedrera
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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8
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Tingstedt JE, Nielsen J. Cellular Immune Responses in the Lungs of Pigs Infectedin Uterowith PRRSV: An Immunohistochemical Study. Viral Immunol 2004; 17:558-64. [PMID: 15671752 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2004.17.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response in the lungs of pigs transplacentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was examined by immunohistochemistry. Double staining for the T-cell marker antigen CD3 and PRRSV demonstrated that the appearance and distribution of T-cells homing to the lungs of infected pigs correlated well with the presence and location of virusinfected cells. Single stainings showed that cells positive for the CD2 and CD8 antigen were almost as numerous in pneumonic lesions as CD3 positive cells whereas cells expressing the CD4 antigen were rare. The morphology and the distribution pattern of the CD2 and CD8 positive cells were similar to that of the CD3 positive cells suggesting coexpression of all three antigens within the majority of the recruited T-lymphocytes. The presence of cells consistent with the phenotype of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) close to virus infected macrophages strongly indicate an important role of CTLs in the PRRSV-specific pulmonary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Erik Tingstedt
- Department of Virology, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
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9
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Carrasco L, Núñez A, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Pedrera M, Fernández de Marco M, Salguero FJ, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Immunohistochemical Detection of the Expression of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by Ovine Pulmonary Macrophages. J Comp Pathol 2004; 131:285-93. [PMID: 15511537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the expression of three proinflammatory cytokines by pulmonary macrophages of sheep in paraffin wax-embedded tissue. Samples of lung from seven healthy sheep were fixed by immersion in either 10% neutral buffered formalin, acetic formalin, paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate or Bouin's solution and processed for structural and immunohistochemical studies. The expression of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) was detected by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) technique. Bouin's solution proved to be the most suitable fixative and Tween 20 the most effective pretreatment for increasing permeability. Constitutive expression of IL-1alpha, IL-6 and TNF-alpha by both macrophage populations was detected. The number of PIMs expressing IL-1alpha (the predominant cytokine in ovine lung) was higher than that of AMs, while the expression of IL-6 was greater in AMs. No differences between PIMS and AMs were found in respect of TNF-alpha expression. The evaluation of cytokine expression represents a valuable tool for studying the pathogenesis of disease in the ovine lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Abstract
The paper reviews the physiological infiltration of immune cells, leukocytes, in the sow endometrium during different stages of the normal oestrous cycle, after mating and during early pregnancy. The mechanisms for development of endometritis in relation to oestrous cycle stages are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Dalin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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