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Velez C, Williamson D, Cánovas ML, Giai LR, Rutland C, Pérez W, Barbeito CG. Changes in Immune Response during Pig Gestation with a Focus on Cytokines. Vet Sci 2024; 11:50. [PMID: 38275932 PMCID: PMC10819333 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs have the highest percentage of embryonic death not associated with specific diseases of all livestock species, at 20-45%. During gestation processes, a series of complex alterations can arise, including embryonic migration and elongation, maternal immunological recognition of pregnancy, and embryonic competition for implantation sites and subsequent nutrition requirements and development. Immune cells and cytokines act as mediators between other molecules in highly complex interactions between various cell types. However, other non-immune cells, such as trophoblast cells, are important in immune pregnancy regulation. Numerous studies have shed light on the crucial roles of several cytokines that regulate the inflammatory processes that characterize the interface between the fetus and the mother throughout normal porcine gestation, but most of these reports are limited to the implantational and peri-implantational periods. Increase in some proinflammatory cytokines have been found in other gestational periods, such as placental remodeling. Porcine immune changes during delivery have not been studied as deeply as in other species. This review details some of the immune system cells actively involved in the fetomaternal interface during porcine gestation, as well as the principal cells, cytokines, and molecules, such as antibodies, that play crucial roles in sow pregnancy, both in early and mid-to-late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Velez
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; (C.V.); (D.W.); (L.R.G.)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires 2690, Argentina;
| | - Delia Williamson
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; (C.V.); (D.W.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Mariela Lorena Cánovas
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; (C.V.); (D.W.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Laura Romina Giai
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; (C.V.); (D.W.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Catrin Rutland
- Sutton Bonington Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - William Pérez
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Montevideo, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Claudio Gustavo Barbeito
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires 2690, Argentina;
- Laboratory of Descriptive, Comparative and Experimental Histology and Embriology (LHYEDEC), Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
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Ren L, Guo P, Sun QM, Liu H, Chen Y, Huang Y, Cai XJ. Number of parity and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women: A dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43:1428-1440. [PMID: 28613016 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM The association between parity and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk has been investigated, but results are controversial. Thus, our aim was to systematically analyze the effect of number of parity on the risk of RA in women. METHODS Relevant published studies were identified using PubMed and embase databases through 1 April 2016. We pooled the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models. RESULTS In all, 12 studies with a total of 2 497 580 participants and 11 521 RA cases were included. A borderline significant inverse association was observed when we compared parity with nulliparity for RA, with summarized RR = 0.90 (95%CI: 0.79-1.02; I2 = 58.5%, Pheterogeneity = 0.010). In dose-response analysis, we observed a significant nonlinear (Pnonlinearity = 0.000) relation between parity number and the risk of RA. Compared with null parity, the pooled RR of RA were 0.89 (95%CI: 0.86-0.93), 0.84 (95%CI: 0.79-0.89), 0.85 (95%CI: 0.79-0.90), 0.88 (95%CI: 0.81-0.95), 0.90 (95%CI: 0.83-0.97), 0.92 (95%CI: 0.84-1.02), and 0.94 (95%CI: 0.83-1.07) for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 live births, respectively. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed similar associations. No publication bias was found. CONCLUSION The findings from the current meta-analysis indicate that parity was related to decreased risk of RA. The greatest risk reduction appeared when the parity number reached two. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ren
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qiao-Mei Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,School of Graduate Studies, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Joint Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Respiration, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Cai
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Yan M, Zhang X, Pu Q, Huang T, Xie Q, Wang Y, Li J, Wang Y, Gu H, Huang T, Li Z, Gu J. Immunoglobulin G Expression in Human Sperm and Possible Functional Significance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20166. [PMID: 26833114 PMCID: PMC4735602 DOI: 10.1038/srep20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), the major molecule of the immune system, which was traditionally thought to be produced by differentiated B-lymphocytes, had recently been found in non-immune cells including spermatozoa of rabbit testis. To study if human sperms could produce IgG that might play a role in fertilization, we employed immunofluorescent staining, Western blot, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and immunoelectron microscope and found that human sperms were capable of synthesizing IgG. IgG protein and mRNA were detected in the cytoplasm, mainly the neck region of the sperm and IgG immunoreactivity was found to cover the entire sperm cell. The essential enzymes necessary for IgG synthesis and class switching, RAG1 (recombination activating gene 1), RAG2 (recombination activating gene 2) and AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase), were also detected in the sperm cells. Furthermore, we found that anti-IgG antibody could inhibit sperm from penetrating Zona-free hamster egg with statistical significance. These discoveries suggested that immunoglobulin G could be produced by human sperms and it might play a role during fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinxue Pu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingdong Xie
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Neuroscience Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhua Huang
- Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- Reproductive Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Sun Y, Haapanen K, Li B, Zhang W, Van de Water J, Gershwin ME. Women and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 48:285-300. [PMID: 25241227 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis occurs more frequently in women, and previous studies indicated that the average age of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) onset makes pregnancy in PBC patients uncommon. However, more recently, improved diagnostic testing has enabled detection of PBC in younger women, including those of childbearing age. This has led investigators to become increasingly interested in the relationship between the ontogeny of PBC and pregnancy. Published cases indicate that the typical age for pregnant women to be diagnosed with PBC is in the early 30s, and that during gestation, pruritus and jaundice are the most common symptoms. During gestation, susceptible women may experience onset of PBC resulting from the drastic changes in female hormones; this would include not only the mitochondrial damage due to accumulation of bile acids but also changes in the immune response during the different stages of pregnancy that might play an important role in the breakdown of self-tolerance. The mechanisms underlying the potential relationship between PBC and pregnancy warrant further investigation. For women first diagnosed with PBC during gestation, or those for whom first appearance of a flare up occurs during and postpartum, investigation of the immune response throughout gestation could provide new avenues for immunologic therapeutic intervention and the discovery of new treatment strategies for PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Gu J, Lei Y, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Huang T, Zhang J, Wang J, Deng X, Chen Z, Korteweg C, Deng R, Yan M, Xu Q, Dong S, Cai M, Luo L, Huang G, Wang Y, Li Q, Lin C, Su M, Yang C, Zhuang Z. Fab fragment glycosylated IgG may play a central role in placental immune evasion. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:380-91. [PMID: 25505012 PMCID: PMC4303772 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How does the placenta protect the fetus from immune rejection by the mother? SUMMARY ANSWER The placenta can produce IgG that is glycosylated at one of its Fab arms (asymmetric IgG; aIgG) which can interact with other antibodies and certain leukocytes to affect local immune reactions at the junction between the two genetically distinct entities. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The placenta can protect the semi-allogenic fetus from immune rejection by the immune potent mother. aIgG in serum is increased during pregnancy and returns to the normal range after giving birth. aIgG can react to antigens to form immune complexes which do not cause a subsequent immune effector reaction, including fixing complements, inducing cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, and therefore has been called 'blocking antibody'. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Eighty-eight human placentas, four trophoblast cell lines (TEV-1, JAR, JEG and BeWo), primary culture of human placental trophoblasts and a gene knock-out mouse model were investigated in this study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The general approach included the techniques of cell culture, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, immuno-electron microscopy, western blot, quantitative PCR, protein isolation, glycosylation analysis, enzyme digestion, gene sequencing, mass spectrophotometry, laser-guided microdissection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, pulse chase assay, double and multiple staining to analyze protein and DNA and RNA analysis at the cellular and molecular levels. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Three major discoveries were made: (i) placental trophoblasts and endothelial cells are capable of producing IgG, a significant portion of which is aberrantly glycosylated at one of its Fab arms to form aIgG; (ii) the asymmetrically glycosylated IgG produced by trophoblasts and endothelial cells can react to immunoglobulin molecules of human, rat, mouse, goat and rabbit at the Fc portion; (iii) asymmetrically glycosylated IgG can react to certain leukocytes in the membrane and cytoplasm, while symmetric IgG from the placenta does not have this property. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Most of the experiments were performed in vitro. The proposed mechanism calls for verification in normal and abnormal pregnancy. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study identified a number of new phenomena suggesting that aIgG produced by the placenta would be able to react to detrimental antibodies and leukocytes and interfere with their immune reactions against the placenta and the fetus. This opens a new dimension for further studies on pregnancy physiology and immunology. Should the mechanism proposed here be confirmed, it will have a direct impact on our understanding of the physiology and pathology of human reproduction and offer new possibilities for the treatment of many diseases including spontaneous abortion, infertility and pre-eclampsia. It also sheds light on the mechanism of immune evasion in general including that of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Gu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China Translational Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yuanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Juping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xiaodong Deng
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Christine Korteweg
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ruishu Deng
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meiling Yan
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Shengnan Dong
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Monghong Cai
- Translational Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lili Luo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrician, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Changmei Lin
- Department of Fertility, Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Meng Su
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Building 10, Room 5D 37, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Building 10, Room 5D 37, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Leber A, Zenclussen ML, Teles A, Brachwitz N, Casalis P, El-Mousleh T, Jensen F, Woidacki K, Zenclussen AC. Pregnancy: tolerance and suppression of immune responses. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 677:397-417. [PMID: 20941623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-869-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Presence of foreign tissue in a host's body would immediately lead to a strong immune response directed to destroy the alloantigens present in fetus and placenta. However, during pregnancy, the semiallogeneic fetus is allowed to grow within the maternal uterus due to multiple mechanisms of immune tolerance, which are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Leber
- Department for Neurosurgery, Charite, Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cortés M, Canellada A, Miranda S, Dokmetjian J, Gentile T. Placental secreted factors: Their role in the regulation of anti-CII antibodies and amelioration of collagen induced arthritis in rats. Immunol Lett 2008; 119:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Luborsky JL, Barua A, Shatavi SV, Kebede T, Abramowicz J, Rotmensch J. Anti-Tumor Antibodies in Ovarian Cancer. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005; 54:55-62. [PMID: 16105096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumor antibodies have potential as cancer biomarkers. There is relatively limited identification of anti-tumor antibodies in response to ovarian cancer, compared with studies for other cancers. There is also very limited information on the prevalence of anti-tumor antibodies among ovarian cancer patients. Although most anti-tumor antibodies react with antigens common to both tumor and normal tissue, the anti-tumor response tends to be confined to individuals with ovarian cancer, similar to other cancers. Antibodies to HOXA7, a differentiation antigen, have the highest reported prevalence in ovarian cancer (67%). Antibodies to other ubiquitous antigens including NY-ESO-1, Ep-CAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule), HSP-90 (heat shock protein 90), and mutated p53 have been identified in ovarian cancer. Anti-tumor antibody specificity reflects the heterogeneity of antigen expression in tumors. Tests based on panels of a combination of anti-tumor antibodies may be more predictive for ovarian cancer, as no single specificity accounts for ovarian tumors. In addition to characterization of anti-tumor antibodies as diagnostic markers, study of anti-tumor antibodies is likely to provide insights into mechanisms of tumor development. There is evidence of antibodies to tumor antigens and of activated T cells, suggesting immune recognition of tumor antigens occurred. Nonetheless, as tumors are not 'rejected', it is likely that there are alterations in the immune system. The basis for tumor growth in the face of immune activity remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L Luborsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush Univerity Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Canellada A, Färber A, Zenclussen AC, Gentile T, Dokmetjian J, Keil A, Blois S, Miranda S, Berod L, Gutiérrez G, Markert UR, Margni RA. Interleukin regulation of asymmetric antibody synthesized by isolated placental B cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002; 48:275-82. [PMID: 12516641 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Protecting antibodies against trophoblast surface molecules were previously described. Here we analysed the synthesis of asymmetric IgG by placental B-lymphocytes. METHOD OF STUDY B cells were isolated from human term placenta and cord blood, stimulated with anti-CD40 IgG and cocultured with transfected Fcgamma R-expressing mice Ltk-fibroblast. Interleukin-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11 and IL-13 were added to cultures for 14 days. Asymmetric IgG were assessed in culture supernatants by concanavalin A (Con A) fixation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS When IL-6 was added to the cultures, the percentages of asymmetric IgG synthesized by placental B cells were: IL-6: 29 +/- 10; IL-6 + IL-10: 24 +/- 7; IL-4 + IL-10 + IL-6: 38 +/- 9. The last combination induced the highest increase in the asymmetric IgG synthesis as compared with control (19 +/- 10%, P < 0.05). Additionally, placental B cells synthesized more asymmetric IgG than umbilical cord blood B-lymphocytes (P = 0.0015). CONCLUSIONS Isolated placental B-lymphocytes synthesized asymmetric IgG in response to Th2 interleukins, more notably IL-6 in combination with IL-4 and IL-10. The in vitro increase of protective asymmetric IgG synthesis in response to Th2-cytokines support the hypothesis that a local Th2-switch is beneficial for pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Canellada
- IDEHU-National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Canellada A, Gentile T, Dokmetjian J, Margni RA. Occurrence, properties, and function of asymmetric IgG molecules isolated from non-immune sera. Immunol Invest 2002; 31:107-20. [PMID: 12148947 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120004802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that 10-20% of the IgG isolated from non-immune sera is asymmetrically glycosylated, in such a way that it fails to trigger immune effector mechanisms. As a result, a major portion of the non-immune asymmetric IgG molecules of the host could be self-specific, acting as auto-protective antibodies. In order to test this hypothesis, we investigated whether asymmetric IgG molecules are capable of recognizing self-antigens. About 40% of F(ab')2 fragment from normal rat IgG was able to react specifically with autologous rat cells. Moreover, upon being purified from normal rat sera, 78% of the asymmetric IgG sub-population showed self-reactivity. We demonstrated that about 14% of rat asymmetric IgG-F(ab')2 fragments was able to react with bacteria isolated from the intestine of uninfected rats. Lastly, in order to test whether there is a correlation between the decline of immune responses during ageing and asymmetric antibody production, we assayed IgG isolated from sera of young and old rats. There was an increase in the asymmetric:symmetric IgG ratio with ageing. We therefore suggest that asymmetric antibodies may exert a beneficial action by protecting self-antigens as well as normal intestinal flora from a deleterious immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Canellada
- IDEHU-Institute of Humoral Immunity Studies, (CONICET-UBA), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rewald E, Francischetti MM, Nydegger UE. IVIG-pools: regulatory gifts--transiting from harmony toward harmonious immunoglobulins: why? and why not? Transfus Apher Sci 2001; 25:113-37. [PMID: 11761275 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-0502(01)00103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Based on 'initial conditions' which depend on each donors' exposure to a unique environment, a pooled intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) product transfers its immunoglobulin molecule repertoire, unchanged, to the altered host. The relay function of the cell-bound receptors, especially that of the inhibitory Fc(gamma)RIIB, may then allow sufficient amplification to make regulatory activity possible. To the clinician, IVIG may be considered a tool to promote reversal of the dysregulation causing autoimmune disease. Generically, IVIG may be seen as a promoter allowing a progression from harm by an inflammatory/fibrotic reaction, then down-regulating toward restitutio ad integrum. By modifying natural processes, IVIG may play minor roles in promoting defense against spontaneous bleeding and, perhaps, stimulating remyelination. The wide spectrum of IVIG specificities, by reflecting evolutionary epitope selection, may not further destabilize cell/molecule disarray in the affected host. Benefit to the patient by IVIG treatment cannot be predicted nor can potentially severe or even fatal accidents entirely be excluded. Important aspects of IVIG treatment still await clarification including dosage, timing and the isotype form. In the foreseeable future it does not seem that biotechnological advances will match the physiologic harmony of IVIG, leaving antibody characteristics aside.
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Gutiérrez G, Malan Borel I, Margni RA. The placental regulatory factor involved in the asymmetric IgG antibody synthesis responds to IL-6 features. J Reprod Immunol 2001; 49:21-32. [PMID: 11137110 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(00)00074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy success is attributed to the joint action of several factors such as regulatory placental molecules and components of the mother's immune system, among others. Asymmetrical glycosilated and functionally univalent IgG antibodies are suggested to influence the immune balance between the mother and foetus, playing a meaningful role on the foetal survival in the maternal uterus. Placental secretory factors might be responsible for the increase of these molecules during gestation. Since placental factors appeared to be the inducers of these high Concanavaline A-affinity (Con-A) IgG molecules our work was focused on the identification of such factors. The chromatographic separation of placental culture supernatants (PCS) allowed the detection of fractions capable of increasing the high Con-A affinity monoclonal antibody (Mab) ratio synthesised by a hybridoma. The presence of multimeric placental forms of interleukin 6 (IL-6) could be identified in these fractions. Considering that IL-6 modulates protein glycosylation we decided to investigate its effect on the monoclonal IgG glycosylation. When placental IL-6 containing fractions or rIL-6h were added to hybridoma cultures, the proportion of asymmetric IgG antibodies increased substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral, University of Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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