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Petrosini L, De Bartolo P, Cutuli D, Gelfo F. Perinatal 192 IgG-Saporin as Neuroteratogen. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 29:111-123. [PMID: 26695170 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin selectively destroys basal forebrain cholinergic neurons that provide cholinergic input to the hippocampus, entire cortical mantle, amygdala, and olfactory bulb. Perinatal immunotoxic lesions by 192 IgG-saporin induce long-lasting cholinergic depletion mimicking a number of developmental disorders reported in humans. The perinatal injection of 192 IgG-saporin induces several brain modifications, which are observed in neocortex and hippocampus at short and long term. These plastic changes involve both structural (alterations in brain volume, neuronal morphology, and neurogenesis) and molecular (modulations of the levels of neurotransmitters and other proteins related to neurodegeneration) levels. Moreover, the perinatal injection of 192 IgG-saporin may interact with the brain plastic capacity to react to other injuries. Perinatal 192 IgG-saporin lesions allowed investigating the role of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in modulating behavioral functions in developing as well as adult rats. After perinatal cholinergic depletion, rats display reduced ultrasonic vocalizations as neonates, learning and exploratory deficits as juveniles, altered discriminative abilities, impulsive and perseverative behaviors, and memory deficits as adults. Overall, these findings underline the importance of cholinergic system integrity for the development of specific structural and functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola De Bartolo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Sociological and Psychopedagogical Studies, University Guglielmo Marconi of Rome, Via Plinio 44, 00193, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Soares JI, Valente MC, Andrade PA, Maia GH, Lukoyanov NV. Reorganization of the septohippocampal cholinergic fiber system in experimental epilepsy. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2690-2705. [PMID: 28472854 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The septohippocampal cholinergic neurotransmission has long been implicated in seizures, but little is known about the structural features of this projection system in epileptic brain. We evaluated the effects of experimental epilepsy on the areal density of cholinergic terminals (fiber varicosities) in the dentate gyrus. For this purpose, we used two distinct post-status epilepticus rat models, in which epilepsy was induced with injections of either kainic acid or pilocarpine. To visualize the cholinergic fibers, we used brain sections immunostained for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. It was found that the density of cholinergic fiber varicosities was higher in epileptic rats versus control rats in the inner and outer zones of the dentate molecular layer, but it was reduced in the dentate hilus. We further evaluated the effects of kainate treatment on the total number, density, and soma volume of septal cholinergic cells, which were visualized in brain sections stained for either vesicular acetylcholine transporter or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Both the number of septal cells with cholinergic phenotype and their density were increased in epileptic rats when compared to control rats. The septal cells stained for vesicular acetylcholine transporter, but not for ChAT, have enlarged perikarya in epileptic rats. These results revealed previously unknown details of structural reorganization of the septohippocampal cholinergic system in experimental epilepsy, involving fiber sprouting into the dentate molecular layer and a parallel fiber retraction from the dentate hilus. We hypothesize that epilepsy-related neuroplasticity of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons is capable of increasing neuronal excitability of the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana I Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Neurociências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C Valente
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Andrade
- Programa Doutoral em Neurociências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gisela H Maia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Neurociências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nikolai V Lukoyanov
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Koh S, Santos TC, Cole AJ. Susceptibility to seizure-induced injury and acquired microencephaly following intraventricular injection of saporin-conjugated 192 IgG in developing rat brain. Exp Neurol 2005; 194:457-66. [PMID: 16022871 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of neurotrophin-responsive neurons in brain growth and developmental resistance to seizure-induced injury, we infused saporin-conjugated 192-IgG (192 IgG-saporin), a monoclonal antibody directed at the P75 neurotrophin receptors (p75(NTR)), into the ventricles of postnatal day 8 (P8) rat pups. 7-10 days after immunotoxin treatment, loss of p75(NTR) immunoreactivity was associated with depletion of basal forebrain cholinergic projection to the neocortex and hippocampus. Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures on P15 resulted in hippocampal neuronal injury in the majority of toxin-treated animals (13/16), but only rarely in saline-injected controls (2/25) (P < 0.001). In addition, widespread cerebral atrophy and a significant decrease in brain weight with preserved body weight were observed. Volumetric analysis of the hippocampal hilar region revealed a 2-fold reduction in perikaryal size and a 1.7-fold increase in cell packing density after 192 IgG-saporin injection. These observations indicate that neurotrophin-responsive neurons including basal forebrain magnocellular cholinergic neurons may be critical for normal brain growth and play a protective role in preventing excitotoxic neuronal injury during development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Atrophy/chemically induced
- Atrophy/pathology
- Atrophy/physiopathology
- Basal Nucleus of Meynert/drug effects
- Basal Nucleus of Meynert/pathology
- Basal Nucleus of Meynert/physiopathology
- Brain Damage, Chronic/chemically induced
- Brain Damage, Chronic/pathology
- Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology
- Cholinergic Agents/pharmacology
- Convulsants/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/physiopathology
- Epilepsy/chemically induced
- Epilepsy/complications
- Epilepsy/physiopathology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology
- Female
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Kainic Acid/pharmacology
- Male
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
- Nerve Degeneration/chemically induced
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Nerve Degeneration/physiopathology
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
- Saporins
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyong Koh
- MGH Epilepsy Service, Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, VBK 830, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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