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Birbeck GL, Mwenechanya M, Ume‐Ezeoke I, Mathews M, Bositis CM, Kalungwana L, Bearden D, Elafros M, Gelbard HA, Theodore WH, Koralnik IJ, Okulicz JF, Johnson BA, Musonda N, Siddiqi OK, Potchen MJ, Sikazwe I. Long-term outcomes after new onset seizure in children living with HIV: A cohort study. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:750-757. [PMID: 38366961 PMCID: PMC10984287 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the long-term outcomes, including mortality and recurrent seizures, among children living with HIV (CLWH) who present with new onset seizure. METHODS Zambian CLWH and new onset seizure were enrolled prospectively to determine the risk of and risk factors for recurrent seizures. Demographic data, clinical profiles, index seizure etiology, and 30-day mortality outcomes were previously reported. After discharge, children were followed quarterly to identify recurrent seizures and death. Given the high risk of early death, risk factors for recurrent seizure were evaluated using a model that adjusted for mortality. RESULTS Among 73 children enrolled, 28 died (38%), 22 within 30-days of the index seizure. Median follow-up was 533 days (IQR 18-957) with 5% (4/73) lost to follow-up. Seizure recurrence was 19% among the entire cohort. Among children surviving at least 30-days after the index seizure, 27% had a recurrent seizure. Median time from index seizure to recurrent seizure was 161 days (IQR 86-269). Central nervous system opportunistic infection (CNS OI), as the cause for the index seizure was protective against recurrent seizures and higher functional status was a risk factor for seizure recurrence. SIGNIFICANCE Among CLWH presenting with new onset seizure, mortality risks remain elevated beyond the acute illness period. Recurrent seizures are common and are more likely in children with higher level of functioning even after adjusting for the outcome of death. Newer antiseizure medications appropriate for co-usage with antiretroviral therapies are needed for the care of these children. CNS OI may represent a potentially reversible provocation for the index seizure, while seizures in high functioning CLWH without a CNS OI may be the result of a prior brain injury or susceptibility to seizures unrelated to HIV and thus represent an ongoing predisposition to seizures. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY This study followed CLWH who experienced a new onset seizure to find out how many go on to have more seizures and identify any patient characteristics associated with having more seizures. The study found that mortality rates continue to be high beyond the acute clinical presentation with new onset seizure. Children with a CNS OI causing the new onset seizure had a lower risk of later seizures, possibly because the trigger for the seizure can be treated. In contrast, high functioning children without a CNS OI were at higher risk of future seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L. Birbeck
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
- University Teaching Hospitals Children's HospitalLusakaZambia
- Chikankata Epilepsy Care TeamMazabukaZambia
| | | | | | - Manoj Mathews
- University Teaching Hospitals Children's HospitalLusakaZambia
| | - Christopher M. Bositis
- Department of Family and Community MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - David Bearden
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
- University Teaching Hospitals Children's HospitalLusakaZambia
| | - Melissa Elafros
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | | | - Igor J. Koralnik
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jason F. Okulicz
- Department of MedicineSan Antonio Military Medical CenterSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Brent A. Johnson
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Namwiya Musonda
- University Teaching Hospitals Neurology Research OfficeLusakaZambia
| | - Omar K. Siddiqi
- University Teaching Hospitals Children's HospitalLusakaZambia
- Department of NeurologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michael J. Potchen
- Department of Imaging SciencesUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
- Zambian College of Medicine and SurgeryLusakaZambia
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van Valen E, Wekking E, van Hout M, van der Laan G, Hageman G, van Dijk F, de Boer A, Sprangers M. Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy: course and prognostic factors of neuropsychological functioning. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:843-858. [PMID: 29943196 PMCID: PMC6132664 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Working in conditions with daily exposure to organic solvents for many years can result in a disease known as chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE). The aims for this study were to describe the neuropsychological course of CSE after first diagnosis and to detect prognostic factors for neuropsychological impairment after diagnosis. METHODS This prospective study follows a Dutch cohort of CSE patients who were first diagnosed between 2001 and 2011 and underwent a second neuropsychological assessment 1.5-2 years later. Cognitive subdomains were assessed and an overall cognitive impairment score was calculated. Paired t tests and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to describe the neuropsychological course and to obtain prognostic factors for the neuropsychological functioning at follow-up. RESULTS There was a significant improvement on neuropsychological subdomains at follow-up, with effect sizes between small and medium (Cohen's d 0.27-0.54) and a significant overall improvement of neuropsychological impairment with a medium effect size (Cohen's d 0.56). Prognostic variables for more neuropsychological impairment at follow-up were a higher level of neuropsychological impairment at diagnosis and having a comorbid diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Results are in line with previous research on the course of CSE, stating that CSE is a non-progressive disease after cessation of exposure. However, during follow-up the percentage patients with permanent work disability pension increased from 14 to 37%. Preventive action is needed in countries where exposure to organic solvents is still high to prevent new cases of CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien van Valen
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ellie Wekking
- Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mental Health Center Dijk en Duin, Parnassia Groep, Castricum, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek van Hout
- Department of Medical Psychology, Medisch Spectrum Twente Hospital, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert van der Laan
- Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Foundation Learning and Developing Occupational Health (LDOH), Hilversum, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gerard Hageman
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente Hospital, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Dijk
- Foundation Learning and Developing Occupational Health (LDOH), Hilversum, The Netherlands
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela de Boer
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Sprangers
- Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Academic Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Alkan S, Lewin M, Demonceau N. [Image of the month. Delayed and isolated basal ganglia damage after methadone intoxication]. Rev Med Liege 2018; 73:485-487. [PMID: 30335251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Alkan
- Neuropédiatrie, CHU-CHR Liège, Belgique
| | - M Lewin
- Imagerie médicale, CHC Liège, Clinique de l'Espérance, Montegnée, Belgique
| | - N Demonceau
- Neuropédiatrie, CHC Liège, Clinique de l'Espérance,Montegnée, Belgique
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Abstract
High levels of homocysteine are implicated in many neurovascular and neurodegeneration diseases. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), one of green tea polyphenols, has potential anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. However, it has not been explored whether EGCG has an effect on homocysteine-induced neuro-inflammation and neurodegeneration. In this study, we investigated the effects of EGCG on memory deficit, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and neurodegeneration in hyper-homocysteinemic rats after a 2 wk homocysteine injection by vena caudalis. We found that supplementation of EGCG could rescue deficit of spatial memory induced by homocysteine. Treatment of EGCG significantly reduced the expression of malondialdehyde, glial fibrillary acidic protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β and increased glutathione level in the homocysteine-treated group. In TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and Fluoro-Jade B staining, supplementation of EGCG could attenuate the apoptotic neurons and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, EGCG significantly ameliorated homocysteine-induced cerebrovascular injury. Our data suggest that EGCG could be a promising candidate for arresting homocysteine-induced neurodegeneration and neuro-inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- The Second Department of Neurology, Cangzhou City People's Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Tian
- The Second Department of Neurology, Cangzhou City People's Hospital, Cangzhou, China
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Abstract
Althoughtricyclic antidepressants(TCAs) are frequently prescribed to patients with depression, these drugs can also be misused. A 21-year-old comatose patient was referred to our hospital presenting with ventricular tachycardia. Despite initial treatment including intravascular lipid emulsion, ventricular fibrillation occurred soon after arrival. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and therapeutic hypothermia were administered. Refractory arrhythmia disappeared on the next day. A high concentration of amitriptyline was identified in his blood samples on arrival. Mechanical bowel obstruction followed after abdominal compartment syndrome caused by anticholinergic effects, and refractory seizure occurred due to TCA intoxication. Although seizure was brought under control with anticonvulsant agents, his Glasgow Coma Scale did not recover to the full score. MRI presented irreversible damage to the bilateral frontal lobe and insula. Amitriptyline has the potential to cause unusual serious complications, such as abdominal compartment syndrome, irreversible central nervous system disability and lethal arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Emergency Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hayato Maruguchi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsunori Nakao
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakayama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Emergency Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
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Degkwitz R, Heushgem C, Hollister LE, Jacob J, Julou L, Lambert PA, Marsboom R, Meier-Ruge W, Schaper WK, Tuchmann-Duplessis HC. The neuroleptics. 4. Toxicity and side effects in man and in the laboratory animal. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 2015; 5:71-84. [PMID: 5527173 DOI: 10.1159/000387376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yang B, Liang G, Khojasteh S, Wu Z, Yang W, Joseph D, Wei H. Comparison of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in neonatal mice exposed to propofol or isoflurane. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99171. [PMID: 24932894 PMCID: PMC4059617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While previous studies have demonstrated neuronal apoptosis and associated cognitive impairment after isoflurane or propofol exposure in neonatal rodents, the effects of these two anesthetics have not been directly compared. Here, we compare and contrast the effectiveness of isoflurane and propofol to cause neurodegeneration in the developing brain and associated cognitive dysfunction. Methods Seven-day-old mice were used. Mice in the isoflurane treatment group received 6 h of 1.5% isoflurane, while mice in propofol treatment group received one peritoneal injection (150 mg/kg), which produced persistent anesthesia with loss of righting for at least 6 h. Mice in control groups received carrying gas or a peritoneal injection of vehicle (intralipid). At 6 h after anesthetic treatment, a subset of each group was sacrificed and examined for evidence of neurodegeneration, using plasma levels of S100β, and apoptosis using caspase-3 immunohistochemistry in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and Western blot assays of the cortex. In addition, biomarkers for inflammation (interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were examined with Western blot analyses of the cortex. In another subset of mice, learning and memory were assessed 32 days after the anesthetic exposures using the Morris water maze. Results Isoflurane significantly increased plasma S100β levels compared to controls and propofol. Both isoflurane and propofol significantly increased caspase-3 levels in the cortex and hippocampus, though isoflurane was significantly more potent than propofol. However, there were no significant differences in the inflammatory biomarkers in the cortex or in subsequent learning and memory between the experimental groups. Conclusion Both isoflurane and propofol caused significant apoptosis in the mouse developing brain, with isoflurane being more potent. Isoflurane significantly increased levels of the plasma neurodegenerative biomarker, S100β. However, these neurodegenerative effects of isoflurane and propofol in the developing brain were not associated with effects on inflammation or with cognitive dysfunction in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Soorena Khojasteh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqiong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Donald Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu LL, Li CM, Zhang ZW, Zhang JL, Yao HD, Xu SW. Protective effects of selenium on cadmium-induced brain damage in chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:176-85. [PMID: 24573406 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an important dietary micronutrient with antioxidative roles. Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, is known to cause brain lesion in rats and humans. However, little is reported about the deleterious effects of subchronic Cd exposure on the brain of poultry and the protective roles on the brain by Se against Cd. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Se on Cd-induced brain damage in chickens. One hundred twenty 100-day-old chickens were randomly assigned to four groups and were fed a basal diet, or Se (as 10 mg Na2SeO3/kg dry weight of feed), Cd (as 150 mg CdCl2/kg dry weight of feed), or Cd + Se in their basic diets for 60 days. Then, concentrations of Cd and Se, production of nitric oxide (NO), messenger RNA (mRNA) level and activity of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), level of oxidative stress, and histological and ultrastructural changes of the cerebrum and cerebellum were examined. The results showed that Cd exposure significantly increased Cd accumulation, NO production, iNOS activities, iNOS mRNA level, and MDA content in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Cd treatment obviously decreased Se content and antioxidase activities and caused histopathological changes in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Se supplementation during dietary Cd obviously reduced Cd accumulation, NO production, mRNA level and activity of iNOS, oxidative stress, and histopathological damage in the cerebrum and cerebellum of chickens. It indicated that Se ameliorates Cd-induced brain damage in chickens by regulating iNOS-NO system changes, and oxidative stress induced by Cd and Se can serve as a potential therapeutic for Cd-induced brain lesion of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Number 24, Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
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Kroenke CD, Rohlfing T, Park B, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A, Grant KA. Monkeys that voluntarily and chronically drink alcohol damage their brains: a longitudinal MRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:823-30. [PMID: 24077067 PMCID: PMC3924514 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging has consistently documented reductions in the brain tissue of alcoholics. Inability to control comorbidity, environmental insult, and nutritional deficiency, however, confound the ability to assess whether ethanol itself is neurotoxic. Here we report monkey oral ethanol self-administration combined with MR imaging to characterize brain changes over 15 months in 18 well-nourished rhesus macaques. Significant brain volume shrinkage occurred in the cerebral cortices of monkeys drinking ≥ 3 g/kg ethanol/day (12 alcoholic drinks) at 6 months, and this persisted throughout the period of continuous access to ethanol. Correlation analyses revealed a cerebral cortical volumetric loss of ~0.11% of the intracranial vault for each daily drink (0.25 g/kg), and selective vulnerability of cortical and non-cortical brain regions. These results demonstrate for the first time a direct relation between oral ethanol intake and measures of decreased brain gray matter volume in vivo in primates. Notably, greater volume shrinkage occurred in monkeys with younger drinking onset that ultimately became heavier drinkers than monkeys with older drinking onset. The pattern of volumetric changes observed in nonhuman primates following 15 months of drinking suggests that cerebral cortical gray matter changes are the first macroscopic manifestation of chronic ethanol exposure in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kroenke
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Byung Park
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Martí Massó JF, Ruiz-Martínez J, Bergareche A, López de Munain A. [Parkinsonism induced by sulpiride and veralipride: two different stories]. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 137:473-4. [PMID: 21295788 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
One of the sequelae of chronic alcohol abuse is malnutrition. Importantly, a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B(1)) can result in the acute, potentially reversible neurological disorder Wernicke encephalopathy (WE). When WE is recognized, thiamine treatment can elicit a rapid clinical recovery. If WE is left untreated, however, patients can develop Korsakoff syndrome (KS), a severe neurological disorder characterized by anterograde amnesia. Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) describes the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on human brain structure and function in the absence of more discrete and well-characterized neurological concomitants of alcoholism such as WE and KS. Through knowledge of both the well-described changes in brain structure and function that are evident in alcohol-related disorders such as WE and KS and the clinical outcomes associated with these changes, researchers have begun to gain a better understanding of ARBD. This Review examines ARBD from the perspective of WE and KS, exploring the clinical presentations, postmortem brain pathology, in vivo MRI findings and potential molecular mechanisms associated with these conditions. An awareness of the consequences of chronic alcohol consumption on human behavior and brain structure can enable clinicians to improve detection and treatment of ARBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Pearson
- Forsyth Medical Center in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Godderis L, Dours G, Laire G, Viaene MK. Sleep apnoeas and neurobehavioral effects in solvent exposed workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 214:66-70. [PMID: 20843741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to organic solvents may cause an increase of sleep apnoeas, which may explain the excess of fatigue, concentration and memory problems reported in exposed workers. METHODS Polysomnography was performed in 21 long-term exposed printers and 27 controls. In addition, a questionnaire regarding sleep related complaints, Q16 questionnaire and computerized neurobehavioral tests were administered. The groups matched well regarding age, weight, neck circumference and schooling level. A semi-quantitative cumulative exposure index was calculated. RESULTS Excessive sleepiness while watching TV (p<0.01) and diminished sexual interest (p=0.03) was found in the organic solvent-workers. The sleep complaints score correlated positively with the exposure index and duration (both p=0.01). The polysomnography results showed an increase of central apnoeas in the exposed workers (67%) compared to the referents (30%). The presence of central apnoeas was positively correlated with the exposure index (p<0.05) in regression models. Of the neurobehavioral test only hand-eye coordination was dose-related impaired in the exposed workers. The co-existence of abnormal values on at least one neurobehavioral test and the presence of central apnoeas was observed in the exposed workers, but did not reach significance. CONCLUSIONS Workers chronically exposed to low organic solvent levels may experience mild sleeping problems, however, our data do not support the hypothesis that the clinical picture of chronic toxic encephalopathy can be primarily caused by the induction of sleep apnoea syndrome. It seems thus that the risk to experience central apnoeas rather accompanies the risk of impaired neurobehavioral performance with increasing exposure in a working population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Godderis
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Solov'ev AG, Elistratova TV. [Effectiveness of cortexin in the complex treatment of patients with chronic alcohol encephalopathy and polyneuropathy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2010; 110:48-51. [PMID: 20517210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of therapeutic effectiveness of cortexin in chronic alcohol encephalopathy and chronic alcohol polyneuropathy was conducted in an open randomized study. The aim of the study was to compare these disorders with diabetic and professional polyneuropathy. Cortexin was prescribed in dose 10 mg/d intramuscular during 10 days, along with standard therapy. The group of patients consisted of 15 people with alcohol disorders, 15 people with diabetic polyneuropathy and 15 people with professional polyneuropathy. The control group included 15 patients with alcohol disorders who did not receive cortexin. Encephalography (EEG) and electroneuromyography (ENMG) were used in addition to the clinical examination. Cortexin had the positive effect on clinical symptoms, EEG and ENMG. The drug was well-tolerated, no side-effects were observed.
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Fan LW, Mitchell HJ, Tien LT, Rhodes PG, Cai Z. Interleukin-1beta-induced brain injury in the neonatal rat can be ameliorated by alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:143-53. [PMID: 19682987 PMCID: PMC2761495 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To examine the possible role of inflammatory cytokines in mediating perinatal brain injury, we investigated effects of intracerebral injection of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on brain injury in the neonatal rat and the mechanisms involved. Intracerebral administration of IL-1beta (1 microg/kg) resulted in acute brain injury, as indicated by enlargement of ventricles bilaterally, apoptotic death of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and loss of OL immunoreactivity in the neonatal rat brain. IL-1beta also induced axonal and neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex as indicated by elevated expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein, short beaded axons and dendrites, and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental areas. Administration of alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN, 100 mg/kg i.p.) immediately after the IL-1beta injection protected the brain from IL-1beta-induced injury. Protection of PBN was linked with the attenuated oxidative stress induced by IL-1beta, as indicated by decreased elevation of 8-isoprostane content and by the reduced number of 4-hydroxynonenal or malondialdehyde or nitrotyrosine-positive cells following IL-1beta exposure. PBN also attenuated IL-1beta-stimulated inflammatory responses as indicated by the reduced activation of microglia. The finding that IL-1beta induced perinatal brain injury was very similar to that induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as we previously reported and that PBN was capable to attenuate the injury induced by either LPS or IL-1beta suggests that IL-1beta may play a critical role in mediating brain injury associated with perinatal infection/inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Helen J. Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Lu-Tai Tien
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Philip G. Rhodes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Abstract
Toxicokinetic studies during hemodialysis are presented in two patients with blood ethylene glycol concentrations of 40 and 41 mmol/l, respectively. Treatment involved bicarbonate, ethanol and hemodialysis with a 1.6 m2 dialysator. Both patients developed acute renal failure and one was discharged with permanent cerebral impairment. The other made an uneventful recovery. The average dialysator clearance of ethylene glycol at a blood flow of 200 ml/min was 145 and 148 ml/min, respectively. Assuming a volume of distribution of ethylene glycol of 0.7 l/kg, the dialysator represented about 92 and 95%, respectively, of the total body clearance of ethylene glycol during ethanol treatment. During hemodialysis a blood ethanol concentration of about 15 mmol/l (0.7 g/l) caused a near complete inhibition of ethylene glycol metabolism at ethylene glycol concentrations up to about 25 mmol/l (1.6 g/l). We recommend prompt hemodialysis in ethylene glycol poisoning to supplement alkali and ethanol treatment.
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18
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Lewander T. Effects of acute and chronic amphetamine intoxication on brain catecholamines in the guinea pig. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 29:209-25. [PMID: 5108605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1971.tb00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Fan LW, Chen RF, Mitchell HJ, Lin RCS, Simpson KL, Rhodes PG, Cai Z. alpha-Phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury and improves neurological reflexes and early sensorimotor behavioral performance in juvenile rats. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:3536-47. [PMID: 18683243 PMCID: PMC2921906 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that treatment with alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduced LPS-induced white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain. The object of the current study was to further examine whether PBN has long-lasting protective effects and ameliorates LPS-induced neurological dysfunction. Intracerebral (i.c.) injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) was performed in postnatal day (P) 5 Sprague Dawley rat pups and PBN (100 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally 5 min after LPS injection. The control rats were injected (i.c.) with sterile saline. Neurobehavioral tests were carried out from P3 to P21, and brain injury was examined after these tests. LPS exposure resulted in severe brain damage, including enlargement of ventricles bilaterally, loss of mature oligodendrocytes, impaired myelination as indicated by the decrease in myelin basic protein immunostaining, and alterations in dendritic processes in the cortical gray matter of the parietal cortex. Electron microscopic examination showed that LPS exposure caused impaired myelination as indicated by the disintegrated myelin sheaths in the juvenile rat brain. LPS administration also significantly affected neurobehavioral functions such as performance in righting reflex, wire hanging maneuver, cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis, vibrissa-elicited forelimb-placing test, beam walking, and gait test. Treatment with PBN, a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, provided protection against LPS-induced brain injury and associated neurological dysfunction in juvenile rats, suggesting that antioxidation might be an effective approach for therapeutic treatment of neonatal brain injury induced by infection/inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Damage, Chronic/chemically induced
- Brain Damage, Chronic/drug therapy
- Brain Damage, Chronic/microbiology
- Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/microbiology
- Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/physiopathology
- Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/transmission
- Cyclic N-Oxides/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/chemically induced
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/drug therapy
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/microbiology
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/drug therapy
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/microbiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Male
- Movement Disorders/drug therapy
- Movement Disorders/microbiology
- Movement Disorders/physiopathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/drug effects
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/metabolism
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Recovery of Function/drug effects
- Recovery of Function/physiology
- Reflex/drug effects
- Reflex/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ruei-Feng Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Helen J. Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Rick C. S. Lin
- Departments of Anatomy, Psychiatry, and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Kimberly L. Simpson
- Departments of Anatomy, Psychiatry, and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Philip G. Rhodes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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20
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Dahl MK, Johansen SS, Ramlau J, Jensen KA. [Survival after severe ecstasy intoxication]. Ugeskr Laeger 2008; 170:3678. [PMID: 18986624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a 20-year-old man with MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) intoxication after a single ingestion of ecstasy. As in most severe cases, this patient exhibited hyperthermia, convulsions, disseminated intravascular coagulation, rhabdomyolysis and renal failure. The patient survived, but with severe brain damage. Toxicological findings taken 12 hours after the incident revealed a toxic/fatal amount of MDMA. The clinical and biochemical findings are discussed.
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Kaukiainen A, Akila R, Martikainen R, Sainio M. Symptom screening in detection of occupational solvent-related encephalopathy. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:343-55. [PMID: 18604551 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sensitive and easily applicable methods are needed for early detection of central nervous system adverse effects related to occupational solvent exposure. The present study evaluates how symptom screening works in practice. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on 2,000 construction workers, including painters and carpenters, in Finland. Scores were calculated for symptoms relevant for chronic solvent encephalopathy (CSE). Responses on exposure and health were compared between subjects with high score (N = 28) and all other respondents. The respondents with the highest scores, regardless of their occupation and exposure, were invited for clinical examination to investigate the aetiologies of the symptoms. If the examination resulted in a suspicion of CSE, a multidisciplinary differential diagnostic follow-up procedure was performed. RESULTS The respondents with highest symptom scores were more exposed to solvents than those with lower scores (P < 0.001) and reported more often physician-diagnosed diseases, especially psychiatric disorders (P < 0.001). They also consumed more alcohol (P = 0.005) and were more often unemployed or unable to work (P < 0.001). In the clinical examination, sleep disturbances, somatic disorders, depression, unemployment, and alcohol use were commonly found in addition to considerable solvent exposure history and clinical neurological findings. Further examinations and a diagnostic follow-up verified three cases of encephalopathy. One case was a CSE, an occupational disease. The other two encephalopathy cases had multifactorial aetiology including solvents. CONCLUSIONS Screening in active workforce for symptoms of cognitive dysfunction identifies highly solvent-exposed workers and also reveals occupational and non-occupational cases of encephalopathy. Evaluation of differential diagnostic conditions is essential in the detection of CSE. A stepwise model is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Kaukiainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Occupational Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Lee SH, Kim BC, Yang DH, Park MS, Choi SM, Kim MK, Cho KH. Calcineurin inhibitor-mediated bilateral hippocampal injury after bone marrow transplantation. J Neurol 2008; 255:929-31. [PMID: 18458866 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Sim ME, Lyoo IK, Streeter CC, Covell J, Sarid-Segal O, Ciraulo DA, Kim MJ, Kaufman MJ, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Renshaw PF. Cerebellar gray matter volume correlates with duration of cocaine use in cocaine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:2229-37. [PMID: 17299505 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore differences in gray and white matter volume between cocaine-dependent and healthy comparison subjects using optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological function tests were performed for 40 cocaine-dependent subjects (41.4+/-6.9 years, 27 men) and 41 healthy age- and sex-matched comparison subjects (38.7+/-8.8 years, 26 men). Optimally normalized whole brain MR images were segmented, modulated, smoothed, and compared between groups with statistical parametric mapping. The cocaine-dependent group had lower gray matter volumes in bilateral premotor cortex (Brodmann area (BA) 6, 8; 16.6%), right orbitofrontal cortex (BA 10, 15.1%), bilateral temporal cortex (BA 20, 38; 15.9%), left thalamus (12.6%), and bilateral cerebellum (13.4%) as well as lower right cerebellar white matter volume (10.0%) relative to the comparison group at a corrected p<0.05 for multiple comparisons. Duration of cocaine use negatively correlated with right and left cerebellar gray matter volumes (r=-0.37, r=-0.39, respectively). In cocaine-dependent subjects, lower cerebellar hemispheric gray and white matter volumes were correlated with deficits in executive function and decreased motor performance. This study reports that cocaine-dependent subjects have lower gray matter volumes in cerebellar hemispheres as well as in frontal, temporal cortex, and thalamus. These findings are the first to suggest that the cerebellum may be vulnerable to cocaine-associated brain volume changes, and that cerebellar deficits may contribute to neuropsychological deficits and motor dysfunction frequently observed in cocaine-dependent subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung E Sim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
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24
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Karhunen H, Bezvenyuk Z, Nissinen J, Sivenius J, Jolkkonen J, Pitkänen A. Epileptogenesis after cortical photothrombotic brain lesion in rats. Neuroscience 2007; 148:314-24. [PMID: 17629408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated epileptogenesis after cortical photothrombotic stroke induced with Rose Bengal dye in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. To detect spontaneous seizures, video-electroencephalograms were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months for 7-14 days (24 h/day). At the end, spatial and emotional learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water-maze and fear-conditioning test, respectively, and the brains were processed for histologic analysis. Seizures were detected in 18% of rats that received photothrombosis. The average seizure frequency was 0.39 seizures per recording day and mean seizure duration was 117 s. Over 60% of seizures occurred during the dark hours. Rats with photothrombotic lesions were impaired in the water-maze (P<0.05) but not in the fear-conditioning test as compared with controls. Histology revealed that lesion depth varied from cortical layers I to VI in photothrombotic rats with epilepsy. Epileptic rats had light mossy fiber sprouting in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus both ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion. This study extends the current understanding of epileptogenesis and functional impairment after cortical lesions induced by photothrombosis. Our observations support the hypothesis that photothrombotic stroke in rats is a useful animal model for investigating the mechanisms of post-stroke epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Karhunen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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25
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Raghavendra S, Nair MD, Chemmanam T, Krishnamoorthy T, Radhakrishnan VV, Kuruvilla A. Disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy following low-dose oral methotrexate. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:309-14. [PMID: 17355553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy is a recognized complication with intrathecal or intravenous methotrexate (MTX). We report a 59-year-old lady who developed MTX leukoencephalopathy with long-term low-dose oral MTX. She developed posterior leukoencephalopathy (PLE) that initially was reversible on discontinuation of oral MTX. Four months later, she developed disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy (DNL), and was left with devastating neurological deficits. The sequential conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), MR perfusion (MRP) and MR spectroscopic (MRS) changes are highlighted in this report. MRP and MRS showed more wide spread abnormalities than DWI. Stereotactic biopsy from the lesion revealed demyelination with macrophagic infiltration, pericapillary lymphomononuclear aggregation, fibrinoid changes in the capillaries and neovascularization. Of the two cases of PLE with oral MTX reported in literature, one reversed clinically and radiologically with the discontinuation of MTX. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of DNL following oral MTX in the world literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghavendra
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
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26
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Matsuda-Matsumoto H, Iwazaki T, Kashem MA, Harper C, Matsumoto I. Differential protein expression profiles in the hippocampus of human alcoholics. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:370-6. [PMID: 17513015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mild to severe cognitive impairments are frequently observed symptoms in chronic alcoholics. Decline of cognitive function significantly affects patients' recovery process and prognosis. The hippocampal region is sensitive to the effects of alcohol and it has been suggested that alcohol-induced hippocampal damage and/or changes in neuronal circuitry play an important role in generating these symptoms. Although various hypotheses have been proposed, molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations in the hippocampus are largely unknown. In the present study, we employed a 2DE-based proteomics approach to compare the protein expression profiles of the hippocampus in human alcoholic and healthy control brains. In the alcoholic hippocampus, 20 protein spots were found to be differentially regulated, 2 increased and 18 decreased. Seventeen proteins were identified using mass spectroscopy and were subcategorized into three energy metabolic proteins, six protein metabolic proteins, four signalling proteins, two oxidative stress-related proteins, one vesicle trafficking protein and one cytoskeletal protein. Some of these proteins have been previously implicated in alcohol-induced brain pathology. Based upon the results, several hypotheses were generated to explain the mechanisms underlying possible functional and/or structural alterations induced by chronic alcohol use in this brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuda-Matsumoto
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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27
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Yang J, Sadler TR, Givrad TK, Maarek JMI, Holschneider DP. Changes in brain functional activation during resting and locomotor states after unilateral nigrostriatal damage in rats. Neuroimage 2007; 36:755-73. [PMID: 17481921 PMCID: PMC2039721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate functional neuronal compensation after partial damage to the nigrostriatal system, we lesioned rats unilaterally in the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Five weeks later, cerebral perfusion was mapped at rest or during treadmill walking using [(14)C]-iodoantipyrine. Regional CBF-related tissue radioactivity (CBF-TR) was quantified by autoradiography and analyzed by statistical parametric mapping and region-of- interest analysis. Lesions were confirmed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and changes in rotational locomotor activity. Functional compensations were bilateral and differed at rest and during treadmill walking. Consistent with the classic view of striatopallidal connections, CBF-TR of lesioned compared to sham-lesioned rats increased in the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus, and decreased in the striatum and external globus pallidus. Contrary to the classic view, CBF-TR increased in the ipsilateral ventral lateral, ventral anterior thalamus and motor cortex, as well as in the central medial thalamus, midline cerebellum, and contralateral STN. During walking, perfusion decreased in lesioned compared to sham-lesioned rats across the ipsilateral striato-pallidal-thalamic-cortical motor circuit. Compensatory increases were seen bilaterally in the ventromedial thalamus and red nucleus, in the contralateral STN, anterior substantia nigra, subiculum, motor cortex, and in midline cerebellum. Enhanced recruitment of associative sensory areas was noted cortically and subcortically. Future models of compensatory changes after nigrostriatal damage need to address the effects of increased neural activity by residual dopaminergic neurons, interhemispheric interactions and differences between resting and locomotor states. Identification of sites at which functional compensation occurs may define useful future targets for neurorehabilitative or neurorestorative interventions in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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MESH Headings
- Acidosis/diagnosis
- Acidosis/etiology
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Adult
- Asphyxia/diagnosis
- Asphyxia/etiology
- Brain Damage, Chronic/chemically induced
- Brain Damage, Chronic/etiology
- Burns, Chemical/etiology
- Burns, Chemical/therapy
- Child
- Congenital Hyperinsulinism/diagnosis
- Congenital Hyperinsulinism/nursing
- Contraindications
- Dehydration/diagnosis
- Diagnostic Errors
- Environmental Exposure
- Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Fentanyl/administration & dosage
- Fentanyl/poisoning
- Fentanyl/therapeutic use
- Hair Dyes/poisoning
- Heart Arrest/etiology
- Humans
- Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage
- Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis
- Male
- Malpractice
- Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Prone Position
- Propofol/administration & dosage
- Propofol/adverse effects
- Respiratory Insufficiency/chemically induced
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Seizures/complications
- Substance-Related Disorders
- Ulnar Nerve/injuries
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29
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Lehmann H, Glenn MJ, Mumby DG. Consolidation of object-discrimination memory is independent of the hippocampus in rats. Exp Brain Res 2007; 180:755-64. [PMID: 17333011 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-0895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether retrograde amnesia would be more likely for object discriminations learned an hour before hippocampal damage than object discriminations learned days before. Specifically, rats were trained on two object-discrimination problems 72 h before surgery and another discrimination problem and the reversal of one of the previously learned problems 1 h before surgery. Importantly, novel procedures that minimized overtraining on the object discriminations were used to increase the possibility of the lesions causing amnesia. After either receiving sham or neurotoxic-induced hippocampal damage, rats were tested for retention using an extinction procedure. Control rats and rats with extensive hippocampal damage displayed a strong bias for the rewarded object on each object-discrimination problem and a significant bias for the most recent contingency learned on the reversal problem. These results suggest that, despite the use of very sensitive training and testing procedures, hippocampal damage did not cause retrograde amnesia. The findings imply that the hippocampus is not critical for the consolidation, storage, or retrieval of object-reward associations, or any other information required for accurate performance of an object discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Lehmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
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Dorandeu F, Baille V, Mikler J, Testylier G, Lallement G, Sawyer T, Carpentier P. Protective effects of S+ ketamine and atropine against lethality and brain damage during soman-induced status epilepticus in guinea-pigs. Toxicology 2007; 234:185-93. [PMID: 17408839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soman poisoning is known to induce full-blown tonic-clonic seizures, status epilepticus (SE), seizure-related brain damage (SRBD) and lethality. Previous studies in guinea-pigs have shown that racemic ketamine (KET), with atropine sulfate (AS), is very effective in preventing death, stopping seizures and protecting sensitive brain areas when given up to 1h after a supra-lethal challenge of soman. The active ketamine isomer, S(+) ketamine (S-KET), is more potent than the racemic mixture and it also induces less side-effects. To confirm the efficacy of KET and to evaluate the potential of S-KET for delayed medical treatment of soman-induced SE, we studied different S-KET dose regimens using the same paradigm used with KET. Guinea-pigs received pyridostigmine (26 microg/kg, IM) 30min before soman (62 microg/kg, 2 LD(50), IM), followed by therapy consisting of atropine methyl nitrate (AMN) (4 mg/kg, IM) 1min following soman exposure. S-KET, with AS (10mg/kg), was then administered IM at different times after the onset of seizures, starting at 1h post-soman exposure. The protective efficacy of S-KET proved to be comparable to KET against lethality and SRBD, but at doses two to three times lower. As with KET, delaying treatment by 2h post-poisoning greatly reduced efficacy. Conditions that may have led to an increased S-KET brain concentration (increased doses or number of injections, adjunct treatment with the oxime HI-6) did not prove to be beneficial. In summary, these observations confirm that ketamine, either racemic or S-KET, in association with AS and possibly other drugs, could be highly effective in the delayed treatment of severe soman intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Dorandeu
- Département de Toxicologie/CRSSA, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, La Tronche, France.
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31
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Kessler FHP, Woody G, Portela LVC, Tort ABL, De Boni R, Peuker ACWB, Genro V, von Diemen L, de Souza DOG, Pechansky F. Brain injury markers (S100B and NSE) in chronic cocaine dependents. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2007; 29:134-9. [PMID: 17650535 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462006005000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown signs of brain damage caused by different mechanisms in cocaine users. The serum neuron specific enolase and S100B protein are considered specific biochemical markers of neuronal and glial cell injury. This study aimed at comparing blood levels of S100B and NSE in chronic cocaine users and in volunteers who did not use cocaine or other illicit drugs. METHOD: Twenty subjects dependent on cocaine but not on alcohol or marijuana, and 20 non-substance using controls were recruited. Subjects were selected by consecutive and non-probabilistic sampling. Neuron specific enolase and S100B levels were determined by luminescence assay. RESULTS: Cocaine users had significantly higher scores than controls in all psychiatric dimensions of the SCL-90 and had cognitive deficits in the subtest cubes of WAIS and the word span. Mean serum S100B level was 0.09 ± 0.04 µg/l among cocaine users and 0.08 ± 0.04 µg/l among controls. Mean serum neuron specific enolase level was 9.7 ± 3.5 ng/l among cocaine users and 8.3 ± 2.6 ng/l among controls. CONCLUSIONS: In this first study using these specific brain damage markers in cocaine users, serum levels of S100B and neuron specific enolase were not statistically different between cocaine dependent subjects and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Henrique Paim Kessler
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil.
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32
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Akila R, Müller K, Kaukiainen A, Sainio M. Memory Performance Profile in Occupational Chronic Solvent Encephalopathy Suggests Working Memory Dysfunction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2007; 28:1307-26. [PMID: 17050260 DOI: 10.1080/13803390500477515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This pilot study characterizes memory functioning of 11 men with occupational chronic solvent encephalopathy (CSE). Pattern (PRM) and spatial recognition (SRM), spatial span (SSP), spatial working memory (SWM), and paired associate learning (PAL) from Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery were performed twice. The most sensitive variables to show impairment were PAL trials, SRM total correct, and SWM number of between-search errors. The majority of the CSE patients demonstrated mild deficits. The most persistent dysfunction was in tasks demanding working memory processing, which predicted well the CSE status. Qualitatively, the memory deficits resemble those seen in moderate or severe Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Akila
- Brain and Work Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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Featherstone RE, Rizos Z, Nobrega JN, Kapur S, Fletcher PJ. Gestational methylazoxymethanol acetate treatment impairs select cognitive functions: parallels to schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:483-92. [PMID: 17035930 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gestational methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) exposure has been suggested to produce neural and behavioral abnormalities similar to those seen in schizophrenia. In order to assess MAM treatment as a model of schizophrenia, pregnant female rats were injected with MAM (22 mg/kg) on gestational day 17 and their offspring were assessed in adulthood on a series of cognitive tasks. The first experiment involved an attentional set-shifting task, a rodent analog of the Wisconsin card sort task. In experiment 2, animals were tested on the 5-choice serial reaction time task, a rodent analog of the continuous performance task. In the final experiment animals were assessed on a differential reinforcement of low rate of responding 20 s schedule of reinforcement (DRL-20), a task that is sensitive to changes in inhibitory control. In the first experiment, MAM-treated animals required a greater number of trials than controls to successfully learn an extradimensional shift on the set-shifting task, and had difficulties in learning to reverse a previously acquired discrimination. In contrast, MAM-treated animals showed little impairment on the 5-choice task, aside from a modest but consistent increase in premature responding. Finally, MAM exposed animals showed substantial impairments in DRL performance. Post-mortem analysis of brain tissue showed significant decreases in tissue weight in the hippocampus, parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex, and dorsal striatum of MAM-treated animals. These results support the notion that MAM treatment may simulate some aspects of schizophrenic cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Featherstone
- Section of Biopsychology, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Chanraud S, Martelli C, Delain F, Kostogianni N, Douaud G, Aubin HJ, Reynaud M, Martinot JL. Brain morphometry and cognitive performance in detoxified alcohol-dependents with preserved psychosocial functioning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:429-38. [PMID: 17047671 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The extent of structural brain damage and related cognitive deficits has been little described in alcohol-dependent individuals with preserved social functioning. Thus, we investigated the relationship between regional alterations, executive performance, and drinking history. Volumes of gray and white matter were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging voxel-based morphometry in healthy men and in detoxified alcohol-dependent men with good psychosocial functioning. Their executive performance was assessed using neuropsychological tests. Regression analyses were carried out in the regions in which volume differences were detected. Decreases in gray matter were detected bilaterally in alcohol-dependents in the dorsolateral frontal cortex (up to 20% lower), and to a lesser extent in the temporal cortex, insula, thalamus, and cerebellum. Decreases in white matter volume were widespread, being up to 10% in corpus callosum. The degradation of neuropsychological performance correlated with gray matter volume decreases in the frontal lobe, insula, hippocampus, thalami and cerebellum, and with white matter decrease in the brainstem. An early age at first drinking was associated with decreased gray matter volumes in the cerebellum, brainstem (pons), and frontal regions. Regional alteration in gray and white matter volume was associated with impairment of executive function despite preserved social and somatic functioning in detoxified patients. Besides involving frontal regions, these findings are consistent with a cerebello-thalamo-cortical model of impaired executive functions in alcohol-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Chanraud
- Inserm U.797, CEA-INSERM Research Unit Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, Institute for Health and Medical Research and Atomic Energy Commission Hospital Department Frédéric Joliot, IFR49, Univ Paris-sud, Univ Paris 5, Orsay, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors used the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project database to determine changes in the proportion of claims for death or permanent brain damage over a 26-yr period and to identify factors associated with the observed changes. METHODS The Closed Claims Project is a structured evaluation of adverse outcomes from 6,894 closed anesthesia malpractice claims. Trends in the proportion of claims for death or permanent brain damage between 1975 and 2000 were analyzed. RESULTS Claims for death or brain damage decreased between 1975 and 2000 (odds ratio, 0.95 per year; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-0.96; P < 0.01). The overall downward trend did not seem to be affected by the use of pulse oximetry and end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring, which began in 1986. The use of these monitors increased from 6% in 1985 to 70% in 1989, and thereafter varied from 63% to 83% through the year 2000. During 1986-2000, respiratory damaging events decreased while cardiovascular damaging events increased, so that by 1992, respiratory and cardiovascular damaging events occurred in approximately the same proportion (28%), a trend that continued through 2000. CONCLUSION The significant decrease in the proportion of claims for death or permanent brain damage from 1975 through 2000 seems to be unrelated to a marked increase in the proportion of claims where pulse oximetry and end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring were used. After the introduction and use of these monitors, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of respiratory and an increase in the proportion of cardiovascular damaging events responsible for death or permanent brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W Cheney
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-6540, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge ethanol administration causes corticolimbic brain damage that models alcoholic neurodegeneration. The mechanism of binge ethanol-induced degeneration is unknown, but is not simple glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity. To test the hypothesis that oxidative stress and inflammation are mechanisms of binge ethanol-induced brain damage, we administered 4 antioxidants, e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ebselen (Eb), vitamin E (VE), and blueberry (BB) extract, during binge ethanol treatment and assessed various measures of neurodegeneration. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with intragastric ethanol 3 times per day (8-12 g/kg/d) alone or in combination with antioxidants or isocaloric diet for 4 days. Animals were killed, and brains were perfused and extracted for histochemical silver stain determination of brain damage, markers of neurogenesis, or other immunohistochemistry. Some animals were used for determination of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-DNA binding by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). RESULTS Binge ethanol induced corticolimbic brain damage and reduced neurogenesis. Treatment with BHT reversed binge induced brain damage and blocked ethanol inhibition of neurogenesis in all regions studied. Interestingly, the other antioxidants studied, e.g., Eb, VE, and BB, did not protect against binge-induced brain damage. Binge ethanol treatment also caused microglia activation, increased NF-kappaB-DNA binding and COX2 expression. Butylated hydroxytoluene reduced binge-induced NF-kappaB-DNA binding and COX2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Binge-induced brain damage and activation of NF-kappaB-DNA binding are blocked by BHT. These studies support a neuroinflammatory mechanism of binge ethanol-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Stereotype threat occurs when individuals, believed to be intellectually inferior, perform badly on cognitive tests they perceive to confirm stereotypes about them. Due to the wide media coverage of studies purporting to show cognitive deficits in ecstasy users it is possible that they experience stereotype threat. This study tested ecstasy and non-ecstasy using polysubstance misusers on a variety of cognitive tests after they had been exposed to stereotype threat. This priming consisted of exposing them to information about the long-term effects of ecstasy which either stated that ecstasy caused memory loss or that it did not. Ecstasy users that had been primed that ecstasy did not cause cognitive deficits performed better than the other three groups on the delayed portion of the prose recall task from the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test battery. There were no other statistically significant differences between any of the groups on any of the other cognitive tests used. This suggests that stereotype threat exists in ecstasy users and may be influencing their performance in experiments designed to identify cognitive deficits. In order to prevent this occurring in future studies, experimenters must be careful how they conduct their experiments and discuss their results with the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Cole
- Psychology Department, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK.
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Vutskits L, Gascon E, Klauser P, Tassonyi E, Kiss JZ. [Do anesthetics impair brain development?]. Arch Pediatr 2006; 13:777-9. [PMID: 16697581 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2006.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Vutskits
- Département d'anesthésiologie, pharmacologie et soins intensifs, hôpital cantonal-universitaire de Genève, 24, rue, Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Genève, Suisse.
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Abstract
Cognitive function was assessed in chronic drug users on neurocognitive measures of executive and memory function. Current amphetamine users were contrasted with current opiate users, and these two groups were compared with former users of these substances (abstinent for at least one year). Four groups of participants were recruited: amphetamine-dependent individuals, opiate-dependent individuals, former users of amphetamines, and/or opiates and healthy non-drug taking controls. Participants were administered the Tower of London (TOL) planning task and the 3D-IDED attentional set-shifting task to assess executive function, and Paired Associates Learning and Delayed Pattern Recognition Memory tasks to assess visual memory function. The three groups of substance users showed significant impairments on TOL planning, Pattern Recognition Memory and Paired Associates Learning. Current amphetamine users displayed a greater degree of impairment than current opiate users. Consistent with previous research showing that healthy men are performing better on visuo-spatial tests than women, our male controls remembered significantly more paired associates than their female counterparts. This relationship was reversed in drug users. While performance of female drug users was normal, male drug users showed significant impairment compared to both their female counterparts and male controls. There was no difference in performance between current and former drug users. Neither years of drug abuse nor years of drug abstinence were associated with performance. Chronic drug users display pronounced neuropsychological impairment in the domains of executive and memory function. Impairment persists after several years of drug abstinence and may reflect neuropathology in frontal and temporal cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luke Clark
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mervyn London
- Brookfields Hospital, Cambridge Drug & Alcohol Service, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Correspondence: Professor BJ Sahakian, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 2QQ, UK, Tel: + 44 1223 331209, Fax: + 44 1223 336968, E-mail:
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Ogita K, Nishiyama N, Sugiyama C, Higuchi K, Yoneyama M, Yoneda Y. Regeneration of granule neurons after lesioning of hippocampal dentate gyrus: evaluation using adult mice treated with trimethyltin chloride as a model. J Neurosci Res 2006; 82:609-21. [PMID: 16273549 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal dentate gyrus in adult animals is known to contain neural progenitors that proliferate and differentiate into neurons in response to brain injury. Little has been observed, however, on regeneration of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus that has been directly injured. Using trimethyltin (TMT)-treated mice as an in vivo model, we evaluated the ability of this layer to regenerate after injury. The administration of TMT induced neuronal death in the dentate gyrus selectively 2 days later, with recovery of granule neurons on day 14 and thereafter. At an early stage (days 2-5) after the damage by TMT treatment, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into at least two different types of cells was facilitated in the dentate gyrus: BrdU-positive/neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)-negative cells were found predominantly in the subgranular zone and granule cell layer, whereas BrdU-positive/NeuN-positive cells were numerous in the dentate molecular layer and hilus. In addition, expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, nestin, NeuroD3, and doublecortin, which are markers for proliferating cells and neural progenitors/neuronal precursors, was extremely enhanced in the dentate gyrus at the early stage after treatment. Double staining revealed that BrdU was colocalized with nestin and doublecortin in the subgranular zone. Behavioral analysis revealed that TMT-induced cognition impairment was ameliorated by day 14 after the treatment. Taken together, our data indicate that the hippocampal dentate gyrus itself is capable of regenerating the neuronal cell layer through rapid enhancement of neurogenesis after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyokazu Ogita
- Department of Pharmacology, Setsunan University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
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Gürtler S, Ebner A, Tuxhorn I, Ollech I, Pohlmann-Eden B, Woermann FG. Transient lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum and antiepileptic drug withdrawal. Neurology 2006; 65:1032-6. [PMID: 16217055 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000179301.96652.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test pathophysiologic hypotheses regarding the occurrence of a splenial lesion in patients with epilepsy. METHODS The authors studied 16 patients with a splenial lesion and 32 control patients, all of whom had MRI examination immediately after presurgical EEG long-term monitoring (LTM). The authors compared the number of generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures during LTM, antiepileptic drug (AED) withdrawal, and laboratory results. RESULTS All of the patients with a splenial lesion had their AEDs stopped completely, vs 47% of the controls (p = 0.001). Patients with SCC lesion had a longer duration of complete withdrawal (median 3.5 vs 2 days, p = 0.03). There was no correlation with seizure frequency or the introduction of new AEDs. CONCLUSION A lesion of the splenium of the corpus callosum in patients with epilepsy is not associated with toxic drug effects or high seizure frequency, but might be induced by a rapid and relatively long-lasting reduction of antiepileptic drugs. Its frequency might be underestimated as MRI after long-term monitoring is rarely done.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gürtler
- MRI Unit, Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, D-33617 Bielefeld, Germany
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Coutin-Churchman P, Moreno R, Añez Y, Vergara F. Clinical correlates of quantitative EEG alterations in alcoholic patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117:740-51. [PMID: 16495144 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence and clinical correlations of abnormal QEEG features in alcoholic patients. METHODS Quantitative EEG (frequency analysis, absolute and relative powers of the four classical bands) was assessed in 191 male alcoholic patients admitted in our facility for detoxification process. All underwent psychiatric, medical and neurological examination prior to the EEG recording, in search for specific clinical or paraclinical findings. The presence or absence of relevant clinical features was codified as nominal dichotomic variables to be related to specific QEEG features. RESULTS Only 7 patients had normal QEEG. The most frequent alteration (81 cases) was decreased power in slow (delta and theta) bands with a concurrent increase in beta band, followed by decreased power only in slow bands (33), increase only in beta band (29), decrease in both slow and alpha bands without beta alterations (28), decrease only in alpha band (6) and others. Alterations in slow and beta bands were uncorrelated. However, a significant correlation was found between decreased power in slow bands and cortical atrophy as revealed by MRI (especially in patients with early onset of alcoholism), time elapsed from the beginning of alcoholic habits (but only in younger or early onset subjects) and in a lesser degree arterial hypertension, but neither with age nor any other clinical or psychiatric feature. On the other hand, increased power in beta band correlated mainly with the use of benzodiazepines, sensoperceptual alterations (hallucinations, illusions), clinical seizures and family history of alcoholism. The effects of those variables were strongly interrelated. CONCLUSIONS Decreased power in slow bands in alcoholic patients may be an indicator of brain atrophy or chronic brain damage, while increase in beta band is related to medication use, family history of alcoholism, hallucinations and seizures, suggesting a state of cortical hyperexcitability. SIGNIFICANCE This study show the relation of specific QEEG alterations to certain clinical features found in alcoholics, in a further attempt to elucidate the semiological value of those alterations in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Coutin-Churchman
- Hospital Psiquiátrico San Juan de Dios, Urb. Campo Claro. Los Curos, Edo. Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
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Anbarasi K, Kathirvel G, Vani G, Jayaraman G, Shyamala Devi CS. Cigarette smoking induces heat shock protein 70 kDa expression and apoptosis in rat brain: Modulation by bacoside A. Neuroscience 2006; 138:1127-35. [PMID: 16472926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with the development of several diseases and antioxidants play a major role in the prevention of smoking-related diseases. Apoptosis is suggested as a possible contributing factor in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced toxicity. Therefore the present study was designed to investigate the influence of chronic cigarette smoke exposure on apoptosis and the modulatory effect of bacoside A (triterpenoid saponin isolated from the plant Bacopa monniera) on smoking-induced apoptosis in rat brain. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were exposed to cigarette smoke and simultaneously administered with bacoside A (10 mg/kg b.w./day, orally) for a period of 12 weeks. Expression of brain hsp70 was analyzed by Western blotting. Apoptosis was identified by DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy uridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that exposure to cigarette smoke induced hsp70 expression and apoptosis as characterized by DNA laddering, increased TUNEL-positive cells and ultrastructural apoptotic features in the brain. Administration of bacoside A prevented expression of hsp70 and neuronal apoptosis during cigarette smoking. We speculate that apoptosis may be responsible for the smoking-induced brain damage and bacoside A can protect the brain from the toxic effects of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anbarasi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Rekand
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital and University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Gobbo OL, O'Mara SM. Combining exercise and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition does not ameliorate learning deficits after brain insult, despite an increase in BDNF levels. Brain Res 2005; 1046:224-9. [PMID: 15885662 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration can produce behavioral impairments. Previously, we have found that inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity or physical activity was neuroprotective during kainic-acid-induced neural loss. Here, we investigated the combined effect of exercise pre-insult and cyclooxygenase inhibitor treatment post-kainate-induced brain damage. However, in spite of an increase in BDNF levels, the combination did not improve behavioral performance in Morris watermaze and object exploration tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L Gobbo
- Department of Psychology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Ireland
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Supapong S, Sriratanabun J. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) study in chronic arsenic poisoning patients. J Med Assoc Thai 2005; 88 Suppl 4:S226-30. [PMID: 16623033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the possible neurotoxicity of arsenic to auditory sensory pathways and evaluate roles of BAEPs in the detection of early brain damage resulting from arsenic exposure. DESIGN Cross-sectional analytic study. MATERIAL AND METHOD Twenty nine females with skin lesions consistent with arsenical dermatoses and 27 controls who met the inclusion criteria were investigatetd by Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs). Case findings resulted from a house-to-house survey in village 12, Ronphibun subdistrict and village 5, Saothong subdistrict, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand in 1995. RESULTS Differences between the arsenic-exposed population and the referent group regarding BAEP parameters, BAEP latencies and interpeak latencies were not found. CONCLUSION Evidence of the abnormalities of the auditory sensory pathways was not found among female patients with arsenical dermtoses in Ronphibun. The role of BAEPs in the detection of brain damage resulting from arsenic exposure could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontorn Supapong
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horvath
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Andrade LGM, Garcia FD, Silva VS, Gabriel DP, Rodrigues AG, Nascimento GVR, Caramori JT, Martin LC, Barretti P, Balbi AL. Dialysis encephalopathy secondary to aluminum toxicity, diagnosed by bone biopsy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:2581-2. [PMID: 16105866 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfi072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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