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Waschkies CF, Pfiffner FK, Heuberger DM, Schneider MA, Tian Y, Wolint P, Calcagni M, Giovanoli P, Buschmann J. Tumor grafts grown on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane are distinctively characterized by MRI under functional gas challenge. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7505. [PMID: 32371865 PMCID: PMC7200801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a tumor model based on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was characterized structurally with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Yet, capability of MRI to assess vascular functional reserve and potential of oxygenation-sensitive MRI remain largely unexplored in this model. For this purpose, we compared MC-38 colon and A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell grafts grown on the CAM, using quantitative T1 and T2* MRI readouts as imaging markers. These are associated with vascular functionality and oxygenation status when compared between periods of air and carbogen exposure. Our data show that in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell grafts T2* values increased significantly upon carbogen exposure (p < 0.004, Wilcoxon test; no change in T1), while MC-38 grafts displayed no changes in T1 and T2*), indicating that the grafts differ in their vascular response. Heterogeneity with regard to T1 and T2* distribution within the grafts was noted. MC-38 grafts displayed larger T1 and T2* in the graft centre, while in A549 they were distributed more towards the graft surface. Finally, qualitative assessment of gadolinium-enhancement suggests that A549 grafts display more prominent enhancement compared to MC-38 grafts. Furthermore, MC-38 grafts had 65% larger volumes than A549 grafts. Histology revealed distinct underlying phenotypes of the two tumor grafts, pertaining to the proliferative status (Ki-67) and cellularity (H&E). In sum, a functional gas challenge with carbogen is feasible through gas exchange on the CAM, and it affects MRI signals associated with vascular reactivity and oxygenation status of the tumor graft planted on the CAM. Different grafts based on A549 lung adenocarcinoma and MC-38 colon carcinoma cell lines, respectively, display distinct phenotypes that can be distinguished and characterized non-invasively in ovo using MRI in the living chicken embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny F Waschkies
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A Schneider
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yinghua Tian
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Wolint
- Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Giovanoli
- Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Buschmann
- Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Freesmeyer M, Kuehnel C, Opfermann T, Niksch T, Wiegand S, Stolz R, Huonker R, Witte OW, Winkens T. The Use of Ostrich Eggs for In Ovo Research: Making Preclinical Imaging Research Affordable and Available. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1901-1906. [PMID: 29934406 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.210310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In ovo studies are a valuable option in preclinical research, but imaging studies are severely limited by the costs of dedicated equipment needed for small-sized eggs. We sought to verify the feasibility of using larger, ostrich, eggs (Struthio camelus) for imaging on the PET/CT scanners used for routine clinical investigations. Methods: Ostrich eggs were incubated until shortly before hatching, prepared for intravitelline venous injection of contrast medium or radiotracer, and imaged using native CT, contrast-enhanced CT, and PET/CT. Any technical adaptations that were needed to improve the outcome were noted. Results: Of the 34 eggs initially incubated, 12 became fully available for imaging of embryonal development. In ovo imaging with conventional PET/CT not only was feasible but also provided images of good quality, including on dynamic PET imaging. Conclusion: In ovo imaging with ostrich eggs and routine clinical scanners may allow broader application of this field of preclinical research, obviating costly dedicated equipment and reducing the number of animals needed for classic animal research. Further experiments are warranted to refine this novel approach, especially to reduce motion artifacts and improve monitoring of viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Opfermann
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Niksch
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiegand
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Stolz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralph Huonker
- Biomagnetic Center, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; and
| | - Otto W Witte
- Biomagnetic Center, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; and.,Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Winkens
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Li Y, Grover H, Dai E, Yang K, Chen Z. Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29939170 DOI: 10.3791/57150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development is traditionally studied from the perspective of biomolecular genetics, but the fundamental importance of mechanics in morphogenesis is becoming increasingly recognized. In particular, the embryonic chick heart and brain tube, which undergo drastic morphological changes as they develop, are among the prime candidates to study the role of physical forces in morphogenesis. Progressive ventral bending and rightward torsion of the tubular embryonic chick brain happen at the earliest stage of organ-level left-right asymmetry in chick embryonic development. The vitelline membrane (VM) constrains the dorsal side of the embryo and has been implicated in providing the force necessary to induce torsion of the developing brain. Here we present a combination of new ex-ovo experiments and physical modeling to identify the mechanics of brain torsion. At Hamburger-Hamilton stage 11, embryos are harvested and cultured ex ovo (in media). The VM is subsequently removed using a pulled capillary tube. By controlling the level of the fluid and subjecting the embryo to a fluid-air interface, the fluid surface tension of the media can be used to replace the mechanical role of the VM. Microsurgery experiments were also performed to alter the position of the heart to find the resultant change in the chirality of brain torsion. Results from this protocol illustrate the fundamental roles of mechanics in driving morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College
| | | | - Eric Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Yang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College
| | - Zi Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College;
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Comparison of medetomidine, thiopental and ketamine/midazolam anesthesia in chick embryos for in ovo Magnetic Resonance Imaging free of motion artifacts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15536. [PMID: 26493765 PMCID: PMC4616043 DOI: 10.1038/srep15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive assessment of the perfusion capacity of tissue engineered constructs grown on the chorioallantoic membrane by MRI is often hampered by motion artifacts. Therefore, we examined the suitability of three anesthetic regimes for sufficient sedation of the chick embryo. Medetomidine at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg, was compared to thiopental at 100 mg/kg and ketamine/midazolam at 50 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively. These soluble anesthetics were applied by dropping a total volume of 0.3 mL onto the surface of the CAM. Motion was videotaped through the window of the eggshell and scored semi-quantitatively. Medetomidine performed best in terms of reduced motion; onset of anesthesia occurred within 10 minutes and for the following 30 minutes, allowing proper in vivo MRI measurements. The other regimen were not sedating deep enough (ketamine/midazolam) and not long enough (thiopental). In sum, medetomidine allows proper sedation for MRI assessment of the perfusion capacity in a tissue engineered construct placed on the CAM.
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Zhou Z, Chen Z, Shan J, Ma W, Li L, Zu J, Xu J. Monitoring brain development of chick embryos in vivo using 3.0 T MRI: subdivision volume change and preliminary structural quantification using DTI. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26208519 PMCID: PMC4513430 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has many advantages in the research of in vivo embryonic brain development, specifically its noninvasive aspects and ability to avoid skeletal interference. However, few studies have focused on brain development in chick, which is a traditional animal model in developmental biology. We aimed to serially monitor chick embryo brain development in vivo using 3.0 T MRI. Methods Ten fertile Hy-line white eggs were incubated and seven chick embryo brains were monitored in vivo and analyzed serially from 5 to 20 days during incubation using 3.0 T MRI. A fast positioning sequence was pre-scanned to obtain sagittal and coronal brain planes corresponding to the established atlas. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) was performed for volume estimation of the whole brain and subdivision (telencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, and lateral ventricle [LV]); diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to reflect the evolution of neural bundle structures. Results The chick embryos’ whole brain and subdivision grew non-linearly over time; the DTI fractional anisotropy (FA) value within the telencephalon increased non-linearly as well. All seven scanned eggs hatched successfully. Conclusions MRI avoids embryonic sacrifice in a way that allows serial monitoring of longitudinal developmental processes of a single embryo. Feasibility for analyzing subdivision of the brain during development, and adding structural information related to neural bundles, makes MRI a powerful tool for exploring brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zien Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zengai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiehui Shan
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinyan Zu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Zuo Z, Syrovets T, Genze F, Abaei A, Ma G, Simmet T, Rasche V. High-resolution MRI analysis of breast cancer xenograft on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:440-447. [PMID: 25711154 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model has been successfully used to study angiogenesis, cancer progression and its pharmacological treatment, tumor pharmacokinetics, and properties of novel nanomaterials. MRI is an attractive technique for non-invasive and longitudinal monitoring of physiological processes and tumor growth. This study proposes an age-adapted cooling regime for immobilization of the chick embryo, enabling high-resolution MRI of the embryo and the CAM tumor xenograft. 64 chick embryos were enrolled in this study. The novel immobilization and imaging protocol was optimized in 29 embryos. From d7 to d18 immobilization of the embryo up to 90 min was achieved by cooling at 4 °C pre-imaging, with cooling times adapted to age. Its application to tumor growth monitoring was evaluated in 15 embryos after xenotransplantation of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells on CAM. Tumor volumes were monitored from d4 to d9 after grafting (d11 to d16 after incubation) applying a T2 -weighted multislice RARE sequence. At d9 after grafting, the tumors were collected and compared with the MRI-derived data by histology and weight measurements. Additional imaging methods comprising DWI, T2 mapping, and the bio-distribution of contrast agents were tested at d9 after grafting in 20 further embryos. With the adaptive cooling regime, motion artifacts could be completely avoided for up to 90 min scan time, enabling high-resolution in ovo imaging. Excellent anatomical details could be obtained in the embryo and tumors. Tumor volumes could be quantified over time. The results prove the feasibility of high-resolution MRI for longitudinal tumor and organ growth monitoring. The suggested method is promising for future applications such as testing tailored and/or targeted treatment strategies, longitudinal monitoring of tumor development, analysis of therapeutic efficacies of drugs, or assessment of tumor pharmacokinetics. The method provides an alternative to animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Core Facility Small Animal MRI, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Aridas JDS, Yawno T, Sutherland AE, Nitsos I, Ditchfield M, Wong FY, Fahey MC, Malhotra A, Wallace EM, Jenkin G, Miller SL. Detecting brain injury in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: closing the gap between experimental and clinical research. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:281-90. [PMID: 25079368 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Moderate to severe neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy remains an important cause of infant death and childhood disability. Early and accurate diagnosis of encephalopathy is difficult but critical for timely intervention. Thus, we have utilized a clinically relevant large animal model of asphyxia in-utero, followed by immediate lamb delivery, resuscitation and clinical care over the next 72h for assessment of potential biomarkers of brain injury. In-utero asphyxia was induced in twelve near-term lambs and outcomes compared with seven controls. Asphyxia resulted in bradycardia (97±12beats/min), hypotension (12.1±1mm Hg) and metabolic acidosis (pH6.9±0.02; base-excess -13.8±0.8mmol/l). 72h following asphyxia, cerebrospinal concentrations of malondialdehyde and S100B were elevated 2-fold and 5-fold, respectively, in asphyxic lambs compared to control lambs. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 72h showed a significant decrease in n-acetyl aspartate: choline ratio in asphyxia lambs compared to that observed at 12h (0.56±0.23 vs. 0.82±0.15, respectively); lactate:choline ratio was not changed over this time. Marked neuropathology was observed in asphyxia lambs with neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus, thalamus, striatum and cortex. Astrogliosis was observed in the hippocampus and thalamus. Early blood markers of metabolic state showed limited predictive value of histological damage at 72h. MRS outcomes at 72h showed a modest but significant correlation with histological evidence of neuronal brain injury (lactate:N-acetyl aspartate ratio in the thalamus r(2)=0.2, p<0.01). MRS at 72h was best able to detect established brain injury, but a combination of biomarkers over multiple phases of injury may be able to assess the evolution of neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D S Aridas
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamara Yawno
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilias Nitsos
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Flora Y Wong
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Children's, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael C Fahey
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Children's, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Children's, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Euan M Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Altered magnetic resonance images of brain and social behaviors of hatchling, and expression of thyroid hormone receptor βmRNA in cerebellum of embryos after Methimazole administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:221-30. [PMID: 23949207 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The effects of low thyroid hormone level during embryogenesis on MRI of the brain and social behaviors of hatchlings were examined using "fertilized hen's egg-embryo-chick" system. METHODS AND RESULTS Control and hatchlings treated with methimazole (20 μmol/egg), which hatched 3 days later than controls were examined. The results are as follows: 1. The MRI examination of the midsagittal section of the brain on hatch day showed that the sizes, by T1- and ADC values by diffusion-weighted images, of the optic lobe and cerebellum of the MMI-hatchlings were significantly bigger than those of the controls. 2. The social behaviors on post-hatch day 3 were based on the following tests: (a) Aggregation test: The speed of four chicks, individually isolated by cardboard barriers in a box, to make a group upon the removal of barriers. (b) Belongingness tests: The speed of a chick isolated at a corner to join the group of three chicks placed at the opposite corner. (c) Vocalization test: The number of decibel produced by a chick isolated at a corner using a sound meter. These tests demonstrated that MMI-hatchlings took longer times and had weaker vocalization than the controls, significantly. 3. Upregulation of THRβ mRNA after MMI treatment suggested that THR was necessary for cerebellum development. CONCLUSIONS The MMI exposure during the last week of embryogenesis possibly delayed the myelination of certain brain regions and impaired the social behaviors of hatchlings. The chick embryos can be easily induced with hypothyroidism without maternal influences, and the hatchling's behaviors were analyzed using a video camera. The present method will be useful for assessing the effects of unfavorable influences during embryogenesis on social behaviors in later life.
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In ovo serial skeletal muscle diffusion tractography of the developing chick embryo using DTI: feasibility and correlation with histology. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:38. [PMID: 23268571 PMCID: PMC3574849 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive method of evaluating embryonic development. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), based on the directional diffusivity of water molecules, is an established method of evaluating tissue structure. Yet embryonic motion degrades the in vivo acquisition of long-duration DTI. We used a dual-cooling technique to avoid motion artifact and aimed to investigate whether DTI can be used to monitor chick embryonic skeletal muscle development in ovo, and to investigate the correlation between quantitative DTI parameters fractional anisotropy (FA) and fiber length and quantitative histologic parameters fiber area percentage (FiberArea%) and limb length. Results From 84 normally developing chick embryos, 5 were randomly chosen each day from incubation days 5 to 18 and scanned using 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. A dual-cooling technique is used before and during imaging. Eggs were cracked for making histological specimen after imaging. 3 eggs were serially imaged from days 5 to 18. We show that skeletal muscle fibers can be tracked in hind limb in DTI beginning with incubation day 8. Our data shows a good positive correlation between quantitative DTI and histologic parameters (FA vs FiberArea%: r= 0.943, p<0.0001; Fiber_length vs Limb_length: r=0.974, p<0.0001). The result of tracked fibers in DTI during incubation corresponds to the development of chick embryonic skeletal muscle as reported in the literature. Conclusion Diffusion tensor imaging can provide a noninvasive means of evaluating skeletal muscle development in ovo.
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Zhou Z, Xu J, DelProposto ZS, Hua J, Fan Y, Zhang Z, Ye Y, Haacke E, Hu J. Feasibility of in ovo diffusion tractography in the chick embryo using a dual-cooling technique. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 36:993-1001. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Xu J, DelProposto Z, Zhou Z, Shen H, Xuan SY, Li QH, Haacke EM, Hu J. In ovo monitoring of smooth muscle fiber development in the chick embryo: diffusion tensor imaging with histologic correlation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34009. [PMID: 22457809 PMCID: PMC3311583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive method of evaluating embryonic development. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, which is based on the measuring the directional diffusivity of water molecules, is an established method of evaluating tissue structure. Prolonged imaging times have precluded the use of embryonic diffusion tensor imaging due to motion artifact. Using temperature-based motion suppression, we aimed to investigate whether diffusion tensor imaging can be used to monitor embryonic smooth muscle development in ovo, and to determine the correlation between histologically-derived muscle fiber fraction, day of incubation and diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy values and length of tracked fibers. Methodology/Principal Findings From a set of 82 normally developing fertile chicken eggs, 5 eggs were randomly chosen each day from incubation days 5 to 18 and cooled using a dual-cooling technique prior to and during magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 Tesla. Smooth muscle fibers of the gizzard were tracked using region of interests placed over the gizzard. Following imaging, the egg was cracked and the embryo was fixated and sectioned, and a micrograph most closely corresponding to the acquired magnetic resonance image was made. Smooth muscle fiber fraction was determined using an automated computer algorithm. Conclusions/Significance We show that diffusion tensor images of smooth muscle within the embryonic gizzard can be acquired in ovo from incubation day 11 through hatching. Length of tracked fibers and day of incubation were found to have statistical significance (p<0.05) by multiple linear regression correlation with histologic specimens of sacrificed embryos from day 11 of incubation through hatching. The morphologic pattern of development in our histologic specimens corresponds to the development of embryonic gizzard as reported in the literature. These results suggest that diffusion tensor imaging can provide a noninvasive method of evaluating in ovo development of smooth muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zachary DelProposto
- Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zien Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huicong Shen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Stephanie Yang Xuan
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qing Hang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - E. Mark Haacke
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jiani Hu
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lindgren I, Altimiras J. Sensitivity of organ growth to chronically low oxygen levels during incubation in Red Junglefowl and domesticated chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2011; 90:126-35. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hogers B, van der Weerd L, Olofsen H, van der Graaf LM, DeRuiter MC, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE. Non-invasive tracking of avian development in vivo by MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2009; 22:365-373. [PMID: 19003815 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Conventional microscopic techniques, to study embryonic development, require large numbers of embryos and are invasive, making follow-up impossible. We explored the use of in vivo MRI to study embryonic development, in general, and cardiovascular development in particular, over time. Wild-type quail embryos (n = 11) were imaged at embryonic days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11, covering the main time course of embryonic heart development. On each imaging day cardiac morphology was evaluated and embryonic length was measured. MRI-embryos as well as control embryos (n = 11) were sacrificed at day 11 and scored for external malformations, while embryonic wet weight and stage were determined. In addition, venous clipped embryos (n = 4), known to develop cardiovascular malformations, were scanned at regular intervals and sacrificed at day 9 for histological analysis ex vivo. We were able to follow heart development of individual quail embryos inside their shell non-invasively over time, with sufficient detail to study cardiac morphology in vivo. We did not find any adverse effect of the repeated MRI examinations on morphology, length, or weight. Prenatally diagnosed malformations, like ventricular septal defects and aortic arch interruptions were confirmed by histology. In conclusion, micro-MRI can be used to evaluate in vivo early embryonic development and to diagnose cardiovascular malformations prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Hogers
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wang X, Carmichael DW, Cady EB, Gearing O, Bainbridge A, Ordidge RJ, Raivich G, Peebles DM. Greater hypoxia-induced cell death in prenatal brain after bacterial-endotoxin pretreatment is not because of enhanced cerebral energy depletion: a chicken embryo model of the intrapartum response to hypoxia and infection. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:948-60. [PMID: 18030303 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infection is a risk factor for adult stroke and neonatal encephalopathy. We investigated whether exposure to bacterial endotoxin increases hypoxia-induced brain cell death and impairs cerebral metabolic compensatory responses to hypoxia. Prehatching chicken embryos (incubation day 19) were exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (3 mg Salmonella typhimurium LPS per egg) or hypoxia (4% ambient O(2) for 1 h), alone or in combination with LPS, followed 4 h later by hypoxia. Cerebral cell death and glial activation were assessed histologically. Further, chicken embryo brains were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) to assess haemodynamic and metabolic responses. In most brain areas, combined LPS/hypoxia resulted in a 30- to 100-fold increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling -positive cells, compared to control and single-insult groups. Glial activation correlated with the severity of cell death and was significantly greater in the combined-insult group (P<0.05). Hypoxia was associated with a 10-fold increase in lactate/N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), an approximately 20% increase in total creatine/NAA, rapid decreases in T2 and T2(*), and a reduction in direction-averaged brain-water diffusion (D(av)) by approximately 15%. Liposaccharide pretreatment did not alter the magnitude or timing of these responses, but engendered baseline shifts (increased Cho/NAA, Cr/NAA, and Dav, and reduced T2(*)). In conclusion, LPS greatly increased hypoxia-induced brain damage in this model and induced changes in baseline haemodynamics and metabolism but did not affect the magnitude of the glycolytic response to hypoxia. The damage-enhancing effects of LPS are not because of additional energy depletion but because of a synergistic toxic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Wang
- Centre for Perinatal Brain Research, The Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Schellpfeffer MA, Bolender DL, Kolesari GL. High frequency ultrasound imaging of the growth and development of the normal chick embryo. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2007; 33:751-61. [PMID: 17383805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to delineate with high frequency ultrasound imaging the normal growth and development of the chick embryo throughout its incubation period. White Leghorn chick embryos were imaged through an opening in the egg air cell from incubation day 0-19 (Hamburger & Hamilton stage 1-45) using a 13 MHz clinical high frequency linear small parts transducer. Multiple anatomic growth parameters were measured. Normal growth was confirmed with Hamburger and Hamilton staging. A timeline was constructed showing when each anatomic growth parameter could be visualized. Means and standard deviations of each parameter were plotted against incubation days studied to create nomograms and numerical tables of normal growth and development of the chick embryo. With this set of data, abnormal growth and development of the chick embryo can now be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schellpfeffer
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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16
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Dixon JC, Cady EB, Priest AN, Thornton JS, Peebles DM. Growth restriction and the cerebral metabolic response to acute hypoxia of chick embryos in-ovo: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 160:203-10. [PMID: 16223529 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perinatal brain injury is more common in growth-restricted (GR) than normally grown (NG) fetuses. This study addresses the hypothesis that chronic oxygen and substrate deprivation during pregnancy will engender an abnormal fetal cerebral metabolic response to acute hypoxia. METHOD Cerebral metabolite resonance amplitudes relative to that of creatine were measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in chick embryos on day 19 of incubation. Measurements were obtained before, during and after acute hypoxia (8% ambient oxygen concentration for 44 min) in NG and GR embryos (10% albumen extracted day 0 and 14% oxygen exposure from day 10 of incubation). RESULTS In both NG and GR embryos, the cerebral lactate/creatine increased during acute hypoxia and slowly recovered after restoration of normoxia. However, the mean (+/-SD) increase in lactate/creatine was significantly less in GR compared to NG embryos (0.51 +/- 0.36 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.36; P = 0.02, t test). Alanine increased during acute hypoxia in NG but not GR embryos. Mean beta-hydroxybutyrate was increased only in GR embryos (0.63 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.01; P < 0.001, ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS Acute hypoxia increases cerebral lactate and alanine in NG chick embryos; these increases are reduced by pre-exposure to substrate deprivation and chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Dixon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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