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He Z, Xu X, Zhao Q, Ding H, Wang DW. Vasospastic angina: Past, present, and future. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108500. [PMID: 37482097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Vasospastic angina (VSA) is characterized by episodes of rest angina that are responsive to short-acting nitrates and are attributable to coronary artery vasospasm. The condition is underdiagnosed as the provocation test is rarely performed. VSA, the most important component of non-obstructive coronary artery disease, can present with angina, be asymptomatic, or can even present with fatal arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Although most patients with VSA respond well to vasodilating medications, prognosis does not improve as expected in most patients, suggesting the existence elusive prognostic factors and pathogenesis that warrant further exploration. Moreover, patients with either severe or refractory VSA barely respond to conventional treatment and may develop life-threatening arrhythmias or suffer sudden cardiac death during ischemic attacks, which are associated with immune-inflammatory responses and have been shown to achieve remission following glucocorticoid and immunoglobulin treatments. Our recent work revealed that inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and development of coronary spasms, and that inflammatory cytokines have predictive value for diagnosis. In contrast to the existing literature, this review both summarizes the theoretical and clinical aspects of VSA, and also discusses the relationship between inflammation, especially myocarditis and VSA, in order to provide novel insights into the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of VSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowen He
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qu Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hu Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China.
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2
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Rump A, Ratas K, Lepasepp TK, Suurväli J, Smolander OP, Gross-Paju K, Toomsoo T, Kanellopoulos J, Rüütel Boudinot S. Sex-dependent expression levels of VAV1 and P2X7 in PBMC of multiple sclerosis patients. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13283. [PMID: 38441379 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and the leading cause of progressive neurological disability in young adults. It decreases the patient's lifespan by about 10 years and affects women more than men. No medication entirely restricts or reverses neurological degradation. However, early diagnosis and treatment increase the possibility of a better outcome. To identify new MS biomarkers, we tested the expression of six potential markers (P2X4, P2X7, CXCR4, RGS1, RGS16 and VAV1) using qPCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of MS patients treated with interferon β (IFNβ), with glatiramer acetate (GA) or untreated. We showed that P2X7 and VAV1 are significantly induced in MS patients. In contrast, the expression of P2X4, CXCR4, RGS1 and RGS16 was not significantly modified by MS in PBMC. P2X7 and VAV1 are essentially induced in female patients, suggesting these markers are connected to sex-specific mechanisms. Strikingly, VAV1 expression is higher in healthy women than healthy men and IFNβ treatment of MS reduced VAV1 expression in female MS patients while it up-regulated VAV1 in male MS patients. Our data point to the differential, sex-dependent value of MS markers and treatment effects. Although rgs16 expression in PBMC was not a valid MS marker in patients, the strong upregulation of P2X4 and P2X7 induced in the spinal cord of WT mice by EAE was abrogated in rgs16KO mice suggesting that rgs16 is required for P2X4 and P2X7 induction by neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Ratas
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- Synlab, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Katarina Lepasepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Suurväli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olli-Pekka Smolander
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrin Gross-Paju
- Department of Health Technologies, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- West-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Toomsoo
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
- Confido Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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3
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Xu X, Han L, Zhao G, Xue S, Gao Y, Xiao J, Zhang S, Chen P, Wu ZY, Ding J, Hu R, Wei B, Wang H. LRCH1 interferes with DOCK8-Cdc42-induced T cell migration and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2017; 214:209-226. [PMID: 28028151 PMCID: PMC5206493 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xu et al. show that LRCH1 interferes with the GEF activity of DOCK8 to inhibit Cdc42 activation. Upon chemokine stimulation, DOCK8 is phosphorylated and released from LRCH1 to drive cell migration. LRCH1 overexpression reduces CD4+ T cell migration to the CNS and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Directional autoreactive CD4+ T cell migration into the central nervous system plays a critical role in multiple sclerosis. Recently, DOCK8 was identified as a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42 activation and has been associated with human mental retardation. Little is known about whether DOCK8 is related to multiple sclerosis (MS) and how to restrict its GEF activity. Using two screening systems, we found that LRCH1 competes with Cdc42 for interaction with DOCK8 and restrains T cell migration. In response to chemokine stimulation, PKCα phosphorylates DOCK8 at its three serine sites, promoting DOCK8 separation from LRCH1 and translocation to the leading edge to guide T cell migration. Point mutations at the DOCK8 serine sites block chemokine- and PKCα-induced T cell migration. Importantly, Dock8 mutant mice or Lrch1 transgenic mice were protected from MOG (35–55) peptide–induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), whereas Lrch1-deficient mice displayed a more severe phenotype. Notably, DOCK8 expression was markedly increased in PBMCs from the acute phase of MS patients. Together, our study demonstrates LRCH1 as a novel effector to restrain PKCα–DOCK8–Cdc42 module–induced T cell migration and ameliorate EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Han
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guixian Zhao
- HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shengjie Xue
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunzhen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai and State Key Laboratory of Biochemistry, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai and State Key Laboratory of Biochemistry, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,National Center for Protein Science Shanghai and State Key Laboratory of Biochemistry, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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4
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Haubert D, Li J, Saveliev A, Calzascia T, Sutter E, Metzler B, Kaiser D, Tybulewicz VL, Weckbecker G. Vav1 GEF activity is required for T cell mediated allograft rejection. Transpl Immunol 2012; 26:212-9. [PMID: 22456277 PMCID: PMC3485565 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The GDP exchange factor (GEF) Vav1 is a central signal transducer downstream of the T cell receptor and has been identified as a key factor for T cell activation in the context of allograft rejection. Vav1 has been shown to transduce signals both dependent and independent of its GEF function. The most promising approach to disrupt Vav1 activity by pharmacological inhibition would be to target its GEF function. However, the contribution of Vav1 GEF activity for allogeneic T cell activation has not been clarified yet. To address this question, we used knock-in mice bearing a mutated Vav1 with disrupted GEF activity but intact GEF-independent functions. T cells from these mice showed strongly reduced proliferation and activation in response to allogeneic stimulation. Furthermore, lack of Vav1 GEF activity strongly abrogated the in vivo expansion of T cells in a systemic graft-versus-host model. In a cardiac transplantation model, mice with disrupted Vav1 GEF activity show prolonged allograft survival. These findings demonstrate a strong requirement for Vav1 GEF activity for allogeneic T cell activation and graft rejection suggesting that disruption of Vav1 GEF activity alone is sufficient to induce significant immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Haubert
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jianping Li
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Saveliev
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Thomas Calzascia
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther Sutter
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Metzler
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor L.J. Tybulewicz
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Gisbert Weckbecker
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Blankenhorn EP, Butterfield R, Case LK, Wall EH, del Rio R, Diehl SA, Krementsov DN, Saligrama N, Teuscher C. Genetics of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis supports the role of T helper cells in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2012; 70:887-96. [PMID: 22190363 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the primary genetic contributor to multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), but multiple additional interacting loci are required for genetic susceptibility. The identity of most of these non-MHC genes is unknown. In this report, we identify genes within evolutionarily conserved genetic pathways leading to MS and EAE. METHODS To identify non-MHC binary and quantitative trait loci (BTL/QTL) important in the pathogenesis of EAE, we generated phenotype-selected congenic mice using EAE-resistant B10.S and EAE-susceptible SJL mice. We hypothesized that genes linked to EAE BTL/QTL and MS-GWAS can be identified if they belong to common evolutionarily conserved pathways, which can be identified with a bioinformatic approach using Ingenuity software. RESULTS Many known BTL/QTL were retained and linked to susceptibility during phenotype selection, the most significant being a region on chromosome 17 distal to H2 (Eae5). We show in pathway analysis that T helper (T(H))-cell differentiation genes are critical for both diseases. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that Eae5 is important in CD4 T-effector and/or Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells (Tregs), and we found that B10.S-Eae5(SJL) congenic mice have significantly greater numbers of lymph node CD4 and Tregs than B10.S mice. INTERPRETATION These results support the polygenic model of MS/EAE, whereby MHC and multiple minor loci are required for full susceptibility, and confirm a critical genetic dependence on CD4 T(H)-cell differentiation and function in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Jagodic M, Colacios C, Nohra R, Dejean AS, Beyeen AD, Khademi M, Casemayou A, Lamouroux L, Duthoit C, Papapietro O, Sjöholm L, Bernard I, Lagrange D, Dahlman I, Lundmark F, Oturai AB, Soendergaard HB, Kemppinen A, Saarela J, Tienari PJ, Harbo HF, Spurkland A, Ramagopalan SV, Sadovnick DA, Ebers GC, Seddighzadeh M, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L, Padyukov L, Hillert J, Clanet M, Edan G, Fontaine B, Fournié GJ, Kockum I, Saoudi A, Olsson T. A role for VAV1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Sci Transl Med 2010; 1:10ra21. [PMID: 20368159 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, the most common cause of progressive neurological disability in young adults, is a chronic inflammatory disease. There is solid evidence for a genetic influence in multiple sclerosis, and deciphering the causative genes could reveal key pathways influencing the disease. A genome region on rat chromosome 9 regulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model for multiple sclerosis. Using interval-specific congenic rat lines and association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with inflammatory phenotypes, we localized the gene of influence to Vav1, which codes for a signal-transducing protein in leukocytes. Analysis of seven human cohorts (12,735 individuals) demonstrated an association of rs2546133-rs2617822 haplotypes in the first VAV1 intron with multiple sclerosis (CA: odds ratio, 1.18; CG: odds ratio, 0.86; TG: odds ratio, 0.90). The risk CA haplotype also predisposed for higher VAV1 messenger RNA expression. VAV1 expression was increased in individuals with multiple sclerosis and correlated with tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma expression in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid cells. We conclude that VAV1 plays a central role in controlling central nervous system immune-mediated disease and proinflammatory cytokine production critical for disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Vav1 couples the T cell receptor to cAMP response element activation via a PKC-dependent pathway. Cell Signal 2010; 22:944-54. [PMID: 20138987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) is a regulator of the expression of several genes important for lymphocyte activation and proliferation. However, the proximal signaling events leading to activation of CREB in T cells upon antigen receptor stimulation remain unknown. Here we identify a role for Vav1 in the activation of the cAMP response element (CRE), the binding site for CREB. T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 - induced costimulation of Jurkat T cells expressing Vav1 but not a GEF-deficient mutant showed increased CRE activation (7.2+/-2.4 fold over control), whereas Vav1 downregulation by siRNA reduced activation of CRE by 2.6+/-1.3 fold. Inhibition of PKC and MEK but not p38 could reduce Vav1-mediated CRE activation, suggesting that Vav1 transmits TCR and CD28 signals to activation of CRE via PKC and ERK signaling pathways. As a consequence, downregulation of Vav1 impaired the expression of several CRE-containing genes like cyclin D1, INFgamma and IL-2, whereas overexpression of Vav1 enhanced CRE-dependent gene expression. Furthermore, cAMP-induced CRE-dependent transcription and gene expression was also modulated by Vav1, but did not require activation of PKC and the GEF function of Vav1. Our data provide insights into the signal transduction events regulating CRE-mediated gene expression in T cells, which affects T cell development, proliferation and activation. We identify Vav1 as an essential component of TCR-induced CRE activation and gene expression, which underlines the central role for Vav1 as key player for TCR signal transduction and gene expression.
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Abstract
Rho family GTPases, and the proteins that regulate them, have important roles in many cellular processes, including cell division, survival, migration and adhesion. Although most of our understanding of these proteins has come from studies using cell lines, more recent gene targeting studies in mice are providing insights into the in vivo function of these proteins. Here we review recent progress revealing crucial roles for these proteins in lymphocyte development, activation, differentiation and migration. The emerging picture shows that Rho family GTPases transduce signals from receptors for antigens, chemokines and cytokines, as well as adhesion molecules and pattern recognition receptors, and that they function as focal points for crosstalk between different signalling pathways.
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9
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Baranzini SE. Systems-based medicine approaches to understand and treat complex diseases. The example of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2009; 39:651-62. [PMID: 17178562 DOI: 10.1080/08916930601061686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Systems medicine is an emerging concept that acknowledges the complexity of a multitude of non-linear interactions among molecular and physiological variables. Under this new paradigm, rather than a collection of symptoms, diseases are seen as the product of deviations from a robust steady state compatible with life. This concept requires the incorporation of mathematics and physics to the more classical arsenal of physiology and molecular biology with which physicians are trained today. This review explores the diverse types of information that can be accumulated towards the understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS), a complex autoimmune disease that targets the central nervous system (CNS). The challenge of data integration and modeling of dynamical systems is discussed in the context of disease susceptibility and response to treatment. A theoretical framework that supports the use of combination therapy is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue Room S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA.
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10
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T-cell receptor- and CD28-induced Vav1 activity is required for the accumulation of primed T cells into antigenic tissue. Blood 2008; 113:3696-705. [PMID: 19060239 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-176511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of primed T cells to antigenic tissue is essential for the development of effective immunity. Together with tissue-selective homing molecules, T-cell receptor (TCR)- and CD28-mediated signals have been shown to promote transendothelial migration of specific T cells into nonlymphoid antigen-rich tissue. However, the cellular and molecular requirements for T-cell accumulation to target tissue following their recruitment are largely undefined. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav1 has an integral role in coupling TCR and CD28 to signaling pathways that regulate T-cell activation and migration. Here, we have investigated the contribution of TCR- and CD28-induced Vav1 activity to the trafficking and localization of primed HY-specific CD4(+) T cells to antigenic sites. Severe migratory defects displayed by Vav1(-/-) T cells in vitro were fully compensated by a combination of shear flow and chemokines, leading to normal recruitment of Vav1(-/-) T cells in vivo. In contrast, Vav1(-/-) T-cell retention into antigen-rich tissue was severely impaired, reflecting T cells' inability to engage in sustained TCR- and CD28-mediated interactions with tissue-resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This novel function of APC-induced, and TCR- and CD28-mediated Vav1 activity in the regulation of effector T-cell immunity highlights its potential as a therapeutic target in T cell-mediated tissue damage.
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11
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Magnus T, Schreiner B, Korn T, Jack C, Guo H, Antel J, Ifergan I, Chen L, Bischof F, Bar-Or A, Wiendl H. Microglial expression of the B7 family member B7 homolog 1 confers strong immune inhibition: implications for immune responses and autoimmunity in the CNS. J Neurosci 2006; 25:2537-46. [PMID: 15758163 PMCID: PMC6725171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4794-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the CNS is usually locally limited to avoid devastating consequences. Critical players involved in this immune regulatory process are the resident immune cells of the brain, the microglia. Interactions between the growing family of B7 costimulatory ligands and their receptors are increasingly recognized as important pathways for costimulation and/or inhibition of immune responses. Human and mouse microglial cells constitutively express B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) in vitro. However, under inflammatory conditions [presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or T-helper 1 supernatants], a significant upregulation of B7-H1 was detectable. Expression levels of B7-H1 protein on microglial cells were substantially higher compared with astrocytes or splenocytes. Coculture experiments of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive antigen-presenting cells (APC) with syngeneic T cells in the presence of antigen demonstrated the functional consequences of B7-H1 expression on T-cell activation. In the presence of a neutralizing anti-B7-H1 antibody, both the production of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma and interleukin-2) and the upregulation of activation markers (inducible costimulatory signal) by T cells were markedly enhanced. Interestingly, this effect was clearly more pronounced when microglial cells were used as APC, compared with astrocytes or splenocytes. Furthermore, B7-H1 was highly upregulated during the course of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced and proteolipid protein-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in vivo. Expression was predominantly localized to areas of strongest inflammation and could be colocalized with microglial cells/macrophages as well as T cells. Together, our data propose microglial B7-H1 as an important immune inhibitory molecule capable of downregulating T-cell activation in the CNS and thus confining immunopathological damage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University of Homburg, D-66424 Homburg, Germany
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12
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Vicente-Manzanares M, Cruz-Adalia A, Martín-Cófreces NB, Cabrero JR, Dosil M, Alvarado-Sánchez B, Bustelo XR, Sánchez-Madrid F. Control of lymphocyte shape and the chemotactic response by the GTP exchange factor Vav. Blood 2004; 105:3026-34. [PMID: 15618472 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases control many facets of cell polarity and migration; namely, the reorganization of the cellular cytoskeleton to extracellular stimuli. Rho GTPases are activated by GTP exchange factors (GEFs), which induce guanosine diphosphate (GDP) release and the stabilization of the nucleotide-free state. Thus, the role of GEFs in the regulation of the cellular response to extracellular cues during cell migration is a critical step of this process. In this report, we have analyzed the activation and subcellular localization of the hematopoietic GEF Vav in human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1alpha). We show a robust activation of Vav and its redistribution to motility-associated subcellular structures, and we provide biochemical evidence of the recruitment of Vav to the membrane of SDF-1alpha-activated human lymphocytes, where it transiently interacts with the SDF-1alpha receptor CXCR4. Overexpression of a dominant negative form of Vav abolished lymphocyte polarization, actin polymerization, and migration. SDF-1alpha-mediated cell polarization and migration also were impaired by overexpression of an active, oncogenic Vav, although the mechanism appears to be different. Together, our data postulate a pivotal role for Vav in the transmission of the migratory signal through the chemokine receptor CXCR4.
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13
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Marsland BJ, Soos TJ, Späth G, Littman DR, Kopf M. Protein kinase C theta is critical for the development of in vivo T helper (Th)2 cell but not Th1 cell responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:181-9. [PMID: 15263025 PMCID: PMC2212016 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20032229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine-specific protein kinase C (PKC)-θ is predominantly expressed in T cells and localizes to the center of the immunological synapse upon T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 signaling. T cells deficient in PKC-θ exhibit reduced interleukin (IL)-2 production and proliferative responses in vitro, however, its significance in vivo remains unclear. We found that pkc-θ−/− mice were protected from pulmonary allergic hypersensitivity responses such as airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia, and immunoglobulin E production to inhaled allergen. Furthermore, T helper (Th)2 cell immune responses against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were severely impaired in pkc-θ−/− mice. In striking contrast, pkc-θ−/− mice on both the C57BL/6 background and the normally susceptible BALB/c background mounted protective Th1 immune responses and were resistant against infection with Leishmania major. Using in vitro TCR transgenic T cell–dendritic cell coculture systems and antigen concentration-dependent Th polarization, PKC-θ–deficient T cells were found to differentiate into Th1 cells after activation with high concentrations of specific peptide, but to have compromised Th2 development at low antigen concentration. The addition of IL-2 partially reconstituted Th2 development in pkc-θ−/− T cells, consistent with an important role for this cytokine in Th2 polarization. Taken together, our results reveal a central role for PKC-θ signaling during Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Marsland
- Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Wagistr. 27, CH8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
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