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Kaplan HJ, Sun D, Shao H. Damage-associated Molecular Patterns in Clinical and Animal Models of Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 30:734-740. [PMID: 34477485 PMCID: PMC8891391 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1954203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute & Department Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine/UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Yun J, Xiao T, Zhou L, Beuerman RW, Li J, Zhao Y, Hadayer A, Zhang X, Sun D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. Local S100A8 Levels Correlate With Recurrence of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis and Promote Pathogenic T Cell Activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1332-1342. [PMID: 29625456 PMCID: PMC5846334 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Methods Recurrent EAU was induced in Lewis rats by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) R16-peptide specific T cells (tEAU). Aqueous humor and serum samples were kinetically collected and DAMPs examined by quantitative proteomics, Western blot analysis, and ELISA. tEAU rats were treated with S100 inhibitor paquinimod followed by disease evaluation. The functions of T effector cells and T regulatory cells (Tregs) were compared between treated and nontreated groups. The expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells was examined by flow cytometry. Results S100A8, but not high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), in the eye was found to be correlated with intraocular inflammatory episodes. Administration of paquinimod significantly protected tEAU rats from recurrence. Treated tEAU rats had fewer R16-specific Th1 and Th17 cells, but increased numbers of Tregs. R16-specific T cells from treated tEAU rats into naïve recipients prevented induction of tEAU by R16-specific T cells from nontreated tEAU rats. Moreover, APCs from treated tEAU rats expressed higher levels of a negative costimulatory molecule, CD200R, and lower levels of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II molecules compared to APCs from nontreated tEAU rats. An opposite pattern of expression of these molecules was observed on APCs incubated in vitro with recombinant S100A8. Conclusions Our data demonstrate a link between local expression of DAMPs and autoimmune responses, and suggest that complete S100A8/A9 blockade may be a new therapeutic target in recurrent autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Amir Hadayer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Uveitis & Ocular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, China
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Li X, Lu R, Xu P, Zhang X, Dai M, Dai X, Qu J, Lu F, Chi Z. S100A8 promotes migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells in acute anterior uveitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36140. [PMID: 27786310 PMCID: PMC5081561 DOI: 10.1038/srep36140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveitis, the pathologic condition of inflammation of the uvea, frequently leads to severe vision loss and blindness. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein which mainly expresses in granulocytes and monocytes and plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. Here, we determined the role of S100A8-positive cells in acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and keratitis. In rat models of endotoxin (lipopolisaccharide, LPS) -induced uveitis (EIU) and keratitis, S100A8-positive granulocytes and monocytes increased significantly in the iris-ciliary body and cornea as well as in the blood. Interestingly, Glucocorticoids slightly increased S100A8 levels in leukocytes, but reduced its presence significantly in the iris-ciliary body after LPS injection. Moreover, inhibition of NF-kB activation remarkably suppressed both progression of AAU and total S100A8 levels in leukocytes and the iris-ciliary body after LPS administration. Additionally, S100A8 protein level was also found to be elevated in the serum of AAU patients parallel with the progression of AAU through the designated clinical stages. Thus, S100A8 plays a pivotal role in the processes of AAU through involvement in migration and infiltration of S100A8-positive cells. Our findings suggest that serum levels of S100A8 protein can be used to monitor inflammatory activity in AAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zuhui Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Laihe Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peipei Xu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mali Dai
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Dai
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Qu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zailong Chi
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
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Mueller CA, Conrad S, Schluesener HJ, Pietsch T, Schwab JM. Spinal cord injury-induced expression of the antiangiogenic endostatin/collagen XVIII in areas of vascular remodelling. J Neurosurg Spine 2007; 7:205-14. [PMID: 17688061 DOI: 10.3171/spi-07/08/205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces the disruption of neural and vascular structures. In contrast to the emerging knowledge of mechanisms regulating the onset of the postinjury angiogenic response, little is known about counterregulatory signals. METHODS Using immunohistochemical methods, the authors investigated the expression of the endogenous angiogenic inhibitor endostatin/collagen XVIII during the tissue remodeling response to SCI. RESULTS After SCI, endostatin/collagen XVIII+ cells accumulated at the lesion site, in pannecrotic regions (especially in areas of cavity formation), at the lesion margin/areas of ongoing secondary damage, and in perivascular Virchow-Robin spaces. In remote areas (> 0.75 cm from the epicenter) a more modest accumulation of endostatin/collagen XVIII+ cells was observed, especially in areas of pronounced Wallerian degeneration. The numbers of endostatin/collagen XVIII+ cells reached their maximum on Day 7 after SCI. The cell numbers remained elevated in both, the lesion and remote regions, compared with control spinal cords for 4 weeks afterwards. In addition to being predominantly confined to ED1+-activated microglia/macrophages within the pannecrotic lesion core, endostatin/collagen XVIII expression was frequently detected by the endothelium/vessel walls. Numbers of lesional endostatin/collagen XVIII+ endothelium/vessel walls were found to increase early by Day 1 postinjury, reaching their maximum on Day 3 and declining subsequently to enhanced (above control) levels 30 days after SCI. CONCLUSIONS The authors detected that in comparison to the early expression of neoangiogenic factors, there was a postponed lesional expression of the antiangiogenic endostatin/collagen XVIII. Furthermore, the expression of endostatin/collagen XVIII was localized to areas of neovascular pruning and retraction (cavity formation). The expression of endostatin/collagen XVIII by macrophages in a "late" activated phagocytic mode suggests that this factor plays a role in counteracting the preceding "early" neoangiogenic response after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Mueller
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tübingen Medical School, Tübingen, Germany.
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Raivich G, Banati R. Brain microglia and blood-derived macrophages: molecular profiles and functional roles in multiple sclerosis and animal models of autoimmune demyelinating disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:261-81. [PMID: 15571769 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and macrophages, one a brain-resident, the other a mostly hematogenous cell type, represent two related cell types involved in the brain pathology in multiple sclerosis and its autoimmune animal model, the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Together, they perform a variety of different functions: they are the primary sensors of brain pathology, they are rapidly recruited to sites of infection, trauma or autoimmune inflammation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis and they are competent presenters of antigen and interact with T cells recruited to the inflamed CNS. They also synthesise a variety of molecules, such as cytokines (TNF, interleukins), chemokines, accessory molecules (B7, CD40), complement, cell adhesion glycoproteins (integrins, selectins), reactive oxygen radicals and neurotrophins, that could exert a damaging or a protective effect on adjacent axons, myelin and oligodendrocytes. The current review will give a detailed summary on their cellular response, describe the different classes of molecules expressed and their attribution to the blood derived or brain-resident macrophages and then discuss how these molecules contribute to the neuropathology. Recent advances using chimaeric and genetically modified mice have been particularly telling about the specific, overlapping and nonoverlapping roles of macrophages and microglia in the demyelinating disease. Interestingly, they point to a crucial role of hematogenous macrophages in initiating inflammation and myelin removal, and that of microglia in checking excessive response and in the induction and maintenance of remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadij Raivich
- Department of Anatomy, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Perinatal Brain Repair Centre, University College London, Chenies Mews 86-96 WC1E 6HX London, UK.
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Role of Microglia and Macrophages in Eae. EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2005. [PMCID: PMC7120081 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25518-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and macrophages are related cell types that play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. This chapters reviews the role of these cells in the normal brain and their contribution to inflammatory demyelinating disease, including their role in antigen presentation, co-stimulation, and production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators
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Vandal K, Rouleau P, Boivin A, Ryckman C, Talbot M, Tessier PA. Blockade of S100A8 and S100A9 suppresses neutrophil migration in response to lipopolysaccharide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2602-9. [PMID: 12928412 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, proinflammatory activities had been described for S100A8 and S100A9, two proteins found at inflammatory sites and within the neutrophil cytoplasm. In this study, we investigated the role of these proteins in neutrophil migration in vivo in response to LPS. LPS was injected into the murine air pouch, which led to the release of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/A9 in the pouch exudates that preceded accumulation of neutrophils. Passive immunization against S100A8 and S100A9 led to a 52% inhibition of neutrophil migration in response to LPS at 3 h postinjection. Injection of LPS was also associated with an increase in peripheral blood neutrophils and the presence in serum of S100A9 and S100A8/A9. Intravenous injection of S100A8, S100A9, or S100A8/A9 augmented the number of circulating neutrophils and diminished the number of neutrophils in the bone marrow, demonstrating that S100A8 and S100A9 induced the mobilization of neutrophils from the bone marrow to the blood. Finally, passive immunization with anti-S100A9 inhibited the neutrophilia associated with LPS injection in the air pouch. These results suggest that S100A8 and S100A9 play a role in the inflammatory response to LPS by inducing the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow and directing their migration to the inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vandal
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Ryckman C, McColl SR, Vandal K, de Médicis R, Lussier A, Poubelle PE, Tessier PA. Role of S100A8 and S100A9 in neutrophil recruitment in response to monosodium urate monohydrate crystals in the air-pouch model of acute gouty arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2310-20. [PMID: 12905486 DOI: 10.1002/art.11079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of chemokines, S100A8, and S100A9 in neutrophil accumulation induced by the causative agent of gout, monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals. METHODS MSU crystal-induced neutrophil migration was studied in the murine air-pouch model. Release of chemokines, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/A9 in response to MSU crystals was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Recruited cells were counted following acetic blue staining, and the subpopulations were characterized by Wright-Giemsa staining of cytospins. RESULTS MSU crystals induced the accumulation of neutrophils following injection in the air pouch, which correlated with the release of the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL2, and CCL3. However, none of these was found to play an important role in neutrophil migration induced by MSU crystals by passive immunization with antibodies directed against each chemokine. S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/A9 were also found at high levels in the pouch exudates following injection of MSU crystals. In addition, injection of S100A8, S100A9, or S100A8/A9 led to the accumulation of neutrophils in the murine air pouch, demonstrating their proinflammatory activities in vivo. Passive immunization with anti-S100A8 and anti-S100A9 led to a total inhibition of the accumulation of neutrophils. Finally, S100A8/A9 was found at high concentrations in the synovial fluid of patients with gout. CONCLUSION S100A8 and S100A8/A9 are essential to neutrophil migration induced by MSU crystals. These results suggest that they might be involved in the pathogenesis of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carle Ryckman
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Nacken W, Roth J, Sorg C, Kerkhoff C. S100A9/S100A8: Myeloid representatives of the S100 protein family as prominent players in innate immunity. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 60:569-80. [PMID: 12645005 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation and are thereby at the forefront of the organism's defense against numerous attacks. As unspecific phagocytes, they belong to the so-called innate immunity. Two S100 proteins, namely S100A9 (MRP14) and S100A8 (MRP8), constitute roughly 40% of the cytosolic protein in these cells, implying by their pure abundance an important role in the effector functions of neutrophils. However, despite intense research in the past 15 years, the puzzle that may embed both molecules into the neutrophil/monocyte physiology is still incomplete. One reason might be the conformational variability the S100A9 and S100A8 molecules can adopt. They readily form hetero- and homodimeric, trimeric as well as tetrameric complexes, but they evidently do also exert specific functions as monomers. An ever-increasing body of information suggests that S100A9 plays a prominent role in leukocyte trafficking and arachidonic acid metabolism. In addition, elevated levels of S100A9 and S100A8 in body fluids of inflamed tissues strengthen the view that these molecules are important players in fighting inflammation. The aim of this review is to give an update on the current developments concerning the S100A9/S100A8 molecule in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Nacken
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Hofmann N, Lachnit N, Streppel M, Witter B, Neiss WF, Guntinas-Lichius O, Angelov DN. Increased expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, and MIP-1 alpha by spinal perivascular macrophages during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. BMC Immunol 2002; 3:11. [PMID: 12196270 PMCID: PMC126207 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2002] [Accepted: 08/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cells extravasation and CNS parenchyma infiltration during autoimmune neurodegenerative disease can be evoked by local antigen presenting cells. Studying the chemoattracting potential of spinal perivascular macrophages (SPM) during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), we observed numerous infiltrates of densely-packed mononuclear cells. Apart from the poor spatial and optical resolution, no differentiation between the resident SPM (mabs ED1+, ED2+) and the just recruited monocytes/macrophages (mab ED1+) was possible. RESULTS This is why we labeled SPM by injections of different fluoresecent dyes into the lateral cerebral ventricle before induction of active EAE. Within an additional experimental set EAE was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of T-cells specifically sensitized to myelin basic protein (MBP) and engineered to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP). In both experiments we observed a strong activation of SPM (mabs OX6+, SILK6+, CD40+, CD80+, CD86+) which was accompanied by a consistently increased expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and the chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that SPM play a role in promoting lymphocyte extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hofmann
- Institut für Anatomie der Universität zu Köln, Germany
| | - Nina Lachnit
- Institut für Anatomie der Universität zu Köln, Germany
| | - Michael Streppel
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde der Universität zu Köln, Germany
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Walther M, Popratiloff A, Lachnit N, Hofmann N, Streppel M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Neiss WF, Angelov DN. Exogenous antigen containing perivascular phagocytes induce a non-encephalitogenic extravasation of primed lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 117:30-42. [PMID: 11431002 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that T-lymphocyte extravasation and CNS-parenchymal infiltration during autoimmune disease might be regulated by antigen-presenting (ED2(+)) cerebral/spinal perivascular phagocytes (CPP/SPP). Since the massive erythrocytic and leukocytic infiltrates in the CNS of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis do not allow a precise differentiation between CPP/SPP and the invading cells in the Virchow-Robin space, we developed a new immune-response model whereby the extravasation of T-lymphocytes was not followed by other blood cells. Adult Lewis rats were sensitized to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Subsequent intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of HRP and/or Fluoro-Emerald (FE) served to: (1) challenge the primed T-lymphocytes and (2) label the CPP/SPP for additional immunocytochemical analysis. We found that 24 h and 3 days after single, double, or triple antigen boosting T-lymphocytes (R73(+), W3/25(+), OX50(+)) entered the Virchow-Robin space but did not break through the astrocytic glia limitans. Instead they adhered to HRP-containing activated CPP/SPP (mabs OX-6(+), SILK6(+), CD40(+), CD80(+), CD86(+)). This selective contact was mediated neither by cell adhesion molecules (P-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1), nor promoted by chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR5) or chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES). This non-inflammatory, but antigen-dependent lymphocyte extravasation provides optimal conditions to further study the CNS immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walther
- Institut I für Anatomie der Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
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12
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