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Sadowski K, Jażdżewska A, Kozłowski J, Zacny A, Lorenc T, Olejarz W. Revolutionizing Glioblastoma Treatment: A Comprehensive Overview of Modern Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5774. [PMID: 38891962 PMCID: PMC11172387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in the adult population, with an average survival of 12.1 to 14.6 months. The standard treatment, combining surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, is not as efficient as we would like. However, the current possibilities are no longer limited to the standard therapies due to rapid advancements in biotechnology. New methods enable a more precise approach by targeting individual cells and antigens to overcome cancer. For the treatment of glioblastoma, these are gamma knife therapy, proton beam therapy, tumor-treating fields, EGFR and VEGF inhibitors, multiple RTKs inhibitors, and PI3K pathway inhibitors. In addition, the increasing understanding of the role of the immune system in tumorigenesis and the ability to identify tumor-specific antigens helped to develop immunotherapies targeting GBM and immune cells, including CAR-T, CAR-NK cells, dendritic cells, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Each of the described methods has its advantages and disadvantages and faces problems, such as the inefficient crossing of the blood-brain barrier, various neurological and systemic side effects, and the escape mechanism of the tumor. This work aims to present the current modern treatments of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Sadowski
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Jażdżewska
- The Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Zacny
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.)
| | - Tomasz Lorenc
- Department of Radiology I, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Thenuwara G, Javed B, Singh B, Tian F. Biosensor-Enhanced Organ-on-a-Chip Models for Investigating Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2865. [PMID: 38732975 PMCID: PMC11086276 DOI: 10.3390/s24092865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, an aggressive primary brain tumor, poses a significant challenge owing to its dynamic and intricate tumor microenvironment. This review investigates the innovative integration of biosensor-enhanced organ-on-a-chip (OOC) models as a novel strategy for an in-depth exploration of glioblastoma tumor microenvironment dynamics. In recent years, the transformative approach of incorporating biosensors into OOC platforms has enabled real-time monitoring and analysis of cellular behaviors within a controlled microenvironment. Conventional in vitro and in vivo models exhibit inherent limitations in accurately replicating the complex nature of glioblastoma progression. This review addresses the existing research gap by pioneering the integration of biosensor-enhanced OOC models, providing a comprehensive platform for investigating glioblastoma tumor microenvironment dynamics. The applications of this combined approach in studying glioblastoma dynamics are critically scrutinized, emphasizing its potential to bridge the gap between simplistic models and the intricate in vivo conditions. Furthermore, the article discusses the implications of biosensor-enhanced OOC models in elucidating the dynamic features of the tumor microenvironment, encompassing cell migration, proliferation, and interactions. By furnishing real-time insights, these models significantly contribute to unraveling the complex biology of glioblastoma, thereby influencing the development of more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathree Thenuwara
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland; (G.T.); (B.J.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Bilal Javed
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland; (G.T.); (B.J.)
- Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baljit Singh
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Furong Tian
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland; (G.T.); (B.J.)
- Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Elguindy M, Young JS, Mondal I, Lu RO, Ho WS. Glioma-Immune Cell Crosstalk in Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:308. [PMID: 38254796 PMCID: PMC10813573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma progression is a complex process controlled by molecular factors that coordinate the crosstalk between tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among these, immune cells play a critical role in cancer survival and progression. The complex interplay between cancer cells and the immune TME influences the outcome of immunotherapy and other anti-cancer therapies. Here, we present an updated view of the pro- and anti-tumor activities of the main myeloid and lymphocyte cell populations in the glioma TME. We review the underlying mechanisms involved in crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells that enable gliomas to evade the immune system and co-opt these cells for tumor growth. Lastly, we discuss the current and experimental therapeutic options being developed to revert the immunosuppressive activity of the glioma TME. Knowledge of the complex interplay that elapses between tumor and immune cells may help develop new combination treatments able to overcome tumor immune evasion mechanisms and enhance response to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Winson S. Ho
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Arifianto MR, Meizikri R, Haq IBI, Susilo RI, Wahyuhadi J, Hermanto Y, Faried A. Emerging hallmark of gliomas microenvironment in evading immunity: a basic concept. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-023-00635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Over the last decade, since clinical trials examining targeted therapeutics for gliomas have failed to demonstrate a meaningful increase in survival, the emphasis has recently been switched toward innovative techniques for modulating the immune response against tumors and their microenvironments (TME). Cancerous cells have eleven hallmarks which make it distinct from normal ones, among which is immune evasion. Immune evasion in glioblastoma helps it evade various treatment modalities.
Summary
Glioblastoma’s TME is composed of various array of cellular actors, ranging from peripherally derived immune cells to a variety of organ-resident specialized cell types. For example, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a selective barrier between the systemic circulation and the brain, which effectively separates it from other tissues. It is capable of blocking around 98% of molecules that transport different medications to the target tumor.
Objectives
The purpose of this paper is to offer a concise overview of fundamental immunology and how ‘clever’ gliomas avoid the immune system despite the discovery of immunotherapy for glioma.
Conclusions
Herein, we highlight the complex interplay of the tumor, the TME, and the nearby normal structures makes it difficult to grasp how to approach the tumor itself. Numerous researchers have found that the brain TME is a critical regulator of glioma growth and treatment efficacy.
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Mohapatra S, Cafiero J, Kashfi K, Mehta P, Banerjee P. Why Don't the Mutant Cells That Evade DNA Repair Cause Cancer More Frequently? Importance of the Innate Immune System in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5026. [PMID: 36902456 PMCID: PMC10002487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for most malignant solid tumors still involves tumor resection followed by chemo- and radiation therapy, hoping to eliminate the residual tumor cells. This strategy has been successful in extending the life of many cancer patients. Still, for primary glioblastoma (GBM), it has not controlled recurrence or increased the life expectancies of patients. Amid such disappointment, attempts to design therapies using the cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have gained ground. Such "immunotherapies" have so far overwhelmingly used genetic modifications of Tc cells (Car-T cell therapy) or blocking of proteins (PD-1 or PD-L1) that inhibit Tc-cell-mediated cancer cell elimination. Despite such advances, GBM has remained a "Kiss of Death" for most patients. Although the use of innate immune cells, such as the microglia, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells, has been considered in designing therapies for cancers, such attempts have not reached the clinic yet. We have reported a series of preclinical studies highlighting strategies to "re-educate" GBM-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs) so that they assume a tumoricidal status. Such cells then secrete chemokines to recruit activated, GBM-eliminating NK cells and cause the rescue of 50-60% GBM mice in a syngeneic model of GBM. This review discusses a more fundamental question that most biochemists harbor: "since we are generating mutant cells in our body all the time, why don't we get cancer more often?" The review visits publications addressing this question and discusses some published strategies for re-educating the TAMs to take on the "sentry" role they initially maintained in the absence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhasmita Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Jared Cafiero
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Parag Mehta
- Aveta Biomics, Inc., 110 Great Road, Suite 302, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Probal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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6
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Lee-Chang C, Lesniak MS. Next-generation antigen-presenting cell immune therapeutics for gliomas. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163449. [PMID: 36719372 PMCID: PMC9888388 DOI: 10.1172/jci163449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation machinery and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are fundamental for an efficacious immune response against cancers, especially in the context of T cell-centric immunotherapy. Dendritic cells (DCs), the gold standard APCs, play a crucial role in initiating and maintaining a productive antigen-specific adaptive immunity. In recent decades, ex vivo-differentiated DCs from circulating CD14+ monocytes have become the reference for APC-based immunotherapy. DCs loaded with tumor-associated antigens, synthetic peptides, or RNA activate T cells with antitumor properties. This strategy has paved the way for the development of alternative antigen-presenting vaccination strategies, such as monocytes, B cells, and artificial APCs, that have shown effective therapeutic outcomes in preclinical cancer models. The search for alternative APC platforms was initiated by the overall limited clinical impact of DC vaccines, especially in indications such as gliomas, a primary brain tumor known for resistance to any immune intervention. In this Review, we navigate the APC immune therapeutics' past, present, and future in the context of primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Petersen N, Torz L, Jensen KHR, Hjortø GM, Spiess K, Rosenkilde MM. Three-Dimensional Explant Platform for Studies on Choroid Plexus Epithelium. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:108. [PMID: 32431599 PMCID: PMC7214744 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) plays a major role in controlling the entry of substances and immune cells into the brain as it forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) in the brain ventricles. Dysregulated immune cell trafficking through the epithelial cell (EC) layer of CP is central for the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in the brain and many neurodegenerative disorders. In vitro studies elucidating the function of the CP have so far been limited to the monolayer culture of CP ECs. To mimic immune cell migration across the CP barrier, a three-dimensional model would be advantageous. Here, we present an in vitro platform for studies of the immune cell trafficking based on CP explants/organoids. The explants were generated from fragments of mouse CPs in Matrigel, where the cells formed luminal spaces and could be maintained in culture for at least 8 weeks. We demonstrate expression of the major CP markers in the explants, including transthyretin and aquaporin 1 as well as ZO1 and ICAM-1, indicating a capacity for secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and presence of tight junctions. CP explants displayed CP-like cell polarization and formed an intact EC barrier. We also show that the expression of transthyretin, transferrin, occludin and other genes associated with various functions of CP was maintained in the explants at similar levels as in native CP. By using dendritic cells and neutrophils, we show that the migration activity of immune cells and their interactions with CP epithelium can be monitored by microscopy. Thereby, the three-dimensional CP explant model can be used to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating immune cell migration through CP epithelium and other functions of choroid EC. We propose this platform can potentially be used in the search for therapeutic targets and intervention strategies to improve control of (drug) substances and (immune) cell entry into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lola Torz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian H Reveles Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Spiess
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Demirci T, Aydin MD, Caglar O, Aydin N, Ozmen S, Nalci KA, Ahiskalioglu A, Kocak MN, Keles S. First definition of burned choroid plexus in acidic cerebrospinal fluid-filled brain ventricles during subarachnoid hemorrhage: Experimental study. Neuropathology 2020; 40:251-260. [PMID: 32153066 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acidosis is the most troubling complication in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) if carotid body (CB) networks are disrupted. However, histopathological examination of the choroid plexus (CP) in acidic CSF has not been evaluated so far. In this study, we aimed to investigate the CP in acidic CSF following SAH. Twenty-eight rabbits were used. Five rabbits were used to analyze CB network (control group; n = 5); seven rabbits were injected 1 mL of saline (Sham group; n = 7); and the rest 16 rabbits were given 1 mL of autologous arterial blood inject into the cisterna magna to create SAH (SAH group; n = 16). Blood and CSF pH values were recorded before/during/after the experimental procedures. Nuclear darkening, cellular shrinkage and pyknosis suggested the presence of apoptosis of epithelial cells of CP. The densities of normal and degenerated epithelial cells of CPs were estimated using stereological methods. The relationship between the pH values and degenerated epithelial cell densities of CPs were statistically compared by Mann-Whitney U-test. The pH values of blood were estimated as 7.359 ± 0.039 in the control group, 7.318 ± 0.062 in the Sham group, 7.23 ± 0.013 in the SAH group. CSF pH values were 7.313 ± 0.028 in the control group, 7.296 ± 0.045 in the Sham group, and 7.224 ± 0.012 in the SAH group. Degenerated epithelial cell density of CP was 25 ± 7 in the control group, 226 ± 64 in the Sham group, and 2115 ± 635 in the SAH group. There was a considerable link between CSF pH values and degenerated epithelial cells of CP (P < 0.0001). This study shows that CB insult causes acidosis of CSF as well as cellular degeneration of CP during SAH. This is the first description of this in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Demirci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet D Aydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Caglar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nazan Aydin
- Department of Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty, Uskudar University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevilay Ozmen
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kemal A Nalci
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Ahiskalioglu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet N Kocak
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sait Keles
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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9
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De Laere M, Berneman ZN, Cools N. To the Brain and Back: Migratory Paths of Dendritic Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:178-192. [PMID: 29342287 PMCID: PMC5901086 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of dendritic cells (DC) to the central nervous system (CNS) is a critical event in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). While up until now, research has mainly focused on the transmigration of DC through the blood-brain barrier, experimental evidence points out that also the choroid plexus and meningeal vessels represent important gateways to the CNS, especially in early disease stages. On the other hand, DC can exit the CNS to maintain immunological tolerance to patterns expressed in the CNS, a process that is perturbed in MS. Targeting trafficking of immune cells, including DC, to the CNS has demonstrated to be a successful strategy to treat MS. However, this approach is known to compromise protective immune surveillance of the brain. Unravelling the migratory paths of regulatory and pathogenic DC within the CNS may ultimately lead to the design of new therapeutic strategies able to selectively interfere with the recruitment of pathogenic DC to the CNS, while leaving host protective mechanisms intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime De Laere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
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A Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: From Preclinical Studies to Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040537. [PMID: 30991681 PMCID: PMC6521200 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and fatal primary central nervous system malignancy in adults with a median survival of less than 15 months. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the standard of care and provide modest benefits in survival, but tumor recurrence is inevitable. The poor prognosis of GBM has made the development of novel therapies targeting GBM of paramount importance. Immunotherapy via dendritic cells (DCs) has garnered attention and research as a potential strategy to boost anti-tumor immunity in recent years. As the “professional” antigen processing and presenting cells, DCs play a key role in the initiation of anti-tumor immune responses. Pre-clinical studies in GBM have shown long-term tumor survival and immunological memory in murine models with stimulation of DC activity with various antigens and costimulatory molecules. Phase I and II clinical trials of DC vaccines in GBM have demonstrated some efficacy in improving the median overall survival with minimal to no toxicity with promising initial results from the first Phase III trial. However, there remains no standardization of vaccines in terms of which antigens are used to pulse DCs ex vivo, sites of DC injection, and optimal adjuvant therapies. Future work with DC vaccines aims to elucidate the efficacy of DC-based therapy alone or in combination with other immunotherapy adjuvants in additional Phase III trials.
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Melnikov MV, Paschenkov MV, Boyko AN. [Dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 117:22-30. [PMID: 28617358 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171172222-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Main functions, structure and stages of development of dendritic cells (DCs) are reviewed. A role of DCs in the development of immune tolerance and autoimmune diseases as well as involvement of DCs in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS and their therapeutic potential in the treatment of MS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Melnikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A N Boyko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow City Center of Multiple Sclerosis, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Emerich DF, Skinner SJM, Borlongan CV, Thanos CG. A Role of the Choroid Plexus in Transplantation Therapy. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:715-25. [PMID: 16454346 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexuses (CPs) play pivotal roles in the most basic aspects of neural function. Some of the roles of the CP include maintaining the extracellular milieu of the brain by actively modulating chemical exchange between the CSF and brain parenchyma, surveying the chemical and immunological status of the brain, detoxifying the brain, secreting a nutritive “cocktail” of polypeptides, and participating in repair processes following trauma. This diversity of functions suggests that even modest changes in the CP can have far reaching effects. Indeed, changes in the anatomy and physiology of the CP have been linked to several CNS diseases. It is also possible that replacing diseased CP or transplanting healthy CP might be useful for treating acute and chronic brain diseases. Here we describe the wide-ranging functions of the CP, alterations of these functions in aging and neurodegeneration, and recent demonstrations of the therapeutic potential of transplanted CP for neural trauma.
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13
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Luessi F, Zipp F, Witsch E. Dendritic cells as therapeutic targets in neuroinflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2425-50. [PMID: 26970979 PMCID: PMC11108452 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system characterized by infiltration of immune cells and progressive damage to myelin sheaths and neurons. There is still no cure for the disease, but drug regimens can reduce the frequency of relapses and slightly delay progression. Myeloid cells or antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, and resident microglia, are key players in both mediating immune responses and inducing immune tolerance. Mounting evidence indicates a contribution of these myeloid cells to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and to the effects of treatment, the understanding of which might provide strategies for more potent novel therapeutic interventions. Here, we review recent insights into the role of APCs, with specific focus on DCs in the modulation of neuroinflammation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz,Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz,Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Esther Witsch
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz,Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Kaur C, Rathnasamy G, Ling EA. The Choroid Plexus in Healthy and Diseased Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:198-213. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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15
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Demeestere D, Libert C, Vandenbroucke RE. Therapeutic implications of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid interface in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:1-13. [PMID: 26116435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) comprises an epithelial monolayer that forms an important physical, enzymatic and immunologic barrier, called the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). It is a highly vascularized organ located in the brain ventricles that is key in maintaining brain homeostasis as it produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and has other important secretory functions. Furthermore, the CP-CSF interface plays a putative role in neurogenesis and has been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases such as the neurodevelopmental disorders schizophrenia and autism. A role for this CNS border was also implicated in sleep disturbances and chronic and/or severe stress, which are risk factors for the development of neuropsychiatric conditions. Understanding the mechanisms by which disturbance of the homeostasis at the CP-CSF interface is involved in these different chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases can give new insights into therapeutic strategies. Hence, this review discusses the different roles that have been suggested so far for the CP in these neuropsychiatric disorders, with special attention to potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Demeestere
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Role of the immunogenic and tolerogenic subsets of dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:513295. [PMID: 25705093 PMCID: PMC4325219 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder in the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination as well as axonal and neuronal degeneration. So far effective therapies to reverse the disease are still lacking; most therapeutic drugs can only ameliorate the symptoms or reduce the frequency of relapse. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are key players in both mediating immune responses and inducing immune tolerance. Increasing evidence indicates that DCs contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and might provide an avenue for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize the immunogenic and tolerogenic roles of DCs in MS and review medicinal drugs that may affect functions of DCs and have been applied in clinic for MS treatment. We also describe potential therapeutic molecules that can target DCs by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines in MS.
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17
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Williams JL, Holman DW, Klein RS. Chemokines in the balance: maintenance of homeostasis and protection at CNS barriers. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:154. [PMID: 24920943 PMCID: PMC4036130 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult central nervous system (CNS), chemokines and their receptors are involved in developmental, physiological and pathological processes. Although most lines of investigation focus on their ability to induce the migration of cells, recent studies indicate that chemokines also promote cellular interactions and activate signaling pathways that maintain CNS homeostatic functions. Many homeostatic chemokines are expressed on the vasculature of the blood brain barrier (BBB) including CXCL12, CCL19, CCL20, and CCL21. While endothelial cell expression of these chemokines is known to regulate the entry of leukocytes into the CNS during immunosurveillance, new data indicate that CXCL12 is also involved in diverse cellular activities including adult neurogenesis and neuronal survival, having an opposing role to the homeostatic chemokine, CXCL14, which appears to regulate synaptic inputs to neural precursors. Neuronal expression of CX3CL1, yet another homeostatic chemokine that promotes neuronal survival and communication with microglia, is partly regulated by CXCL12. Regulation of CXCL12 is unique in that it may regulate its own expression levels via binding to its scavenger receptor CXCR7/ACKR3. In this review, we explore the diverse roles of these and other homeostatic chemokines expressed within the CNS, including the possible implications of their dysfunction as a cause of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David W Holman
- Infectious Diseases Division, Decision Resources Group Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
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18
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The choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid: emerging roles in development, disease, and therapy. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17553-9. [PMID: 24198345 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3258-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although universally recognized as the source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the choroid plexus (ChP) has been one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. The reasons for this are multiple and varied, including historical perceptions about passive and permissive roles for the ChP, experimental issues, and lack of clinical salience. However, recent work on the ChP and instructive signals in the CSF have sparked new hypotheses about how the ChP and CSF provide unexpected means for regulating nervous system structure and function in health and disease, as well as new ChP-based therapeutic approaches using pluripotent stem cell technology. This minisymposium combines new and established investigators to capture some of the newfound excitement surrounding the ChP-CSF system.
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BMP4 sufficiency to induce choroid plexus epithelial fate from embryonic stem cell-derived neuroepithelial progenitors. J Neurosci 2013; 32:15934-45. [PMID: 23136431 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3227-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) have essential developmental and homeostatic roles related to the CSF and blood-CSF barrier they produce. Accordingly, CPEC dysfunction has been implicated in many neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and transplant studies have provided proof-of-concept for CPEC-based therapies. However, such therapies have been hindered by the inability to expand or generate CPECs in culture. During development, CPECs differentiate from preneurogenic neuroepithelial cells and require bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, but whether BMPs suffice for CPEC induction is unknown. Here we provide evidence for BMP4 sufficiency to induce CPEC fate from neural progenitors derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). CPEC specification by BMP4 was restricted to an early time period after neural induction in culture, with peak CPEC competency correlating to neuroepithelial cells rather than radial glia. In addition to molecular, cellular, and ultrastructural criteria, derived CPECs (dCPECs) had functions that were indistinguishable from primary CPECs, including self-assembly into secretory vesicles and integration into endogenous choroid plexus epithelium following intraventricular injection. We then used BMP4 to generate dCPECs from human ESC-derived neuroepithelial cells. These findings demonstrate BMP4 sufficiency to instruct CPEC fate, expand the repertoire of stem cell-derived neural derivatives in culture, and herald dCPEC-based therapeutic applications aimed at the unique interface between blood, CSF, and brain governed by CPECs.
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20
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Colton CA. Immune heterogeneity in neuroinflammation: dendritic cells in the brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:145-62. [PMID: 23114889 PMCID: PMC4279719 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical to an integrated immune response and serve as the key link between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Under steady state conditions, brain DC’s act as sentinels, continually sampling their local environment. They share this function with macrophages derived from the same basic hemopoietic (bone marrow-derived) precursor and with parenchymal microglia that arise from a unique non-hemopoietic origin. While multiple cells may serve as antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells present both foreign and self-proteins to naïve T cells that, in turn, carry out effector functions that serve to protect or destroy. The resulting activation of the adaptive response is a critical step to resolution of injury or infection and is key to survival. In this review we will explore the critical roles that DCs play in the brain’s response to neuroinflammatory disease with emphasis on how the brain’s microenvironment impacts these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Colton
- Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2900, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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21
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Meeker RB, Bragg DC, Poulton W, Hudson L. Transmigration of macrophages across the choroid plexus epithelium in response to the feline immunodeficiency virus. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:443-55. [PMID: 22281685 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although lentiviruses such as human, feline and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV, FIV, SIV) rapidly gain access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the mechanisms that control this entry are not well understood. One possibility is that the virus may be carried into the brain by immune cells that traffic across the blood-CSF barrier in the choroid plexus. Since few studies have directly examined macrophage trafficking across the blood-CSF barrier, we established transwell and explant cultures of feline choroid plexus epithelium and measured trafficking in the presence or absence of FIV. Macrophages in co-culture with the epithelium showed significant proliferation and robust trafficking that was dependent on the presence of epithelium. Macrophage migration to the apical surface of the epithelium was particularly robust in the choroid plexus explants where 3-fold increases were seen over the first 24 h. Addition of FIV to the cultures greatly increased the number of surface macrophages without influencing replication. The epithelium in the transwell cultures was also permissive to PBMC trafficking, which increased from 17 to 26% of total cells after exposure to FIV. Thus, the choroid plexus epithelium supports trafficking of both macrophages and PBMCs. FIV significantly enhanced translocation of macrophages and T cells indicating that the choroid plexus epithelium is likely to be an active site of immune cell trafficking in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology and Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, CB #7025, 6109F Neuroscience Research Building 103 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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22
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Ganea D, Kocieda V, Kong W, Yen JH. Modulation of dendritic cell function by PGE2 and DHA: a framework for understanding the role of dendritic cells in neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:277-291. [PMID: 21804863 DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation characterizes various neurological disorders. Peripheral immune cells and CNS-resident glia contribute to neuroinflammation and impact CNS degeneration, recovery and regeneration. Recently, the role of dendritic cells in neuroinflammation received special attention. The function of infiltrating immune cells and resident glia is affected by various factors, including lipid mediators. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-6 arachidonic acid and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most abundant in the CNS, play an important role in neuroinflammation. The major arachidonic acid bioactive derivative in immune cells, PGE2, and DHA have been reported to have opposite effects on dendritic cells in terms of cytokine production and activation/differentiation of CD4(+) T cells. Here we review the existing information on PGE2 and DHA modulation of dendritic cell function and the potential impact of these lipid mediators of dendritic cells in CNS inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Sreet, PA 19140, USA
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23
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Zozulya AL, Clarkson BD, Ortler S, Fabry Z, Wiendl H. The role of dendritic cells in CNS autoimmunity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:535-44. [PMID: 20217033 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated, central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease. Clinical and histopathological features suggest an inflammatory etiology involving resident CNS innate cells as well as invading adaptive immune cells. Encephalitogenic myelin-reactive T cells have been implicated in the initiation of an inflammatory cascade, eventually resulting in demyelination and axonal damage (the histological hallmarks of MS). Dendritic cells (DC) have recently emerged as key modulators of this immunopathological cascade, as supported by studies in humans and experimental disease models. In one such model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), CNS microvessel-associated DC have been shown to be essential for local antigen recognition by myelin-reactive T cells. Moreover, the functional state and compartmental distribution of DC derived from CNS and associated lymphatics seem to be limiting factors in both the induction and effector phases of EAE. Moreover, DC modulate and balance the recruitment of encephalitogenic and regulatory T cells into CNS tissue. This capacity is critically influenced by DC surface expression of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules. The fact that DC accumulate in the CNS before T cells and can direct T-cell responses suggests that they are key determinants of CNS autoimmune outcomes. Here we provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in our understanding of CNS-derived DC and their relevance to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla L Zozulya
- Department of Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Genève, 14, Switzerland
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24
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Choroid plexus: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:75-88. [PMID: 20033190 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus is an epithelial-endothelial vascular convolute within the ventricular system of the vertebrate brain. It consists of epithelial cells, fenestrated blood vessels, and the stroma, dependent on various physiological or pathological conditions, which may contain fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, granulocytes or other infiltrates, and a rich extracellular matrix. The choroid plexus is mainly involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by using the free access to the blood compartment of the leaky vessels. In order to separate blood and CSF compartments, choroid plexus epithelial cells and tanycytes of circumventricular organs constitute the blood-CSF-brain barrier. As non-neuronal cells in the brain and derived from neuroectoderm, choroid plexus epithelia are defined as a subtype of macroglia. The choroid plexus is involved in a variety of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative, inflammatory, infectious, traumatic, neoplastic, and systemic diseases. Abeta and Biondi ring tangles accumulate in the Alzheimer's disease choroid plexus. In multiple sclerosis, the choroid plexus could represent a site for lymphocyte entry in the CSF and brain, and for presentation of antigens. Recent studies have provided new diagnostic markers and potential molecular targets for choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma, which represent the most common brain tumors in the first year of life. We here revive some of the classical studies and review recent insight into the biology and pathology of the choroid plexus.
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25
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Grauer OM, Wesseling P, Adema GJ. Immunotherapy of diffuse gliomas: biological background, current status and future developments. Brain Pathol 2009; 19:674-93. [PMID: 19744040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive multimodal treatment approaches, the prognosis for patients with diffuse gliomas remains disappointing. Glioma cells often extensively infiltrate in the surrounding brain parenchyma, a phenomenon that helps them to escape surgical removal, radiation exposure and chemotherapy. Moreover, conventional therapy is often associated with considerable local and systemic side effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches is essential to improve the outcome of these patients. Immunotherapy offers the opportunity to specifically target residual radio-and chemoresistant tumor cells without damaging healthy neighboring brain tissue. Significant progress has been made in recent years both in understanding the mechanisms of immune regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as tumor-induced and host-mediated immunosuppression elicited by gliomas. In this review, after discussing the special requirements needed for the initiation and control of immune responses in the CNS, we focus on immunological phenomena observed in glioma patients, discuss different immunological approaches to attack glioma-associated target structures and touch on further strategies to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Grauer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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26
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Enrichment of Sca1+ hematopoietic progenitors in polycythemic mice inhibits leukemogenesis. Blood 2009; 114:1831-41. [PMID: 19584401 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-11-187419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a pronounced increase in the number of erythroid cells. However, despite this aberrant proliferation, the incidence of erythroleukemia is paradoxically rare in PV patients. In this study, we show that the progression of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia is delayed in a mouse model of primary familial congenital polycythemia in which the wild-type Epo-receptor (EpoR) gene is replaced with a truncated human EPOR gene. Herein, we show that these mice exhibit enrichment of Sca1(+)/cKit(-) progenitors and several mature immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. In cotransplantation experiments, Sca1(+)/cKit(-) progenitors inhibit the tumorigenicity of Sca1(-)/cKit(+) erythroleukemic cells. A cell line established from Sca1(+)/cKit(-) progenitors is also capable of inhibiting leukemic proliferation in culture and in mice. This phenomenon of leukemic inhibition, also detected in the serum of PV patients, is partially attributed to increased nitric oxide secretion. In addition, the administration of erythropoietin into leukemic mice induces a polycythemia-like state associated with the expansion of Sca1(+)/cKit(-) progenitors and derivative immune cells, thereby inhibiting leukemia progression. This study indicates that a combination therapy incorporating the enrichment of Sca1(+)/cKit(-) progenitors may serve as a novel approach for the treatment of leukemia.
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27
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Intracerebral dendritic cells critically modulate encephalitogenic versus regulatory immune responses in the CNS. J Neurosci 2009; 29:140-52. [PMID: 19129392 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2199-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) appear in higher numbers within the CNS as a consequence of inflammation associated with autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, but the contribution of these cells to the outcome of disease is not yet clear. Here, we show that stimulatory or tolerogenic functional states of intracerebral DCs regulate the systemic activation of neuroantigen-specific T cells, the recruitment of these cells into the CNS and the onset and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Intracerebral microinjection of stimulatory DCs exacerbated the onset and clinical course of EAE, accompanied with an early T-cell infiltration and a decreased proportion of regulatory FoxP3-expressing cells in the brain. In contrast, the intracerebral microinjection of DCs modified by tumor necrosis factor alpha induced their tolerogenic functional state and delayed or prevented EAE onset. This triggered the generation of interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing neuroantigen-specific lymphocytes in the periphery and restricted IL-17 production in the CNS. Our findings suggest that DCs are a rate-limiting factor for neuroinflammation.
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28
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Steel CD, Hahto SM, Ciavarra RP. Peripheral dendritic cells are essential for both the innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses in the central nervous system. Virology 2009; 387:117-26. [PMID: 19264338 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal application of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) causes acute infection of the central nervous system (CNS). However, VSV encephalitis is not invariably fatal, suggesting that the CNS may contain a professional antigen-presenting cell (APC) capable of inducing or propagating a protective antiviral immune response. To examine this possibility, we first characterized the cellular elements that infiltrate the brain as well as the activation status of resident microglia in the brains of normal and transgenic mice acutely ablated of peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo. VSV encephalitis was characterized by a pronounced infiltrate of myeloid cells (CD45(high)CD11b(+)) and CD8(+) T cells containing a subset that was specific for the immunodominant VSV nuclear protein epitope. This T cell response correlated temporally with a rapid and sustained upregulation of MHC class I expression on microglia, whereas class II expression was markedly delayed. Ablation of peripheral DCs profoundly inhibited the inflammatory response as well as infiltration of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. Unexpectedly, the VSV-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) response in the CNS remained intact in DC-deficient mice. Thus, both the inflammatory and certain components of the adaptive primary antiviral immune response in the CNS are dependent on peripheral DCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
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29
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Jovanović I, Ugrenović S, Vasović L, Čukuranović R, Stoiljković N. Morphometric characteristics of choroid plexus epithelial cells in cases with significantly different psammoma bodies' presence. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:32-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Rhodes RH, Lehman RM, Wu BY, Roychowdhury S. Focal Chronic Inflammatory Epileptic Encephalopathy in a Patient with Malformations of Cortical Development, with a Review of the Spectrum of Chronic Inflammatory Epileptic Encephalopathy. Epilepsia 2007; 48:1184-202. [PMID: 17553120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic cellular inflammation closely associated with epilepsy without an active infection is a hallmark of Rasmussen encephalitis (RE). RE has typical and defining features lacking in other rare epilepsy patients who also have neocortical lymphocytes without an identifiable cause. A patient with malformations of cortical development had an abrupt change in frequency and epileptic focus after 22 years of a stable seizure disorder. Functional neurosurgery yielded a specimen showing a mixed cellular meningoencephalitis in the absence of a demonstrable infection. METHODS Historical, neurologic, electroencephalographic, pathologic, and literature data were correlated. RESULTS There was a subarachnoid mixed infiltrate including evidence of dendritic cells in our patient and also cytotoxic T lymphocytes adjacent to karyolytic neurons that corresponded to cells previously demonstrated to damage neurons in RE. Literature review disclosed 42 other cases similar to RE but with heterogeneous findings. The course was more protracted and often more benign than in RE. The inflammation that would have markedly decreased or disappeared in RE over that period was generally still well represented. CONCLUSIONS Our patient has heterogeneous features similar to, yet with differences from, RE. Literature review of chronic cellular inflammatory epileptic encephalopathy cases also similar to RE discloses important differences that may reflect idiosyncratic reactions and pace of the disease rather than a different disease. Comorbidity factors, genetic population traits, and secondary effects of the seizure disorder may lead to an expansion of the initial site of damage by an autoimmune reaction. These cases might best be grouped, probably along with RE, as secondary autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy H Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019, USA.
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31
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Mathew TC. Diversity in the surface morphology of adjacent epithelial cells of the choroid plexus: an ultrastructural analysis. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 301:235-9. [PMID: 17318408 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is generally known that the luminal surface of the choroidal epithelial cells is covered with a luxuriant coat of slender microvilli and cilia. However, extensive ultrastructural studies on the surface morphology of choroidal epithelial cells are lacking. This study, therefore, is focused on the detailed surface morphology of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of adult Wistar rats using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The animals were anesthetized, perfused with 0.9% oxygenated saline followed by 3% gluteraldehyde and the choroid plexus was processed for routine electron microscopy. The results of the ultrastructural observations presented in this study show that even the neighboring choroidal epithelial cells may express distinct morphology. In addition to the usually described morphology of choroidal epithelial cells, in this study, the presence of cells with uniform small blebs, crenulated or doughnut shaped structures, large mature blebs, or cells with an extensive network of fibers were observed. Although, dissimilar surface morphology of adjacent choroidal epithelial cells may indicate their distinct functional status, further studies are necessary to understand the physiological relevance of the varied surface morphology of choroidal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thazhumpal Chacko Mathew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Sulaibekhat, Kuwait.
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32
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Karman J, Chu HH, Co DO, Seroogy CM, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Dendritic cells amplify T cell-mediated immune responses in the central nervous system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7750-60. [PMID: 17114446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation often starts with the invasion of T lymphocytes into the CNS leading to recruitment of macrophages and amplification of inflammation. In this study, we show that dendritic cells (DCs) facilitate T-T cell help in the CNS and contribute to the amplification of local neuroinflammation. We adoptively transferred defined amounts of naive TCR-transgenic (TCR) recombination-activating gene-1-deficient T cells into another TCR-transgenic mouse strain expressing different Ag specificity. Following adoptive transfers, we coinjected DCs that presented one or multiple Ags into the brain and followed the activation of T cells with defined specificities simultaneously. Injection of DCs presenting both Ags simultaneously led to significantly higher infiltration of T cells into the brain compared with injection of a mixture of DCs pulsed with two Ags separately. DCs mediated either cooperative or competitive interactions between T cell populations with different specificities depending upon their MHC-restricting element usage. These results suggest that DC-mediated cooperation between brain-infiltrating T cells of different Ag specificities in the CNS plays an important role in regulation of neuroinflammation. This work also implies that blocking Ag-specific responses may block not only the targeted specificities, but may also effectively block their cooperative assistance to other T cells. Therefore, these data justify more attention to Ag-specific therapeutic approaches for neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Karman
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Zozulya AL, Reinke EK, Ling C, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Dendritic cells in the CNS: immune regulators and therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis treatment. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.2.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential antigen-presenting cells responsible for initiating cellular immune responses. The increasing interest in the mechanisms of DC trafficking has created new and exciting opportunities for bench-to-bedside therapies to treat autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). However, tracking the migration of DCs in the CNS has proved to be more problematic owing to their low number in the immunologically privileged environment of the brain and high diversity as a cell population. A significant contributor to immune privilege in the brain is the blood–brain barrier, a unique structure recognized to regulate the entry of immune cells into the brain. Currently, it is hypothesized that the migration of DCs across the blood–brain barrier is critically important for the initiation of immune responses of CNS autoimmunity. This review summarizes the present knowledge on DC trafficking in the CNS and the main functions of these cells in initiating CNS autoimmunity. Selective identification of regulatory molecules and novel therapies to inhibit DC migration and function during CNS autoimmune diseases without affecting normal DC function under physiological conditions will be critical in treatments for neurological inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla L Zozulya
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathology, 1300 University Avenue, 6130 MSC, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Emily K Reinke
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathology, 1300 University Avenue, 6130 MSC, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Changying Ling
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathology, 1300 University Avenue, 6130 MSC, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Matyas Sandor
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathology, 1300 University Avenue, 6130 MSC, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 1300 University Avenue, 6130 MSC, Madison WI 53706, USA
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Mullen KM, Rozycka M, Rus H, Hu L, Cudrici C, Zafranskaia E, Pennington MW, Johns DC, Judge SIV, Calabresi PA. Potassium channels Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 are expressed on blood-derived dendritic cells in the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:118-27. [PMID: 16729292 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Potassium (K(+)) channels on immune cells have gained attention recently as promising targets of therapy for immune-mediated neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined K(+) channels on dendritic cells (DCs), which infiltrate the brain in MS and may impact disease course. METHODS We identified K(+) channels on blood-derived DCs by whole-cell patch-clamp analysis, confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. We also stained K(+) channels in brain sections from MS patients and control subjects. To test functionality, we blocked K(v)1.3 and K(v)1.5 in stimulated DCs with pharmacological blockers or with an inducible dominant-negative K(v)1.x adenovirus construct and analyzed changes in costimulatory molecule upregulation. RESULTS Electrophysiological analysis of DCs showed an inward-rectifying K(+) current early after stimulation, replaced by a mix of voltage-gated K(v)1.3- and K(v)1.5-like channels at later stages of maturation. K(v)1.3 and K(v)1.5 were also highly expressed on DCs infiltrating MS brain tissue. Of note, we found that CD83, CD80, CD86, CD40, and interleukin-12 upregulation were significantly impaired on K(v)1.3 and K(v)1.5 blockade. INTERPRETATION These data support a functional role of K(v)1.5 and K(v)1.3 on activated human DCs and further define the mechanisms by which K(+) channel blockade may act to suppress immune-mediated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Mullen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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35
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Nataf S, Strazielle N, Hatterer E, Mouchiroud G, Belin MF, Ghersi-Egea JF. Rat choroid plexuses contain myeloid progenitors capable of differentiation toward macrophage or dendritic cell phenotypes. Glia 2006; 54:160-71. [PMID: 16817190 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the choroid plexuses (CPs), which are specialized structures located within the brain ventricles. They are composed of a vascularized stroma surrounded by a tight epithelium that controls molecular and cellular traffic between the blood and the CSF. Cells expressing myeloid markers are present within the choroidal stroma. However, the exact identity, maturation state, and functions of these CP-associated myeloid cells are not fully clarified. We show here that this cell population contains immature myeloid progenitors displaying a high proliferative potential. Thus, in neonate rats and, to a lesser extent, in adult rats, cultured CP stroma cells form large colonies of macrophages, in response to M-CSF or GM-CSF, while, under the same conditions, peripheral blood monocytes do not. In addition, under GM-CSF treatment, free-floating colonies of CD11c(+) monocytic cells are generated which, when restimulated with GM-CSF and IL-4, differentiate into OX62(+)/MHC class II(+) dendritic cells. Interestingly, in CP stroma cultures, myeloid cells are found in close association with fibroblastic-like cells expressing the neural stem-cell marker nestin. Similarly, in the developing brain, macrophages and nestin(+) fibroblastic cells accumulate in vivo within the choroidal stroma. Taken together, these results suggest that the CP stroma represents a niche for myeloid progenitors and may serve as a reservoir for brain macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Nataf
- INSERM U433, IFR 19, Faculté de Médecine Laennec and Hôpital Neurologique, Lyon, France.
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36
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Strazielle N, Mutin M, Ghersi-Egea JF. [The choroid plexuses: a dynamic interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid]. Morphologie 2005; 89:90-101. [PMID: 16110745 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-0115(05)83244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexuses form one of the interfaces that control the brain microenvironment by regulating the exchanges between the blood and the central nervous system. They appear early during brain development. Originating from four different areas of the neural tube, they protrude into the ventricular system of the brain. The choroidal mechanisms involved in the control of brain homeostasis include the structural properties of the epithelial cells that restrict diffusional processes, as well as specific exchange and secretion mechanisms. In addition to the anatomical and histological organization of the choroidal tissue, this review describes the mechanism of cerebrospinal fluid secretion which is the most studied function of the choroid plexus. Experimental evidence for an implication of the choroid plexuses in neuroprotective mechanisms and in the supply of biologically active polypeptides to the brain are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Strazielle
- Unité INSERM 433, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon, France.
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37
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Emerich DF, Skinner SJM, Borlongan CV, Vasconcellos AV, Thanos CG. The choroid plexus in the rise, fall and repair of the brain. Bioessays 2005; 27:262-74. [PMID: 15714561 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexuses (CPs) are involved in the most-basic aspects of neural function including maintaining the extracellular milieu of the brain by actively modulating chemical exchange between the CSF and brain parenchyma, surveying the chemical and immunological status of the brain, detoxifying the brain, secreting a nutritive "cocktail" of polypeptides and participating in repair processes following trauma. This diversity of functions may mean that even modest changes in the CP can have far-reaching effects. Indeed, changes in the anatomy and physiology of the CP have been linked to aging and several CNS diseases. It is also possible that replacing diseased or transplanting healthy CP might be useful for treating acute and chronic brain diseases. This review focuses on the wide-ranging and under-appreciated functions of the CP, alterations of these functions in aging and neurodegeneration, and recent demonstrations of the therapeutic potential of transplanted CP for neural trauma.
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Karman J, Ling C, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Initiation of Immune Responses in Brain Is Promoted by Local Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2353-61. [PMID: 15294948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiating T cell-mediated immune response in and T cell homing into the CNS has not yet been clarified. In this study we show by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry that cells expressing CD11c, CD205, and MHC class II molecules and containing fluorescently labeled, processed Ag accumulate at the site of intracerebral Ag injection. These cells follow a specific pattern upon migrating out of the brain. To track their pathway out of the CNS, we differentiated DCs from bone marrow of GFP-transgenic mice and injected them directly into brains of naive C57BL/6 mice. We demonstrate that DCs migrate from brain to cervical lymph nodes, a process that can be blocked by fixation or pertussis toxin treatment of the DCs. Injection of OVA-loaded DCs into brain initiates a SIINFEKL (a dominant OVA epitope)-specific T cell response in lymph nodes and spleen, as measured by specific tetramer and LFA-1 activation marker staining. Additionally, a fraction of activated SIINFEKL-specific T cells home to the CNS. Specific T cell homing to the CNS, however, cannot be induced by i.v. injection of OVA-loaded DCs alone. These data suggest that brain-emigrant DCs are sufficient to support activated T cells to home to the tissue of DC origination. Thus, initiation of immune reactivity against CNS Ags involves the migration of APCs from nervous tissue to peripheral lymphoid tissues, similarly to that in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Karman
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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39
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Bragg DC, Childers TA, Tompkins MB, Tompkins WA, Meeker RB. Infection of the choroid plexus by feline immunodeficiency virus. J Neurovirol 2002; 8:211-24. [PMID: 12053276 DOI: 10.1080/13550280290049688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses rapidly penetrate into the brain and trigger an inflammatory process that can lead to significant neurologic disease. However, the mechanisms that permit efficient trafficking of macrophage-tropic and the more neurotoxic lymphocytotropic isolates are still poorly understood. One potential source of virus entry may be the blood-CSF barrier provided by the choroid plexus. Infected cells are often detected within the choroid plexus but it is unclear whether this reflects trafficking cells or infection of the large macrophage population within the choroidal stroma. To address this issue, we cultured fetal feline choroid plexus and evaluated the ability of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to establish a primary infection. Significant provirus was detected in macrophage-enriched choroid plexus cultures as well as in the choroid plexus of cats infected in vivo. FIV p24 antigen production in vitro was very low but detectable. Addition of a feline T-cell line to macrophages inoculated with FIV resulted in a dense clustering of the T cells over macrophages with dendritic cell-like morphologies and a robust productive infection. The direct infection of choroid plexus macrophages with FIV, the efficient transfer of the infection to T cells indicate that the choroid plexus can be a highly efficient site of viral infection and perhaps trafficking of both macrophage-tropic and T-cell-tropic viruses into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Bragg
- Neurobiology Curriculum and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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40
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Burthem J, Urban B, Pain A, Roberts DJ. The normal cellular prion protein is strongly expressed by myeloid dendritic cells. Blood 2001; 98:3733-8. [PMID: 11739179 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.13.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal isoforms of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) that cause prion diseases are propagated and spread within the body by "carrier" cell(s). Cells of the immune system have been strongly implicated in this process. In particular, PrP(Sc) is known to accumulate on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in individuals affected by variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. However, FDCs do not migrate widely and the natural history of prion disorders suggests other cells may be required for the transport of PrP(Sc) from the site of ingestion to lymphoid organs and the central nervous system. Substantial evidence suggests that the spread of PrP(Sc) requires bone marrow-derived cells that express normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). This study examined the expression of PrP(C) on bone marrow-derived cells that interact with lymphoid follicles. High levels of PrP(C) are present on myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) that surround the splenic white pulp. These myeloid DCs are ontologically and functionally distinct from the FDCs. Consistent with these observations, expression of PrP(C) was strongly induced during the generation of mature myeloid DCs in vitro. In these cells PrP(C) colocalized with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules at the level of light microscopy. Furthermore, given the close anatomic and functional connection of myeloid DCs with lymphoid follicles, these results raise the possibility that myeloid DCs may play a role in the propagation of PrP(Sc) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burthem
- Nuffield Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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41
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Kolb-Mäurer A, Unkmeir A, Kämmerer U, Hübner C, Leimbach T, Stade A, Kämpgen E, Frosch M, Dietrich G. Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with human dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6912-22. [PMID: 11598066 PMCID: PMC100071 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.11.6912-6922.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B is responsible for fatal septicemia and meningococcal meningitis. The severity of disease directly correlates with the production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and IL-8. However, the source of these cytokines has not been clearly defined yet. Since bacterial infection involves the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), we analyzed the interaction of N. meningitidis with monocyte-derived DCs. Using N. meningitidis serogroup B wild-type and unencapsulated bacteria, we found that capsule expression significantly impaired neisserial adherence to DCs. In addition, phagocytic killing of the bacteria in the phagosome is reduced by at least 10- to 100-fold. However, all strains induced strong secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 by DCs (at least 1,000-fold at 20 h postinfection [p.i.]), with significantly increased cytokine levels being measurable by as early as 6 h p.i. Levels of IL-1beta, in contrast, were increased only 200- to 400-fold at 20 h p.i. with barely measurable induction at 6 h p.i. Moreover, comparable amounts of cytokines were induced by bacterium-free supernatants of Neisseria cultures containing neisserial lipooligosaccharide as the main factor. Our data suggest that activated DCs may be a significant source of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines in neisserial infection and thereby may contribute to the pathology of meningococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kolb-Mäurer
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Major progress has been made over the last years in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune privilege and immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS). Once considered a passive process relying only on physical barriers, immune privilege is now viewed as a more complex phenomenon, which involves active regulation of immune reactivity by the CNS microenvironment. Evidence has also emerged that the immune system continuously and effectively patrols the CNS and that dysregulated immune responses against CNS-associated (exogenous or self) antigens are involved in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. In this article we shall briefly review current knowledge of how the immune response is regulated locally in the CNS and which cell types and molecular mechanisms are involved in shaping intracerebral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aloisi
- Laboratory of Organ and System Pathophysiology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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43
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Tindle RW, Herd K, Doan T, Bryson G, Leggatt GR, Lambert P, Frazer IH, Street M. Nonspecific down-regulation of CD8+ T-cell responses in mice expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein from the keratin-14 promoter. J Virol 2001; 75:5985-97. [PMID: 11390600 PMCID: PMC114314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.13.5985-5997.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) transforms basal and suprabasal cervical epithelial cells and is a tumor-specific antigen in cervical carcinoma, to which immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) induction are currently directed. By quantifying major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer-binding T cells and CTL in mice expressing an HPV16 E7 transgene from the keratin-14 (K14) promoter in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes and in thymic cortical epithelium, we show that antigen responsiveness of both E7- and non-E7-specific CD8+ cells is down-regulated compared to non-E7 transgenic control mice. We show that the effect is specific for E7, and not another transgene, expressed from the K14 promoter. Down-regulation did not involve deletion of CD8+ T cells of high affinity or high avidity, and T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta-chain usage and TCR receptor density were similar in antigen-responsive cells from E7 transgenic and non-E7 transgenic mice. These data indicate that E7 expressed chronically from the K14 promoter nonspecifically down-regulates CD8+ T-cell responses. The in vitro data correlated with the failure of immunized E7 transgenic mice to control the growth of an E7-expressing tumor challenge. We have previously shown that E7-directed CTL down-regulation correlates with E7 expression in peripheral but not thymic epithelium (T. Doan et al., J. Virol. 73:6166-6170, 1999). The findings have implications for the immunological consequences of E7-expressing tumor development and E7-directed immunization strategies. Generically, the findings illustrate a T-cell immunomodulatory function for a virally encoded human oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Tindle
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital and Clinical Medical Virology Centre, Herston Rd., Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Poliani PL, Brok H, Furlan R, Ruffini F, Bergami A, Desina G, Marconi PC, Rovaris M, Uccelli A, Glorioso JC, Penna G, Adorini L, Comi G, 't Hart B, Martino G. Delivery to the central nervous system of a nonreplicative herpes simplex type 1 vector engineered with the interleukin 4 gene protects rhesus monkeys from hyperacute autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:905-20. [PMID: 11387056 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750195872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of antiinflammatory molecules to patients affected by immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) has limited therapeutic efficacy due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We found that three of five rhesus monkeys injected intrathecally with a replication-defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1-derived vector engineered with the human interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene were protected from an hyperacute and lethal form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by whole myelin. The intrathecally injected vector consistently diffused within the CNS via the cerebrospinal fluid and infected ependymal cells, which in turn sustained in situ production of IL-4 without overt immunological or toxic side effects. In EAE-protected monkeys, IL-4-gene therapy significantly decreased the number of brain as well as spinal cord inflammatory perivenular infiltrates and the extent of demyelination, necrosis, and axonal loss. The protective effect was associated with in situ downregulation of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), upregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and preservation of BBB integrity. Our results indicate that intrathecal delivery of HSV-1-derived vectors containing antiinflammatory cytokine genes may play a major role in the future therapeutic armamentarium of inflammatory CNS-confined demyelinating diseases and, in particular, in the most fulminant forms where conventional therapeutic approaches have, so far, failed to achieve a satisfactory control of the disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Poliani
- Department of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute-DIBIT, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Furlan R, Poliani PL, Marconi PC, Bergami A, Ruffini F, Adorini L, Glorioso JC, Comi G, Martino G. Central nervous system gene therapy with interleukin-4 inhibits progression of ongoing relapsing-remitting autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Biozzi AB/H mice. Gene Ther 2001; 8:13-9. [PMID: 11402297 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2000] [Accepted: 09/30/2000] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that might benefit from anti-inflammatory therapies. However, systemic delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs in MS patients has so far been disappointing, mostly due to the limited capacity of these molecules to enter the CNS. We injected into the cisterna magna (i.c.) of Biozzi AB/H mice affected by a relapsing-remitting form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, a non-replicative herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-1-derived vector containing the interleukin (IL)-4 gene (d120:LacZ:IL-4). CNS delivery of the d120:LacZ:IL-4 vector, after EAE onset, induced the in situ production of IL-4 by CNS-resident cells facing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces and reduced by 47% (P < 0.02) the disease-related deaths. Compared with mice treated with the control d120:lacZ vector, IL-4-treated mice also showed a shorter duration of the first EAE attack, a longer inter-relapse period, and a reduction in the severity and duration of the first relapse. Protection from EAE progression in IL-4-treated mice was associated with activation of microglia in spinal cord areas where mRNA content of the pro-inflammatory chemokines, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and Rantes, was reduced and that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 was increased. Finally, CNS-infiltrating mononuclear cells from IL-4-treated mice produced lower levels of MCP-1 mRNA compared with control mice. Our results, showing that IL-4 gene delivery using HSV-1 vectors induces protection from EAE by in situ modulating the cytokine/chemokine-mediated circuits sustaining effector cell functions, indicate that the intrathecal 'therapeutic' use of nonreplicative HSV-1-derived vectors containing anti-inflammatory molecules might represent an alternative strategy in inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Cisterna Magna
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Microglia/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R Furlan
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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46
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Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF. Choroid plexus in the central nervous system: biology and physiopathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59:561-74. [PMID: 10901227 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/59.7.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexuses (CPs) are localized in the ventricular system of the brain and form one of the interfaces between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS). They are composed of a tight epithelium responsible for cerebrospinal fluid secretion, which encloses a loose connective core containing permeable capillaries and cells of the lymphoid lineage. In accordance with its peculiar localization between 2 circulating fluid compartments, the CP epithelium is involved in numerous exchange processes that either supply the brain with nutrients and hormones, or clear deleterious compounds and metabolites from the brain. Choroid plexuses also participate in neurohumoral brain modulation and neuroimmune interactions, thereby contributing greatly in maintaining brain homeostasis. Besides these physiological functions, the implication of choroid plexuses in pathological processes is increasingly documented. In this review, we focus on some of the novel aspects of CP functions in relation to brain development, transfer of neuro-humoral information, brain/immune system interactions, brain aging, and cerebral pharmaco-toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Strazielle
- INSERM U433, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Lyon, France
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