1
|
Hala S, Antony CP, Momin AA, Alshehri M, Ben-Rached F, Al-Ahmadi G, Zakri S, Baadhaim M, Alsaedi A, Thaqafi OAA, Arold ST, Al-Amri A, Pain A. Co-occurrence of mcr-1 and mcr-8 genes in multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from a 2015 clinical isolate. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 57:106303. [PMID: 33592301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Hala
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - C P Antony
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Red Sea Research Centre, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Momin
- Computational Bioscience Research Centre, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Alshehri
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Ben-Rached
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - G Al-Ahmadi
- Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Zakri
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Baadhaim
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Alsaedi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - O A Al Thaqafi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S T Arold
- Computational Bioscience Research Centre, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Al-Amri
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lima da Costa D, Pain A, de Oliveira Reis M, Ribeiz SRI, Aprahamian I. Severe Anorexia as a Single Symptomatic Presentation of Late-Life Depression. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:1255-1256. [PMID: 34866154 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-021-1691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Lima da Costa
- Ivan Aprahamian, MD, MS, PhD, FACP, FISAD. Group of Investigation on Multimorbidity and Mental Health in Aging (GIMMA). Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Jundiaí Medical School. 250 Francisco Telles st. ZIP 13202-550. Jundiaí. Brazil. E-mail: . Twitter: @IAprahamian
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hala S, Antony CP, Alshehri M, Alsaedi A, Thaqafi OA, Al-Ahmadi G, Kaaki M, Alazmi M, Alhaj-Hussein T, Yasen M, Zowawi M, Al-Amri A, Pain A. An Emerging Clone (ST2096) of Klebsiella pneumoniae Clonal Complex 14 With Enhanced Virulence Causes an Outbreak in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
4
|
Hala S, Paul Antony C, Alshehri M, Alsaedi A, O.Al Thaqafi A, Momin AA, Kaaki M, Alhaj-Hussein BT, Zowawi HM, Al-Amri A, Pain A. Emergence of mobile colistin resistance genes mcr-1 and mcr-8 in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
5
|
Maillard AM, Hippolyte L, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Chawner SJRA, Dremmel D, Agüera Z, Fagundo AB, Pain A, Martin-Brevet S, Hilbert A, Kurz S, Etienne R, Draganski B, Jimenez-Murcia S, Männik K, Metspalu A, Reigo A, Isidor B, Le Caignec C, David A, Mignot C, Keren B, van den Bree MBM, Munsch S, Fernandez-Aranda F, Beckmann JS, Reymond A, Jacquemont S. 16p11.2 Locus modulates response to satiety before the onset of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:870-6. [PMID: 26620891 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 600 kb BP4-BP5 copy number variants (CNVs) at the 16p11.2 locus have been associated with a range of neurodevelopmental conditions including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. The number of genomic copies in this region is inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI): the deletion is associated with a highly penetrant form of obesity (present in 50% of carriers by the age of 7 years and in 70% of adults), and the duplication with being underweight. Mechanisms underlying this energy imbalance remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate eating behavior, cognitive traits and their relationships with BMI in carriers of 16p11.2 CNVs. METHODS We assessed individuals carrying a 16p11.2 deletion or duplication and their intrafamilial controls using food-related behavior questionnaires and cognitive measures. We also compared these carriers with cohorts of individuals presenting with obesity, binge eating disorder or bulimia. RESULTS Response to satiety is gene dosage-dependent in pediatric CNV carriers. Altered satiety response is present in young deletion carriers before the onset of obesity. It remains altered in adolescent carriers and correlates with obesity. Adult deletion carriers exhibit eating behavior similar to that seen in a cohort of obesity without eating disorders such as bulimia or binge eating. None of the cognitive measures are associated with eating behavior or BMI. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that abnormal satiety response is a strong contributor to the energy imbalance in 16p11.2 CNV carriers, and, akin to other genetic forms of obesity, altered satiety responsiveness in children precedes the increase in BMI observed later in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Maillard
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Hippolyte
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,LREN-Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S J R A Chawner
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Dremmel
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Z Agüera
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A B Fagundo
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pain
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Martin-Brevet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,LREN-Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical SocCiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Kurz
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - R Etienne
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Draganski
- LREN-Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Jimenez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Männik
- Estonian Genome Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Reigo
- Estonian Genome Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - B Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU-Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Le Caignec
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU-Nantes, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR957, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - A David
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU-Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Mignot
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Unité Fonctionnelle de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - B Keren
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France
| | | | - M B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Munsch
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - F Fernandez-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J S Beckmann
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Jacquemont
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Black PA, de Vos M, Louw GE, van der Merwe RG, Dippenaar A, Streicher EM, Abdallah AM, Sampson SL, Victor TC, Dolby T, Simpson JA, van Helden PD, Warren RM, Pain A. Whole genome sequencing reveals genomic heterogeneity and antibiotic purification in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:857. [PMID: 26496891 PMCID: PMC4619333 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole genome sequencing has revolutionised the interrogation of mycobacterial genomes. Recent studies have reported conflicting findings on the genomic stability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the evolution of drug resistance. In an age where whole genome sequencing is increasingly relied upon for defining the structure of bacterial genomes, it is important to investigate the reliability of next generation sequencing to identify clonal variants present in a minor percentage of the population. This study aimed to define a reliable cut-off for identification of low frequency sequence variants and to subsequently investigate genetic heterogeneity and the evolution of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from single colonies from 14 rifampicin mono-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates, as well as the primary cultures and follow up MDR cultures from two of these patients. The whole genomes of the M. tuberculosis isolates were sequenced using either the Illumina MiSeq or Illumina HiSeq platforms. Sequences were analysed with an in-house pipeline. RESULTS Using next-generation sequencing in combination with Sanger sequencing and statistical analysis we defined a read frequency cut-off of 30% to identify low frequency M. tuberculosis variants with high confidence. Using this cut-off we demonstrated a high rate of genetic diversity between single colonies isolated from one population, showing that by using the current sequencing technology, single colonies are not a true reflection of the genetic diversity within a whole population and vice versa. We further showed that numerous heterogeneous variants emerge and then disappear during the evolution of isoniazid resistance within individual patients. Our findings allowed us to formulate a model for the selective bottleneck which occurs during the course of infection, acting as a genomic purification event. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated true levels of genetic diversity within an M. tuberculosis population and showed that genetic diversity may be re-defined when a selective pressure, such as drug exposure, is imposed on M. tuberculosis populations during the course of infection. This suggests that the genome of M. tuberculosis is more dynamic than previously thought, suggesting preparedness to respond to a changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Black
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - M de Vos
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - G E Louw
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - R G van der Merwe
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - A Dippenaar
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - E M Streicher
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - A M Abdallah
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - S L Sampson
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - T C Victor
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - T Dolby
- National Health Laboratory Services, Green Point, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J A Simpson
- National Health Laboratory Services, Green Point, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - P D van Helden
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - R M Warren
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| | - A Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wastling JM, Xia D, Sohal A, Chaussepied M, Pain A, Langsley G. Proteomes and transcriptomes of the Apicomplexa--where's the message? Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:135-43. [PMID: 18996390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Apicomplexa have some of the most comprehensive and integrated proteome datasets of all pathogenic micro-organisms. Coverage is currently at a level where these data can be used to help predict the potential biological function of proteins in these parasites, without having to defer to measurement of mRNA levels. Transcriptomic data for the Apicomplexa (microarrays, expressed sequence tag (EST) collections, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) tags) are also copious, enabling us to investigate the extent to which global mRNA levels correlate with proteomic data. Here, we present a proteomic and transcriptomic perspective of gene expression in key apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, Neospora caninum and Theileria spp., and discuss the alternative views of gene expression that they provide. Although proteomic evidence does not exist for every gene, many examples of readily detected proteins whose corresponding genes display little or no detectable transcription, are seen across the Apicomplexa. These examples are not easily explained by the "guilt by association", or "stock and go" hypotheses of gene transcription. With the advent of ultra-high-throughput sequencing technologies there will be a quantum shift in transcriptional analysis which, combined with improving quantitative proteome datasets, will provide a core component of a systems-wide approach to studying the Apicomplexa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Wastling
- Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pain A, Böhme U, Berry AE, Mungall K, Finn RD, Jackson AP, Mourier T, Mistry J, Pasini EM, Aslett MA, Balasubrammaniam S, Borgwardt K, Brooks K, Carret C, Carver TJ, Cherevach I, Chillingworth T, Clark TG, Galinski MR, Hall N, Harper D, Harris D, Hauser H, Ivens A, Janssen CS, Keane T, Larke N, Lapp S, Marti M, Moule S, Meyer IM, Ormond D, Peters N, Sanders M, Sanders S, Sargeant TJ, Simmonds M, Smith F, Squares R, Thurston S, Tivey AR, Walker D, White B, Zuiderwijk E, Churcher C, Quail MA, Cowman AF, Turner CMR, Rajandream MA, Kocken CHM, Thomas AW, Newbold CI, Barrell BG, Berriman M. The genome of the simian and human malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. Nature 2008; 455:799-803. [PMID: 18843368 PMCID: PMC2656934 DOI: 10.1038/nature07306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is an intracellular malaria parasite whose natural vertebrate host is Macaca fascicularis (the 'kra' monkey); however, it is now increasingly recognized as a significant cause of human malaria, particularly in southeast Asia. Plasmodium knowlesi was the first malaria parasite species in which antigenic variation was demonstrated, and it has a close phylogenetic relationship to Plasmodium vivax, the second most important species of human malaria parasite (reviewed in ref. 4). Despite their relatedness, there are important phenotypic differences between them, such as host blood cell preference, absence of a dormant liver stage or 'hypnozoite' in P. knowlesi, and length of the asexual cycle (reviewed in ref. 4). Here we present an analysis of the P. knowlesi (H strain, Pk1(A+) clone) nuclear genome sequence. This is the first monkey malaria parasite genome to be described, and it provides an opportunity for comparison with the recently completed P. vivax genome and other sequenced Plasmodium genomes. In contrast to other Plasmodium genomes, putative variant antigen families are dispersed throughout the genome and are associated with intrachromosomal telomere repeats. One of these families, the KIRs, contains sequences that collectively match over one-half of the host CD99 extracellular domain, which may represent an unusual form of molecular mimicry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pain
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Samanta S, Pain A, Ghosh M, Dutta S, Sanyal U. Evaluation of fluorenhymustine as a rationally designed novel anticancer agent. Exp Oncol 2005; 27:279-85. [PMID: 16404347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To develop a rationally designed new nitrogen mustard namely Fluorenhymustine (compound 2), where N,N'-bis(2chloro-ethyl)amino group, the established anticancer functionality, is attached to the 2-ethyl fluorenone hydantoin moiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS Starting from fluorenone hydantoin, a 3-step synthetic procedure was followed to obtain the title compound. 4-(4-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine was used to assess its chemical alkylating activity. Murine tumors (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and Sarcoma-180 (S-180)) were used to assess its in vivo activity. Its cytotoxicity was determined in vitro in MCF-7 human breast tumor cell line, toxicity - in vivo in normal and EAC bearing mice. 3H-Thymidine and 3H-Uridine were employed to study its inhibitory effect on DNA and RNA synthesis respectively in S-180 tumor cells in vitro. RESULTS Alkylating activity of fluorenmustine exceeded that of N-di(2-chloroethyl)amine used as a standard alkylating compound. It has displayed an excellent and reproducible antitumor activity in vivo against EAC and S-180 comparable to that of 5-fluorouracil judging by the increase in median survival times of treated animals. It also significantly increased the life span of mice bearing advanced tumors for 6 days before the drug challenge. However in vitro screening in MCF-7 did not reveal any significant cytotoxicity. The compound did not adversely affect hematopoiesis at its optimum dose. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were also not detected. It inhibited the synthesis of DNA and RNA in S-180 tumor cells at 8 microM concentration. CONCLUSION Results indicated promising chemotherapeutic potential of Fluorenhymustine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Samanta
- Department of Anticancer Drug Development, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta 700026, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eichinger L, Pachebat J, Glöckner G, Rajandream MA, Sucgang R, Berriman M, Song J, Olsen R, Szafranski K, Xu Q, Tunggal B, Kummerfeld S, Madera M, Konfortov BA, Rivero F, Bankier AT, Lehmann R, Hamlin N, Davies R, Gaudet P, Fey P, Pilcher K, Chen G, Saunders D, Sodergren E, Davis P, Kerhornou A, Nie X, Hall N, Anjard C, Hemphill L, Bason N, Farbrother P, Desany B, Just E, Morio T, Rost R, Churcher C, Cooper J, Haydock S, van Driessche N, Cronin A, Goodhead I, Muzny D, Mourier T, Pain A, Lu M, Harper D, Lindsay R, Hauser H, James K, Quiles M, Babu MM, Saito T, Buchrieser C, Wardroper A, Felder M, Thangavelu M, Johnson D, Knights A, Loulseged H, Mungall K, Oliver K, Price C, Quail M, Urushihara H, Hernandez J, Rabbinowitsch E, Steffen D, Sanders M, Ma J, Kohara Y, Sharp S, Simmonds M, Spiegler S, Tivey A, Sugano S, White B, Walker D, Woodward J, Winckler T, Tanaka Y, Shaulsky G, Schleicher M, Weinstock G, Rosenthal A, Cox E, Chisholm RL, Gibbs R, Loomis WF, Platzer M, Kay RR, Williams J, Dear PH, Noegel AA, Barrell B, Kuspa A. The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature 2005; 435:43-57. [PMID: 15875012 PMCID: PMC1352341 DOI: 10.1038/nature03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The social amoebae are exceptional in their ability to alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms. Here we describe the genome of the best-studied member of this group, Dictyostelium discoideum. The gene-dense chromosomes of this organism encode approximately 12,500 predicted proteins, a high proportion of which have long, repetitive amino acid tracts. There are many genes for polyketide synthases and ABC transporters, suggesting an extensive secondary metabolism for producing and exporting small molecules. The genome is rich in complex repeats, one class of which is clustered and may serve as centromeres. Partial copies of the extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA (rDNA) element are found at the ends of each chromosome, suggesting a novel telomere structure and the use of a common mechanism to maintain both the rDNA and chromosomal termini. A proteome-based phylogeny shows that the amoebozoa diverged from the animal-fungal lineage after the plant-animal split, but Dictyostelium seems to have retained more of the diversity of the ancestral genome than have plants, animals or fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Eichinger
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - J.A. Pachebat
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - G. Glöckner
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M.-A. Rajandream
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R. Sucgang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - M. Berriman
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J. Song
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - R. Olsen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - K. Szafranski
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Q. Xu
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - B. Tunggal
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - S. Kummerfeld
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - M. Madera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - B. A. Konfortov
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - F. Rivero
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - A. T. Bankier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - R. Lehmann
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - N. Hamlin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R. Davies
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P. Gaudet
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - P. Fey
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - K. Pilcher
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - G. Chen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - D. Saunders
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E. Sodergren
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - P. Davis
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Kerhornou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - X. Nie
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - N. Hall
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C. Anjard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - L. Hemphill
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - N. Bason
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P. Farbrother
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - B. Desany
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - E. Just
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - T. Morio
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - R. Rost
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute/Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - C. Churcher
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J. Cooper
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S. Haydock
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - N. van Driessche
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A. Cronin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - I. Goodhead
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - T. Mourier
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Pain
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M. Lu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - D. Harper
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R. Lindsay
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - H. Hauser
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K. James
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M. Quiles
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M. Madan Babu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - T. Saito
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - C. Buchrieser
- Unité de Genomique des Microorganismes Pathogenes, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - A. Wardroper
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - M. Felder
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Thangavelu
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK
| | - D. Johnson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Knights
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - H. Loulseged
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - K. Mungall
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K. Oliver
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C. Price
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M.A. Quail
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - H. Urushihara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - J. Hernandez
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E. Rabbinowitsch
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D. Steffen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M. Sanders
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J. Ma
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Y. Kohara
- Centre for Genetic Resource Information, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - S. Sharp
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M. Simmonds
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S. Spiegler
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Tivey
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S. Sugano
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - B. White
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D. Walker
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J. Woodward
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - T. Winckler
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Frankfurt (Biozentrum), Frankfurt am Main, 60439, Germany
| | - Y. Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - G. Shaulsky
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - M. Schleicher
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute/Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - G. Weinstock
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A. Rosenthal
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - E.C. Cox
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544-1003, USA
| | - R. L. Chisholm
- dictyBase, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - R. Gibbs
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - W. F. Loomis
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M. Platzer
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - R. R. Kay
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - J. Williams
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - P. H. Dear
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - A. A. Noegel
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - B. Barrell
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A. Kuspa
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030, USA
- Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pain A, Samanta S, Dutta S, Saxena AK, Shanmugavel M, Kampasi H, Qazi GN, Sanyal U. Evaluation of naphthalmustine, a nitrogen mustard derivative of naphthalimide as a rationally-designed anticancer agent. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2003; 22:411-8. [PMID: 14582700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalmustine, 2-[2-[bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino]ethyl]-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione (Compound 1) has been synthesized as a rationally designed new anticancer agent from N-(2-bromoethyl)naphthalimide. Its chemical alkylating activity exceeded that of nor-HN2 used as standard compound for comparison. Its antitumour efficacy was assessed in vivo in two murine ascites tumours namely Sarcoma-180 (S-180) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) by measuring the increase in median survival times (MST) of drug treated (T) over untreated control (C) mice. The clinical drug cyclophosphamide and the experimental compound mitonafide were used as positive controls for comparison. Compound 1 has displayed substantial and reproducible antitumoural activity in these tumours since very high remission times of treated animals were observed. Significant increase in the life span of mice bearing highly advanced tumour for 10 days before the drug challenge was also noted after its treatment. Its LD50 value was 200 mg/Kg by single i.p. injection. Its toxicity was also assessed in vivo in normal and in S-180 bearing mice by measuring drug-induced changes in hematological parameters, femoral bone marrow and splenic cellularity sequentially on days 9, 15 and 21 following drug treatment at the optimum dose of 12 mg/kg from day 1 to 7. The results indicated that the compound did not adversely affect hematopoiesis. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were also evaluated on those days but no such toxicities were detected. Naphthalmustine inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA in S-180 tumour cells. It was further screened in vitro in 4 different human tumour cell lines but no significant activity was observed in those lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pain
- Dept. of Anticancer Drug Development, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pain A, Samanta S, Dutta S, Saxena AK, Shanmugavel M, Kampasi H, Quazi GN, Sanyal U. Synthesis and evaluation of substituted naphthalimide nitrogen mustards as rationally designed anticancer compounds. Acta Pol Pharm 2003; 60:285-91. [PMID: 14714857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Bromonapmustine 4a and chloronapmustine 4b, two new nitrogen mustards of substituted naphthalimides, have been synthesized as mixed-function anticancer compounds from 4-bromo- and 4-chloro-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-naphthalimide respectively following a three-step process. Their chemical alkylating activity exceeded that of nor-HN2. Their antitumour efficacy were assessed in vivo in two murine ascites tumours, namely Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and Sarcoma-180 (S-180) by measuring the increase in median survival times (MST) of drug treated (T) over untreated control (C) mice. Two standard clinical drugs, namely endoxan (cyclophosphamide) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were used as positive controls for comparison. Both of them have displayed substantial and reproducible antitumoural activity in these tumours comparable with 5-FU. These compounds inhibit the synthesis of DNA and RNA in S-180 tumour cells. These were further screened in vitro in 3 different human tumour cell lines but no significant activity was observed in those lines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- DNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Drug Design
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Humans
- Imides/chemical synthesis
- Imides/pharmacology
- Nitrogen Mustard Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Nitrogen Mustard Compounds/pharmacology
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Spectrophotometry, Infrared
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pain
- Department of Anticancer Drug Development, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta-700026, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Morahan G, Boutlis CS, Huang D, Pain A, Saunders JR, Hobbs MR, Granger DL, Weinberg JB, Peshu N, Mwaikambo ED, Marsh K, Roberts DJ, Anstey NM. A promoter polymorphism in the gene encoding interleukin-12 p40 (IL12B) is associated with mortality from cerebral malaria and with reduced nitric oxide production. Genes Immun 2002; 3:414-8. [PMID: 12424623 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an important regulatory cytokine in infection and immunity. Administration of IL-12 may reduce complications of severe malaria in rodents. Polymorphisms in IL12B, the gene encoding the IL-12 p40 subunit, influence the secretion of IL-12 and susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes. We therefore investigated whether IL12B polymorphisms may affect the outcome of severe malaria. Homozygosity for a polymorphism in the IL12B promoter was associated with increased mortality in Tanzanian children having cerebral malaria but not in Kenyan children with severe malaria. Furthermore, homozygotes for the IL12B promotor polymorphism had decreased production of nitric oxide, which is in part regulated by IL-12 activity. These studies suggest that IL12B polymorphisms, via regulation of IL-12 production, may influence the outcome of malaria infection in at least one African population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Morahan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hall N, Pain A, Berriman M, Churcher C, Harris B, Harris D, Mungall K, Bowman S, Atkin R, Baker S, Barron A, Brooks K, Buckee CO, Burrows C, Cherevach I, Chillingworth C, Chillingworth T, Christodoulou Z, Clark L, Clark R, Corton C, Cronin A, Davies R, Davis P, Dear P, Dearden F, Doggett J, Feltwell T, Goble A, Goodhead I, Gwilliam R, Hamlin N, Hance Z, Harper D, Hauser H, Hornsby T, Holroyd S, Horrocks P, Humphray S, Jagels K, James KD, Johnson D, Kerhornou A, Knights A, Konfortov B, Kyes S, Larke N, Lawson D, Lennard N, Line A, Maddison M, McLean J, Mooney P, Moule S, Murphy L, Oliver K, Ormond D, Price C, Quail MA, Rabbinowitsch E, Rajandream MA, Rutter S, Rutherford KM, Sanders M, Simmonds M, Seeger K, Sharp S, Smith R, Squares R, Squares S, Stevens K, Taylor K, Tivey A, Unwin L, Whitehead S, Woodward J, Sulston JE, Craig A, Newbold C, Barrell BG. Sequence of Plasmodium falciparum chromosomes 1, 3-9 and 13. Nature 2002; 419:527-31. [PMID: 12368867 DOI: 10.1038/nature01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2002] [Accepted: 09/02/2002] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the sequencing of the first two chromosomes of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, there has been a concerted effort to sequence and assemble the entire genome of this organism. Here we report the sequence of chromosomes 1, 3-9 and 13 of P. falciparum clone 3D7--these chromosomes account for approximately 55% of the total genome. We describe the methods used to map, sequence and annotate these chromosomes. By comparing our assemblies with the optical map, we indicate the completeness of the resulting sequence. During annotation, we assign Gene Ontology terms to the predicted gene products, and observe clustering of some malaria-specific terms to specific chromosomes. We identify a highly conserved sequence element found in the intergenic region of internal var genes that is not associated with their telomeric counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Hall
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Samanta S, Pain A, Dutta S, Sanyal U. Evaluation of naphthal-NU, a 2-chloroethylnitrosourea derivative of naphthalimide, as a mixed-function anticancer agent. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2002; 21:87-93. [PMID: 12071535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Naphthal-NU, 2-[2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]ethyl]-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione (Compound 1) has been synthesized as a rationally designed new mixed-function anticancer agent from 1,8-naphthalic anhydride. Its chemical alkylating activity compared with CCNU as standard compound indicated that it possesses greater alkylating activity than the latter. Its antitumour efficacy was assessed in vivo in two murine ascites tumours namely Sarcoma-180 (S-180) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) by measuring the increase in median survival times (MST) of drug treated (T) over untreated control (C) mice. Three clinical drugs namely CCNU (lomustine), endoxan (cyclophosphamide) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were used as positive controls for comparison. Compound 1 has displayed excellent and reproducible antitumoural activity having curative effects in these tumours comparable with CCNU and 5-FU. It has also significantly increased the life span of mice bearing highly advanced tumour for 10 days before the drug challenge. Its toxicity was also assessed in vivo in normal and in S-180 bearing mice by measuring drug-induced changes in hematological parameters, femoral bone marrow and splenic cellularity sequentially on days 9, 15 and 21 following drug treatment at the optimum dose of 50 mg/kg from day 1 to 7. The results indicated that the compound did not adversely affect hematopoiesis. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were also evaluated at its optimum dose on those days but no such toxicities were detected. It was further screened in vitro in 6 different human tumour cell lines but no significant activity was observed in those lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Samanta
- Dept. of Anticancer Drug Development & Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Abnormal isoforms of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) that cause prion diseases are propagated and spread within the body by "carrier" cell(s). Cells of the immune system have been strongly implicated in this process. In particular, PrP(Sc) is known to accumulate on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in individuals affected by variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. However, FDCs do not migrate widely and the natural history of prion disorders suggests other cells may be required for the transport of PrP(Sc) from the site of ingestion to lymphoid organs and the central nervous system. Substantial evidence suggests that the spread of PrP(Sc) requires bone marrow-derived cells that express normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). This study examined the expression of PrP(C) on bone marrow-derived cells that interact with lymphoid follicles. High levels of PrP(C) are present on myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) that surround the splenic white pulp. These myeloid DCs are ontologically and functionally distinct from the FDCs. Consistent with these observations, expression of PrP(C) was strongly induced during the generation of mature myeloid DCs in vitro. In these cells PrP(C) colocalized with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules at the level of light microscopy. Furthermore, given the close anatomic and functional connection of myeloid DCs with lymphoid follicles, these results raise the possibility that myeloid DCs may play a role in the propagation of PrP(Sc) in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Burthem
- Nuffield Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Casals-Pascual C, Allen S, Allen A, Kai O, Lowe B, Pain A, Roberts DJ. Short report: codon 125 polymorphism of CD31 and susceptibility to malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 65:736-7. [PMID: 11791967 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1/CD31) has been identified as an endothelial cell receptor of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. The significance of adhesion of infected erythrocytes to this receptor in malaria infection has not been determined. We have therefore studied the association of the functional mutation CTG-->GTG (Leu-->Val) in codon 125 of the Cd31 gene with severe disease in 2 case-control studies of malaria in Madang Hospital, Papua New Guinea, and in Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya. We analyzed data from 442 cases and controls from Papua New Guinea and data from 396 cases and controls from Kenya. The codon 125 polymorphism was not associated with severe malaria in either study. We conclude that the presence of CTG-->GTG (Leu-->Val) substitution in codon 125 in CD31 is not associated with protection from severe malaria, and we suggest that selective forces other than malaria may maintain this high-frequency polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Casals-Pascual
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and National Blood Service, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Samanta S, Pain A, Dutta S, Sanyal U. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas of substituted naphthalimides as mixed-function anticancer compounds. Acta Pol Pharm 2001; 58:351-6. [PMID: 11876442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
New mixed function anticancer compounds as 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas of substituted naphthalimides represented by bromonap-NU 4a and chloronap-NU 4b, have been synthesized from 4-bromo- and 4-chloro-l,8-naphthalic anhydride, respectively following a 3-step process. Their chemical alkylating activity compared with nor -HN2 indicated that they possess greater alkylating activity than the latter. Their antitumour efficacies were assessed in vivo in two murine ascites tumours, namely Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and Sarcoma-180 (S-180) by measuring the increase in median survival times (MST) of drug treated (T) over untreated control (C) mice. Two standard clinical drugs namely endoxan (cyclophosphamide) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were used as positive controls for comparison. Both of them have displayed substantial and reproducible antitumoral activity in these tumours comparable with 5-FU. These were further screened in vitro in 6 different human tumour cell lines but no significant activity was observed in those lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Samanta
- Department of Anticancer Drug Development & Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
We sought genetic evidence for the importance of host-parasite interactions involving CD36 in severe malaria. We identified a non-sense mutation in Cd36 gene and looked at the influence of this mutation on the outcome of malaria infection in 693 African children with severe malaria and a similar number of ethnically matched controls. We showed that heterozygosity for this mutation is associated with protection from severe disease (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55-0.99; p=0.036). These findings suggest that this Cd36 mutation might have a complex effect on malaria infection by decreasing parasite sequestration, and also by decreasing host immune responses.
Collapse
|
20
|
Pain A, Ferguson DJ, Kai O, Urban BC, Lowe B, Marsh K, Roberts DJ. Platelet-mediated clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is a common adhesive phenotype and is associated with severe malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1805-10. [PMID: 11172032 PMCID: PMC29338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of malaria-infected erythrocytes in the peripheral circulation has been associated with the virulence of Plasmodium falciparum. Defining the adhesive phenotypes of infected erythrocytes may therefore help us to understand how severe disease is caused and how to prevent or treat it. We have previously shown that malaria-infected erythrocytes may form apparent autoagglutinates of infected erythrocytes. Here we show that such autoagglutination of a laboratory line of P. falciparum is mediated by platelets and that the formation of clumps of infected erythrocytes and platelets requires expression of the platelet surface glycoprotein CD36. Platelet-dependent clumping is a distinct adhesive phenotype, expressed by some but not all CD36-binding parasite lines, and is common in field isolates of P. falciparum. Finally, we have established that platelet-mediated clumping is strongly associated with severe malaria. Precise definition of the molecular basis of this intriguing adhesive phenotype may help to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kindgom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Pain A, Kai O, Urban B, Casals-Pascual C, Marsh K, Roberts D. A novel mis-sense mutation in the platelet glycoprotein CD36 is associated with protection from malaria. Transfus Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.2000.00261-5.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
Switching between the pathogenic smooth (1116S) and nonpathogenic rough (1116R) forms of Pseudomonas tolaasii occurs due to the reversible duplication of a 661-bp element within the pheN locus. Disruption of the chromosomal recA locus of 1116S and 1116R produced strains 1116SrecA and 1116RrecA, respectively, which showed typical loss of UV resistance. Switching from the smooth to the rough form was virtually eliminated in the 1116SrecA strain, whereas the extent of switching from the rough to the smooth form was almost identical in 1116R and 1116RrecA. It is concluded that phenotypic switching from 1116S to 1116R is recA dependent whereas that from 1116R to 1116S is recA independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sinha
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sanyal U, Nanda R, Samanta S, Pain A, Dutta S, Verma AS, Rider BJ, Agrawal KC. Evaluation of dimethylaminosulfonates of alkane diols as a novel group of anticancer agents. Cancer Lett 2000; 155:89-97. [PMID: 10814884 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of title compounds has been synthesized and evaluated by the cytotoxicity assays conducted in vitro in seven human tumor cell lines, initially in MT-4 and H-9, followed by U-937, PM-1, MCF-7, Hep-3B, and K-562. These compounds were simultaneously compared with the existing clinical drug, busulfan and also with an experimental drug, hepsulfam. IC(50) values of these agents in T-cell lymphoma and leukemic cell lines indicate that two of these agents hexsulfamyl and octsulfamyl (compounds 3 and 4) were significantly more potent than busulfan and were comparable in antileukemic activity with hepsulfam. In order to determine the effect of these agents on normal proliferating cells, the toxicity of 3 and 4 was also determined in vitro against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and against murine bone marrow progenitor cells. PBMC assay data indicate that these agents were generally less toxic than hepsulfam. The results of the colony forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) and granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit (CFU-GM) assays, however, indicate that these agents were more toxic than hepsulfam to erythroid progenitor cells than to granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. The toxicity of octsulfamyl was further assessed in vivo in normal Swiss mice by measuring drug-induced changes in hematological parameters, femoral bone marrow cellularity and splenic cellularity as well as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity on day 7 and 14 following drug treatment at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight from days 1 to 5. The results indicate that the compound did not adversely affect hematopoiesis. Marginal bone marrow suppression was observed on day 7, which gradually tends to reach normalcy on day 14. The other parameters were within normal limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Sanyal
- Department of Anticancer Drug Development and Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Red blood cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum can adhere to each other and so form large autoagglutinates. We show that this phenotype is common in field isolates and is strongly associated with severe malaria.
Collapse
|
26
|
Urban BC, Ferguson DJ, Pain A, Willcox N, Plebanski M, Austyn JM, Roberts DJ. Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes modulate the maturation of dendritic cells. Nature 1999; 400:73-7. [PMID: 10403251 DOI: 10.1038/21900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is one of the most successful human pathogens. Specific virulence factors remain poorly defined, although the adhesion of infected erythrocytes to the venular endothelium has been associated with some of the syndromes of severe disease. Immune responses cannot prevent the development of symptomatic infections throughout life, and clinical immunity to the disease develops only slowly during childhood. An understanding of the obstacles to the development of protective immunity is crucial for developing rational approaches to prevent the disease. Here we show that intact malaria-infected erythrocytes adhere to dendritic cells, inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells and subsequently reduce their capacity to stimulate T cells. These data demonstrate both a novel mechanism by which malaria parasites induce immune dysregulation and a functional role beyond endothelial adhesion for the adhesive phenotypes expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Urban
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Organotins are widely used in agriculture and industry. They are toxic to a variety of organisms including bacteria, although little is known of their physiology and ecology. Bacteria resistant to six organotins-tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and monophenyltin (MPT)-were isolated from Boston Harbor sediments, Massachusetts, USA. Bacteria resistant to each of the organotins, except DPT, were isolated directly from estuarine sediments. Viability of the organotin-resistant bacteria on serial transfer in the laboratory ranged from 80 to 91%. Each isolate was screened for resistance to the other organotins. All of 250 isolates were resistant to at least two organotins. No DPT-resistant isolates were found on initial isolation on DPT, although there was DPT resistance among the other organotin-resistant bacteria. Eighty percent of TBT-resistant bacteria were TPT-resistant, suggesting that antifouling paints containing TPT will not be a suitable substitute for TBT in paints designed to inhibit microbial biofilms. Debutylation reduced toxicity in some cases while dephenylation did not. Thus, even though trisubstituted organotins are generally believed to be more toxic than di- or monosubstituted organotins, this may not always be the case, and more than one mechanism of resistance may be involved. All the bacteria were resistant to at least six of eight heavy metals tested, suggesting that resistance to heavy metals may be associated with resistance to organotins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pain
- Environmental, Coastal and Ocean Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts, Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125-3393, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Han B, Pain A, Johnstone K. Spontaneous duplication of a 661 bp element within a two-component sensor regulator gene causes phenotypic switching in colonies of Pseudomonas tolaasii, cause of brown blotch disease of mushrooms. Mol Microbiol 1997; 25:211-8. [PMID: 9282733 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4411811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous sectoring of Pseudomonas tolaasii colonies results in a phenotypic switch from the smooth, pathogenic form (designated 1116S) to the rough non-pathogenic form (designated 1116R). This phenotypic switch can also be induced by mutation of the pheN master regulatory locus, which encodes a 99 kDa protein with homology to the conserved family of sensor regulator proteins. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from 1116S and 1116R probed with a 3.4 kb Xhol-BamHI fragment containing the pheN gene has revealed restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the pheN locus of 1116R. In order to characterize the genetic basis of this variation, the pheN locus (designated pheN') was cloned from 1116R and its nucleotide sequence determined. A 661 bp duplication was identified within pheN' introducing a frameshift mutation in the predicted pheN open reading frame (ORF). A resulting predicted ORF of pheN' designated ORF2 encodes a polypeptide of 706 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular weight of 77 kDa, and which lacks part of the PheN sensor domain. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA using a probe within the duplicated sequence revealed the presence of two bands in 1116R but only one band in the 1116S form. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of 25 independently isolated 1116R sectors using primers flanking the duplication site in pheN confirmed the presence of the duplicated 661 bp sequence within this region in all of the sectors and the absence of the duplicated sequence in spontaneous revertants from 1116R to 1116S. Northern blot analysis of RNA from 1116S and 1116R using a pheN probe showed that ORF2 was transcribed in the 1116R form. The presence of a truncated PheN protein in 1116R was verified by Western blot analysis of total cell protein using a LemA antiserum, which revealed the presence of 99kDa and 77kDa cross-reactive bands in 1116S and 1116R respectively. It is concluded that the spontaneous colony-sectoring event that results in the 1116R phenotypic variant form of P. tolaasii arises owing to a 661 bp DNA duplication within the 5' end of the pheN gene, which results in loss of the periplasmic sensor domain of PheN and elimination of normal PheN function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Han
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Hypersensitivity, dyspnoea and shock reactions to rifampicin in a 24-year-old man are described after a short course of daily treatment for tuberculous lymphadenitis. These combined reactions have not previously been reported after such a short course of therapy. Treatment with fluids, steroids, and antihistamines for the dyspnoea and shock reaction, and withdrawal of rifampicin led to complete recovery. The increased use of rifampicin in short courses may lead to more such reactions being observed.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
|