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Rafee RS, Pouretedal HR, Damiri S. Quantitative analysis of CL-20 explosive by smartphone-based chemiluminescence method. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4775. [PMID: 38745525 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A new smartphone-based chemiluminescence method has been introduced for the quantitative analysis of CL-20 (Hexanitroazaisowuertzitan) explosive. The solvent mixture, oxidizer agent, and concentration of the reactants were optimized using statistical procedures. CL-20 explosive showed a quenching effect on the chemiluminescence intensity of the luminol-NaClO reaction in the solvent mixture of DMSO/H2O. A smartphone was used as a detector to record the light intensity of chemiluminescence reaction as a video file. The recorded video file was converted to an analytical signal as intensity luminescence-time curve by a written code in MATLAB software. Dynamic range and limit of detection of the proposed method were obtained 2.0-240.0 and 1.1 mg⋅L-1, respectively, in optimized concentrations 1.5 × 10-3 mol⋅L-1 luminol and 1.0 × 10-2 mol⋅L-1 NaClO. Precursors TADB, HBIW, and TADNIW in CL-20 explosive synthesis did not show interference in measurement the CL-20 purity. The analysis of CL-20 spiked samples of soil and water indicated the satisfactory ability of the method in the analysis of real samples. The interaction of CL-20 molecules and OCl- ions is due to quench of chemiluminescence reaction of the luminol-NaClO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sajjad Damiri
- Faculty of Science, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Bondzie EH, Adehinmoye A, Molnar BT, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. Application of a Modified 3D-PCSI-MS Ion Source to On-Site, Trace Evidence Processing via Integrated Vacuum Collection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:82-89. [PMID: 38064434 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Trace evidence, including hair, fibers, soil/dust, and gunshot residue (GSR), can be recovered from a crime scene to help identify or associate a suspect with illegal activities via physical, chemical, and biological testing. Vacuum collection is one technique that is employed in recovering such trace evidence but is often done so in a targeted manner, leaving other complementary, chemical-specific information unexamined. Here, we describe a modified 3D-printed cone spray ionization (3D-PCSI) source with integrated vacuum collection for on-site, forensic evidence screening, allowing the processing of targeted physical traces and nontargeted chemical species alike. The reported form factor allows sample collection, onboard extraction, filtration, and spray-based ionization in a singular vessel with minimal handling of evidence by the operator. Utilizing authentic forensic evidence types and portable MS instrumentation, this new method was characterized through systematic studies that replicate CSI applications. Reliability in the form of false positive/negative response rates was determined from a modest, user-blinded data set, and other attributes, such as collection efficacy and detection limit, were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer H Bondzie
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61704, United States
| | - Adewale Adehinmoye
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61704, United States
| | - Brian T Molnar
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Christopher C Mulligan
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61704, United States
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3
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Sharma B, Gadi R. Analytical Tools and Methods for Explosive Analysis in Forensics: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37934616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes (i) compositions and types of improvised explosive devices; (ii) the process of collection, extraction and analysis of explosive evidence encountered in explosive and related cases; (iii) inter-comparison of analytical techniques; (iv) the challenges and prospects of explosive detection technology. The highlights of this study include extensive information regarding the National & International standards specified by USEPA, ASTM, and so on, for explosives detection. The holistic development of analytical tools for explosive analysis ranging from conventional methods to advanced analytical tools is also covered in this article. The most important aspect of this review is to make forensic scientists familiar with the challenges during explosive analysis and the steps to avoid them. The problems during analysis can be analyte-based, that is, interferences due to matrix or added molding/stabilizing agents, trace amount of parent explosives in post-blast samples and many more. Others are techniques-based challenges viz. specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity of the technique. Thus, it has become a primary concern to adopt rapid, field deployable, and highly sensitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
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4
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Gallegos SF, Aviles-Rosa EO, DeChant MT, Hall NJ, Prada-Tiedemann PA. Explosive Odor Signature Profiling: A Review of recent advances in technical analysis and detection. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 347:111652. [PMID: 37019070 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing threat of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and homemade explosives (HME) both domestically and abroad, detection of explosives and explosive related materials is an area of urgent importance for preventing terrorist activities around the globe. Canines are a common biological detector used in explosive detection due to their enhanced olfactory abilities, high mobility, efficient standoff sampling, and optimal identification of vapor sources. While other sensors based on different principles have emerged, an important concept for the rapid field detection of explosives is understanding key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with these materials. Explosive detection technology needs to be on par with a large number of threats including an array of explosive materials as well as novel chemicals used in the manufacture of IEDs. Within this much needed area of research for law enforcement and homeland security applications, several studies have sought to understand the explosive odor profile from a range of materials. This review aims to provide a foundational overview of these studies to provide a summary of instrumental analysis to date on the various types of explosive odor profiles evaluated focusing on the experimental approaches and laboratory techniques utilized in the chemical characterization of explosive vapors and mixtures. By expanding upon these concepts, a greater understanding of the explosive vapor signature can be achieved, providing for enhanced chemical and biological sensing of explosive threats as well as expanding upon existing laboratory-based models for continued sensor development.
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5
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Hay CE, Linden SK, Silvester DS. Electrochemical Behaviour of Organic Explosive Compounds in Ionic Liquids: Towards Discriminate Electrochemical Sensing. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Hay
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth 6845 WA Australia
| | - Sarah K. Linden
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth 6845 WA Australia
| | - Debbie S. Silvester
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth 6845 WA Australia
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6
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Algharagholy LA, Al-Galiby QH, Al-Backri AA, Sadeghi H, Wabdan AA. Discriminating sensing of explosive molecules using graphene-boron nitride-graphene heteronanosheets. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35151-35157. [PMID: 36540262 PMCID: PMC9727695 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the synthesis of graphene-boron nitride heterostructures, their interesting electronic properties have attracted huge attention for real-world nanodevice applications. In this work, we combined density functional theory (DFT) with a Green's function approach to examine the potential of graphene-boron nitride-graphene heteronanosheets (h-NSHs) for discriminating single molecule sensing. Our result demonstrates that the graphene-boron nitride-graphene (h-NSHs) can be used for discriminate sensing of the 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PENT), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) molecules. We demonstrate that as the length of the BN region increases, the sensitivity of the heteronanosheets to the presence of these explosive substances increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith A Algharagholy
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sumer, Al Rifaee Thi Qar Iraq
| | - Qusiy H Al-Galiby
- Physics Department, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah Diwaniyah Iraq
| | - Amaal A Al-Backri
- Department of Astronomy and Space, College of Science, University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ahmed A Wabdan
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, University of Sumer, Al Rifaee Thi Qar Iraq
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7
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Desai AL, Patel NP, Parikh JH, Modi KM, Bhatt KD. In Silico Studies and Design of Scrupulous Novel Sensor for Nitro Aromatics Compounds and Metal Ions Detection. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:483-504. [PMID: 34981281 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A Novel calix[4]pyrrole system bearing carboxylic acid functionality [ABuCP] has been synthesized and its interaction towards various nitroaromatics compounds [NACs] were investigated. ABuCP showed significant color change with 1,3-dinitro benzene (1,3-DNB) in comparison to the solution of other nitroaromatic compounds such as 2,3-dinitro toluene (2,3-DNT), 2,4-dinitro toluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitro toluene (2,6-DNT), 4-NBB (4-nitrobenzyl bromide) and 4-nitro toluene (4-NT). The ABuCP-1,3-DNB complex produces a red shift in absorption spectra based on charge transfer mediated recognition. Additionally, the density functional theory calculation confirmed the possible mechanism for the binding of 1,3-DNB as a guest is well supported by the calculation of other parameters such as hardness, stabilization energy, softness, electrophilicity index and chemical potential. The TDDFT calculation facilitates the understanding of the proper binding mechanism in reference to experimental results. Additionally we have also developed its derivative which acts as a new fluorescent sensor which can selectively recognize Sr(II) ions. In this view its aminoanthraquinone derivative of calix[4]pyrrole i.e. ABuCPTAA is synthesized which also results in generation of high fluorescence capability sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay L Desai
- Department of Chemistry, Mehsana Urban Institute of Sciences, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India
| | - Nihal P Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Mehsana Urban Institute of Sciences, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India
| | - Jaymin H Parikh
- Department of Chemistry, Mehsana Urban Institute of Sciences, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India
| | - Krunal M Modi
- Department of Chemistry, Mehsana Urban Institute of Sciences, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India.
| | - Keyur D Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, Mehsana Urban Institute of Sciences, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India.
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8
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Hong H, Habib A, Bi L, Wen L. Gas phase ion-molecule reactions of nitroaromatic explosive compounds studied by hollow cathode discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 236:122834. [PMID: 34635224 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a variable pressure operating hollow cathode discharge (HCD) ion source to investigate the gas phase ion-molecule reactions of nitroaromatic explosive compounds. The developed HCD ion source coupled MS system has also been validated as an analytical method to analyze explosives at trace levels. The ion source was designed in such a way that the plasma can be generated alternatively at high pressure (~30 Torr), medium pressure (~5 Torr) and low pressure (~1 Torr) regions. The plasma contains a sufficient amount of reactant ions, electrons and excited species, thus the gaseous analyte molecules were efficiently ionized when they passed through the plasma. In the ion-molecule reactions of the nitroaromatic explosives, the discharge products of NOx- (x = 2,3), O3 and HNO3 originating from the plasma-excited air were suggested to contribute to the formation of mostly [M - H]-, [M - NO]-, [M+NO3-HNO2]- and [M-NO+HNO3]- adduct ions at the higher ion source pressures (~5 and 28 Torr) while the electron rich plasma leads to the formation of molecular ion, M-•, at the lower ion source pressure (~1 Torr). Formation of the hydride-adduct ions of the nitroaromatic compounds reveals the surface-assisted Birch type reduction in the HCD plasma. The variety of spectral patterns in the air-assisted glow discharge would be useful for high through-put detection of TNT and TNT-related explosives. An ambient helium dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ion source was also used and gave identical mass spectra of the nitroaromatic explosive compounds to those observed by the HCD ion source, but did not give any hydride-adduct ions of the explosive compounds. Ion formation mechanism of these ions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Hong
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Lei Bi
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luhong Wen
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Forbes TP, Lawrence J, Hao C, Gillen G. Open port sampling interface mass spectrometry of wipe-based explosives, oxidizers, and narcotics for trace contraband detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3453-3460. [PMID: 34291248 PMCID: PMC9972214 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid screening for chemical traces of explosives and narcotics is widely used to support homeland security and law enforcement. These target compounds span a range of physicochemical properties from organic to inorganic, with preferential ionization pathways in both negative and positive mode operation. Nonvolatile inorganic oxidizers present in homemade fuel-oxidizer mixtures, pyrotechnics, and propellants create a unique challenge to traditional thermal desorption-based technologies. Developments in solid-liquid extraction techniques, specifically, open port sampling interface mass spectrometry (OPSI-MS) provide compelling capabilities to address these hurdles. In this proof of concept study, we investigated the trace detection of wipe-based (i.e., common swipe sampling collection method) explosives, oxidizers, and narcotics using an OPSI source and compact single quadrupole mass analyzer. The liquid dissolution and extraction capabilities of OPSI enabled detection of both traditional military-grade explosives and homemade explosive oxidizers. OPSI-MS sensitivities to a series of seven target compounds from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated fiberglass sampling wipes were on the order of several nanograms to sub-nanogram levels. Comparisons with direct solution-based sample analysis enabled quantification of wipe-based sample extraction effects. The system demonstrated quick temporal responses, polarity switching capabilities, and rapid signal decay with minimal carryover, all critical to high throughput screening applications. Coupling traditional swipe sampling with OPSI-MS offers a promising tool for contraband screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Lawrence
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | | | - Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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10
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Pyrene-1-carboxylic acid polyethylene glycol esters: synthesis and photophysical studies. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Chiluwal U, Eiceman GA. Quantitative response to nitrite from field-induced decomposition of the chloride adduct of RDX by reactive stage tandem ion mobility spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:565-573. [PMID: 33170181 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01778g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An additional dimension of selectivity for the determination of RDX by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was introduced through field-induced decomposition of RDX·Cl- to NO2- on a spectral baseline free of interfering peaks. In this variant of reactive stage tandem IMS, the explosive ion is decomposed selectively in the presence of an interferent and from significantly convolved peaks which were mobility isolated within a narrow range of drift times using dual ion shutters. Field-induced decomposition at 170 °C and field strength of 112 Td (∼16 kV cm-1) provided 15% decomposition yield and RDX, amid interferent, was detected decisively even when peaks differed in reduced mobility coefficients (Ko) by only 0.02 cm2 V-1 s-1. A nitrite peak with S/N of 8.5 was observed with vapour concentrations of 54 ppb for RDX and 329 ppb for Interferent A in the ionization volume corresponding to 2 ng of RDX and 100 ng of Interferent A deposited on sample traps in the thermal desorption inlet. Findings on quantitative response suggest the presence of excessive amounts of interferent caused ionization suppression of RDX. Still, RDX was determined quantitatively using sequential processing of ions by mobility isolation, selective field induced decomposition, and mobility analysis in a second drift region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Chiluwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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12
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Yang T, Chen W, Zhang Z, Lei J, Wan F, Song R. Multiple reflections enhanced fiber-optic photoacoustic sensor for gas micro-leakage. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2142-2152. [PMID: 33726415 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A multiple reflections-enhanced fiber-optic photoacoustic (PA) gas sensor for gas micro-leakage is introduced. Multiple reflections of the excitation laser occur on the inner surface of a reflective ring to enhance the PA signal. The PA signal is obtained by measuring the deflection of the gold-coated poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS) diaphragm with a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI). The second harmonic wavelength modulation spectrum (2f-WMS) technology can essentially eliminate the fundamental frequency noise generated by the wavelength-independent absorption of the reflective ring. Experimental results show that the PA signal can be effectively enhanced 11.7 times by the multiple reflections optical path compare with the double-pass optical path. The minimum detection limit of the system is achieved to be 23.6 ppb. The designed PA gas sensor is suited for remote detection of gas micro-leakage.
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Sousa R, Simon CM. Evaluating the Fitness of Combinations of Adsorbents for Quantitative Gas Sensor Arrays. ACS Sens 2020; 5:4035-4047. [PMID: 33297672 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Robust, high-performance gas-sensing technology has applications in industrial process monitoring and control, air quality monitoring, food quality assessment, medical diagnosis, and security threat detection. Nanoporous materials (NPMs) could be utilized as recognition elements in a gas sensor because they selectively adsorb gas. Imitating mammalian olfaction, sensor arrays of NPMs use measurements of the adsorbed mass of gas in a set of distinct NPMs to infer the gas composition. Modular and adjustable NPMs, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), offer a vast material space to sample for combinations to comprise a sensor array that produces a response pattern rich with information about the gas composition. Herein, we frame quantitative gas sensing, using arrays of NPMs, as an inverse problem, which equips us with a method to evaluate the fitness of a proposed combination of NPMs in a sensor array. While the (routine) forward problem is to use an adsorption model to predict the mass of gas adsorbed in each NPM when immersed in a gas mixture of a given composition, the inverse problem is to predict the gas composition from the observed masses of adsorbed gas in the NPMs of the array. The fitness of a given combination of NPMs for gas sensing is then determined by the conditioning of its inverse problem: the prediction of the gas composition provided by a fit (unfit) combination of NPMs is insensitive (sensitive) to inevitable errors in the measurements of the mass of gas adsorbed in the NPMs. For illustration, we use experimentally measured adsorption data to analyze the conditioning of the inverse problem associated with a (IRMOF-1 and HKUST-1) CH4/CO2 sensor array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sousa
- Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Cory M. Simon
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Forbes TP, Krauss ST, Gillen G. Trace Detection and Chemical Analysis of Homemade Fuel-Oxidizer Mixture Explosives: Emerging Challenges and Perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 131:10.1016/j.trac.2020.116023. [PMID: 34135538 PMCID: PMC8201619 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical analysis of homemade explosives (HMEs) and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) remains challenging for fieldable analytical instrumentation and sensors. Complex explosive fuel-oxidizer mixtures, black and smokeless powders, flash powders, and pyrotechnics often include an array of potential organic and inorganic components that present unique interference and matrix effect difficulties. The widely varying physicochemical properties of these components as well as external environmental interferents and background challenge many sampling and sensing modalities. This review provides perspective on these emerging challenges, critically discusses developments in sampling, sensors, and instrumentation, and showcases advancements for the trace detection of inorganic-based explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Shannon T. Krauss
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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15
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Raza A, Biswas A, Zehra A, Mengesha A. Multiple tier detection of TNT using curcumin functionalized silver nanoparticles. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:240-247. [PMID: 32885162 PMCID: PMC7452642 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid, selective and sensitive detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT), which is widely used in terrorist activities and also a major environmental contaminant is prime concern for the scientific community dealing with environmental problems and national security. This paper described unprecedented CAgP based multiple tier probe employing U.V.–Vis., DLS & SERS techniques for highly selective, rapid and ultrasensitive detection of TNT up to 0.1 nM level. The as synthesized CAgP made possible the naked eye detection of TNT in the form of flakes in real time. The developed method due to its multiple tier approach utilizing the same sample could easily be extended to a high-throughput format and can be utilized for rapid and reliable trace detection of TNT, for on-site screenings in airports, analysis of forensic samples, and environmental analysis. TNT can interact with curcumin functionalized Ag NPs through p-donor-acceptor interaction. Curcumin functionalized Ag NPs can be used as an ultrasensitive optical probe for TNT detection. The probe has an excellent selectivity for TNT against other nitro compounds. The probe can detect TNT at multiple levels using U.V–Vis., DLS and SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Department of Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology, Abaya Campus, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Amitabh Biswas
- Department of Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology, Abaya Campus, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Ali Zehra
- Department of Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology, Abaya Campus, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Abdurrohman Mengesha
- Department of Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology, Abaya Campus, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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16
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Krauss ST, Forbes TP, Lawrence JA, Gillen G, Verkouteren JR. Detection of fuel‐oxidizer explosives utilizing portable capillary electrophoresis with wipe‐based sampling. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1482-1490. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon T. Krauss
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Thomas P. Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Lawrence
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA
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17
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Milligan K, Shand NC, Graham D, Faulds K. Detection of Multiple Nitroaromatic Explosives via Formation of a Janowsky Complex and SERS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3253-3261. [PMID: 31927940 PMCID: PMC7145293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Military-grade explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitroluene (TNT) are still a major worldwide concern in terms of terror threat and environmental impact. The most common methods currently employed for the detection of explosives involve colorimetric tests, which are known to be rapid and portable; however, they often display false positives and lack sensitivity. Other methods used include ion mobility mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which despite producing more reliable results often require large, expensive instrumentation and specially trained staff. Here we demonstrate an alternative approach that utilizes the formation of a colored Janowsky complex with nitroaromatic explosives through reaction of the enolate ion of 3-mercapto-2-butanone. The colored complex is formed rapidly and can then be detected sensitively using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We demonstrate that SERS can be used as a quick, sensitive, and selective technique for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexanitrostillbene (HNS), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) with a detection limit of 6.81 ng mL-1 achieved for TNT, 17.2 ng mL-1 for tetryl, and 135.1 ng mL-1 for HNS. This method of detection also requires minimal sample preparation, can be done in a solution-based format, and utilizes the same precursor reagents for complex formation with each of the explosives which can then be identified due to the specificity of the unique SERS response obtained. We demonstrate the ability to simultaneously identify three explosive compounds within a total analysis time of 10 min. This method of detection shows promise for the development of rapid and portable SERS-based assays which can be utilized in the field in order to achieve reliable and quantitative detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Milligan
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C. Shand
- Defence
Science Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
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Krivitsky V, Filanovsky B, Bourenko T, Granot E, Praiz A, Patolsky F. Vapor Trace Collection and Direct Ultrasensitive Detection of Nitro-Explosives by 3D Microstructured Electrodes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14375-14382. [PMID: 31621301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of a rapid, sensitive, and selective real-time detection method for explosives traces may have an enormous impact on civilian national security, military applications, and environmental monitoring. However, real-time sensing of explosives still possesses a huge analytical hurdle, rendering explosives detection an issue of burning immediacy and an enormous current challenge in terms of research and development. Even though several explosives detection methods have been established, these approaches are typically time-consuming, need relatively large equipment, demand sample preparation, require a skilled operator, and lack the capability to do high-throughput real-time detection, thus strongly constraining their mass deployment. Here, we demonstrate the use of amino-modified carbon microfiber (μCF) working electrodes for ultrasensitive, selective, and multiplex detection of nitro-based explosives. Furthermore, our sensing method works at high sampling rates by a single electrode in a single detection cycle. We hereby present the first demonstration of porous μCF electrodes used for the simultaneous collection/preconcentration of explosive molecular species through direct air sampling, followed by the electrochemical detection of the surface adsorbed electroactive species. Our chemically modified μCF electrodes allow straightforward vapor-phase detection and discrimination of multiple nitro-based explosives directly from collected air samples. Hence, our sensing approach has been shown highly effective in the ultratrace detection of nitro-based explosives, under real-world conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Krivitsky
- School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Boris Filanovsky
- School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Tatiana Bourenko
- School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Eran Granot
- School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Anna Praiz
- School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering , Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
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19
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Krivitsky V, Filanovsky B, Naddaka V, Patolsky F. Direct and Selective Electrochemical Vapor Trace Detection of Organic Peroxide Explosives via Surface Decoration. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5323-5330. [PMID: 30892020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect traces of highly energetic explosive materials sensitively, selectively, accurately, and rapidly could be of enormous benefit to civilian national security, military applications, and environmental monitoring. Unfortunately, the detection of explosives still poses a largely unmet arduous analytical problem, making their detection an issue of burning immediacy and a massive current challenge in terms of research and development. Although numerous explosive detection approaches have been developed, these methods are usually time-consuming, require bulky equipment, tedious sample preparation, a trained operator, cannot be miniaturized, and lack the ability to perform automated real-time high-throughput analysis, strongly handicapping their mass deployment. Here, we present the first demonstration of the "direct" electrochemical approach for the sensitive, selective, and rapid vapor trace detection of TATP and HMTD, under ambient conditions, unaffected by the presence of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide species, down to concentrations lower than 10 ppb. The method is based on the use of Ag-nanoparticles-decorated carbon microfibers air-collecting electrodes (μCF), which allow for the selective direct detection of the organic peroxide explosives, through opening multiple redox routes, not existent in the undecorated carbon electrodes. Finally, we demonstrate the direct and rapid detection of TATP and HMTD explosive species from real-world air samples.
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20
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Krishnan S, Suneesh CV. Fluorene – Triazine conjugated porous organic polymer framework for superamplified sensing of nitroaromatic explosives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Lees H, Zapata F, Vaher M, García-Ruiz C. Study of the adhesion of explosive residues to the finger and transfer to clothing and luggage. Sci Justice 2018; 58:415-424. [PMID: 30446070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is important to understand the extent of transfer of explosive particles to different surfaces in order to better evaluate potential cross-contamination by explosives in crowded security controls such as those at airports. This work investigated the transfer of nine explosive residues (ANFO, dynamite, black powder, TNT, HMTD, PETN, NH4NO3, KNO3, NaClO3) through fingerprints from one surface to another. First, the extent of adhesion of explosive residues from different surfaces to the bare finger, nitrile and latex gloves was studied. Then, the transfer of explosive residues from one surface to another through fingerprints was investigated. Cotton fabric (hereinafter referred to as cotton) as clothing material and polycarbonate plastic (hereinafter referred to as polycarbonate) as luggage material were chosen for the experiments. These surfaces containing explosive particles were imaged using a reflex camera before and after the particles were transferred. Afterwards the images were processed in MATLAB where pixels corresponding to explosive residues were quantified. Results demonstrated that transfer of explosive residues frequently occurred with certain differences among materials. Generally, the amount of explosive particles adhered to the finger decreased in the following order: skin>latex>nitrile, while the transfer of particles from the finger to another surface was the opposite. The adhesion of explosive residues from polycarbonate to the finger was found to be better compared to cotton, while the amount of particles transferred to cotton was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lees
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Félix Zapata
- Inquifor Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merike Vaher
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Inquifor Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Forbes TP, Sisco E, Staymates M. Detection of Nonvolatile Inorganic Oxidizer-Based Explosives from Wipe Collections by Infrared Thermal Desorption-Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6419-6425. [PMID: 29701987 PMCID: PMC6102708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermal desorption (IRTD) was coupled with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the detection of both inorganic and organic explosives from wipe collected samples. This platform generated discrete and rapid heating rates that allowed volatile and semivolatile organic explosives to thermally desorb at relatively lower temperatures, while still achieving elevated temperatures required to desorb nonvolatile inorganic oxidizer-based explosives. IRTD-DART-MS demonstrated the thermal desorption and detection of refractory potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate oxidizers, compounds difficult to desorb with traditional moderate-temperature resistance-based thermal desorbers. Nanogram to sub-nanogram sensitivities were established for analysis of a range of organic and inorganic oxidizer-based explosive compounds, with further enhancement limited by the thermal properties of the most common commercial wipe materials. Detailed investigations and high-speed visualization revealed conduction from the heated glass-mica base plate as the dominant process for heating of the wipe and analyte materials, resulting in thermal desorption through boiling, aerosolization, and vaporization of samples. The thermal desorption and ionization characteristics of the IRTD-DART technique resulted in optimal sensitivity for the formation of nitrate adducts with both organic and inorganic species. The IRTD-DART-MS coupling and IRTD in general offer promising explosive detection capabilities to the defense, security, and law enforcement arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Edward Sisco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Staymates
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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23
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Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry has evolved rapidly over the past decade, yielding a plethora of platforms and demonstrating scientific advancements across a range of fields from biological imaging to rapid quality control. These techniques have enabled real-time detection of target analytes in an open environment with no sample preparation and can be coupled to any mass analyzer with an atmospheric pressure interface; capabilities of clear interest to the defense, customs and border control, transportation security, and forensic science communities. This review aims to showcase and critically discuss advances in ambient mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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24
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McEneff GL, Richardson A, Webb T, Wood D, Murphy B, Irlam R, Mills J, Green D, Barron LP. Sorbent Film-Coated Passive Samplers for Explosives Vapour Detection Part B: Deployment in Semi-Operational Environments and Alternative Applications. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5816. [PMID: 29643411 PMCID: PMC5895787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of new sorbent-film coated passive samplers for capture of bulk commercial and military explosives vapours in operationally relevant spaces such as luggage, rooms, vehicles and shipping containers is presented. Samplers were easily integrated with in-service detection technologies with little/no sample preparation required. Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) was detected within 4 h in a container holding a suitcase packed with 0.2 kg Perunit 28E. Within a 22,000 dm3 room, 1 kg of concealed Seguridad was detected within 24 h and in an adjoining room within 7 days. Exposed samplers also successfully captured components of 1 kg TNT after 72 h and 1 kg concealed Perunit 28E after 6 h in both a furnished room and a large, partially filled shipping container. For the latter, samplers captured detectable residues outside the container after 24 h and were stable during wet weather for 72 h. A one-week trial at three operationally relevant venues including a university, a theatre and a government building revealed a nuisance positive rate of <1.4% (n = 72). Finally, two alternative applications are presented for extraction of liquid samples and use a particulate contact swab showing flexibility for a range of different search activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L McEneff
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexandra Richardson
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Webb
- Threat Mitigation Technologies, Metropolitan Police Service, 113 Grove Park, London, SE5 8LE, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Wood
- Threat Mitigation Technologies, Metropolitan Police Service, 113 Grove Park, London, SE5 8LE, United Kingdom
| | - Bronagh Murphy
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Irlam
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Mills
- Air Monitors Ltd., 2/3 Miller Court, Severn Drive, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, GL20 8DN, United Kingdom
| | - David Green
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon P Barron
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, London, United Kingdom.
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25
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Pavlovich MJ, Musselman B, Hall AB. Direct analysis in real time-Mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic and security applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:171-187. [PMID: 27271453 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, direct analysis in real time (DART) has emerged as a viable method for fast, easy, and reliable "ambient ionization" for forensic analysis. The ability of DART to generate ions from chemicals that might be present at the scene of a criminal activity, whether they are in the gas, liquid, or solid phase, with limited sample preparation has made the technology a useful analytical tool in numerous forensic applications. This review paper summarizes many of those applications, ranging from the analysis of trace evidence to security applications, with a focus on providing the forensic scientist with a resource for developing their own applications. The most common uses for DART in forensics are in studying seized drugs, drugs of abuse and their metabolites, bulk and detonated explosives, toxic chemicals, chemical warfare agents, inks and dyes, and commercial plant and animal products that have been adulterated for economic gain. This review is meant to complement recent reviews that have described the fundamentals of the ionization mechanism and the general use of DART. We describe a wide range of forensic applications beyond the field of analyzing drugs of abuse, which dominates the literature, including common experimental and data analysis methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:171-187, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pavlovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
| | | | - Adam B Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
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26
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Prabhakaran A, Hamid AM, Garimella SVB, Valenzuela BR, Ewing RG, Ibrahim YM, Smith RD. A Hybrid Constant and Oscillatory Field Ion Mobility Analyzer Using Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:342-351. [PMID: 29235041 PMCID: PMC5815952 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Here we explore the combination of constant and oscillatory fields applied in a single device to affect the continuous separation and filtering of ions based on their mobilities. The device explored allows confining and manipulating ions utilizing a combination of radio frequency (rf), direct current (DC) fields, and traveling waves (TW) in a structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) module. We have investigated theoretically and experimentally a concept for continuous filtering of ions based on their mobilities where ions are mobility separated and selected by passage through two regions, both of which incorporated combined TW and constant fields providing opposing forces on the ions. The SLIM module was composed of two surfaces with mirror-image arrays of electrodes and had two regions where the different TW and opposing DC fields could be applied. The filtering capabilities are determined by the applied DC gradient and the TW parameters, such as speed, amplitude, and the TW sequence (i.e., the duty cycle of the traveling wave). The effects of different parameters on the sensitivity and the ion mobility (IM) resolution of the device have been investigated. By appropriately choosing the DC gradient and TW parameters for the two sections, it is possible to transmit ions of a selected mobility while filtering out others of both higher and lower mobility. The novel device described here provides a basis for the targeted analysis of compounds based upon the continuous selection of ions according to their mobility and without the need for high electric fields or pulsed injection. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Prabhakaran
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ahmed M Hamid
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Blandina R Valenzuela
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Robert G Ewing
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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27
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Kovalev IS, Taniya OS, Kopchuk DS, Giri K, Mukherjee A, Santra S, Majee A, Rahman M, Zyryanov GV, Bakulev VA, Chupakhin ON. 1-Hydroxypyrene-based micelle-forming sensors for the visual detection of RDX/TNG/PETN-based bomb plots in water. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03807d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
New micelle-forming fluorescence molecular sensors are reported based on 1-hydroxypyrene designed exclusively for the detection of nitro-aliphatic explosives/taggants.
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28
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Bolse N, Eckstein R, Habermehl A, Hernandez-Sosa G, Eschenbaum C, Lemmer U. Reliability of Aerosol Jet Printed Fluorescence Quenching Sensor Arrays for the Identification and Quantification of Explosive Vapors. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6500-6505. [PMID: 31457251 PMCID: PMC6645289 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary challenges in explosive detection using fluorescence quenching is the identification and quantification of detected targets. In this work, we explore the reliability of aerosol jet printed sensor arrays for the discrimination of nitroaromatic traces using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). We varied the amount of the deposited material by controlling the printer's shutter to investigate the impact on the detection reliability. For a twofold variation of the amount of the deposited material, we report excellent classification rates between 81 and 96% for the discrimination of nitrobenzene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene at 1, 3, and 10 parts per billion in air, respectively. Our results close to the detection limits indicate a remarkable identification and quantification of explosive trace vapors because of high control of the printing process. This work demonstrates the high potential of digitally printed fluorescence quenching sensor arrays and the excellent capabilities of LDA as a simple supervised statistical learning technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bolse
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- E-mail: (N.B.)
| | - Ralph Eckstein
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab
GmbH, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Habermehl
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab
GmbH, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Eschenbaum
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab
GmbH, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab
GmbH, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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29
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DeGreeff LE, Cerreta MM, Katilie CJ. Variation in the headspace of bulk hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) with time, environment, and formulation. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Rapid identification and desorption mechanisms of nitrogen-based explosives by ambient micro-fabricated glow discharge plasma desorption/ionization (MFGDP) mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 167:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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Hashimoto Y. Development of a Miniature Mass Spectrometer and an Automated Detector for Sampling Explosive Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:A0054. [PMID: 28337396 PMCID: PMC5359766 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of a robust ionization source using the counter-flow APCI, miniature mass spectrometer, and an automated sampling system for detecting explosives are described. These development efforts using mass spectrometry were made in order to improve the efficiencies of on-site detection in areas such as security, environmental, and industrial applications. A development team, including the author, has struggled for nearly 20 years to enhance the robustness and reduce the size of mass spectrometers to meet the requirements needed for on-site applications. This article focuses on the recent results related to the detection of explosive materials where automated particle sampling using a cyclone concentrator permitted the inspection time to be successfully reduced to 3 s.
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32
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Shen H, Jia X, Meng Q, Liu W, Hill HH. Fourier transform ion mobility spectrometry with multinozzle emitter array electrospray ionization. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform ion mobility spectrometry (FT-IMS) is a useful multiplexing method for improving the duty cycle (DC) of IMS from 1 to 25% when using an entrance and exit ion gate to modulate the ion current with a synchronized square wave chirp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Jia
- College of Life Science
- Tarim University
- Alar
- China
| | - Qingyan Meng
- College of Life Science
- Tarim University
- Alar
- China
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin
| | - Wenjie Liu
- College of Life Science
- Tarim University
- Alar
- China
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin
| | - Herbert H. Hill
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
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33
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Wu P, Deng D, Zhang H, Cai C. Electrochemical detection of trinitrotoluene in water samples based on a natural mineral attapulgite modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Fabrication of l -cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots based ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor for onsite visual determination of trace TNT explosive. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 946:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim I, Moon JS, Oh JW. Recent advances in M13 bacteriophage-based optical sensing applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2016; 3:27. [PMID: 28191437 PMCID: PMC5271159 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-016-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, M13 bacteriophage has started to be widely used as a functional nanomaterial for various electrical, chemical, or optical applications, such as battery components, photovoltaic cells, sensors, and optics. In addition, the use of M13 bacteriophage has expanded into novel research, such as exciton transporting. In these applications, the versatility of M13 phage is a result of its nontoxic, self-assembling, and specific binding properties. For these reasons, M13 phage is the most powerful candidate as a receptor for transducing chemical or optical phenomena of various analytes into electrical or optical signal. In this review, we will overview the recent progress in optical sensing applications of M13 phage. The structural and functional characters of M13 phage will be described and the recent results in optical sensing application using fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, Förster resonance energy transfer, and surface enhanced Raman scattering will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhong Kim
- Research Center for Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sik Moon
- BK21 Plus Division of Nano Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Research Center for Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Division of Nano Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Wang X, Li L, Chen C, Xu T, Wang T, Luo J. High pressure effects in high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1914-1922. [PMID: 27476664 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS) is an analytical technique based on the principle of non-linear electric field dependence of coefficient of mobility of ions for separation that was originally conceived in the Soviet Union in the early 1980s. Being well developed over the past decades, FAIMS has become an efficient method for the separation and characterization of gas-phase ions at ambient pressure, often in air, to detect trace amounts of chemical species including explosives, toxic chemicals, chemical warfare agents and other compounds. However the resolution of FAIMS and ion separation capability need to be improved for more applications of the technique. METHODS The effects of above-ambient pressure varying from 1 to 3 atm on peak position, resolving power, peak width, and peak intensity are investigated theoretically and experimentally using micro-fabricated planar FAIMS in purified air. RESULTS Peak positions, varying with pressure in a way as a function of dispersion voltage, could be simplified by expressing both compensation and dispersion fields in Townsend units for E/N, the ratio of electric field intensity (E) to the gas number density (N). CONCLUSIONS It is demonstrated that ion Townsend-scale peak positions remain unchanged for a range of pressures investigated, implying that the higher the pressure is, stronger compensation and separation fields are needed within limits of air breakdown field. Increase in pressure is found to separate ions that could not be distinguished in ambient pressure, which could be interpreted as the differentials of ions' peak compensation voltage expanded wider than the dilation of peak widths leading to resolving power enhancement with pressure. Increase in pressure can also result in an increase in peak intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghuan Wang
- Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lingfen Li
- Suzhou Industrial Technology Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Chilai Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tianbai Xu
- Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jikui Luo
- Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Giannoukos S, Brkić B, Taylor S, Marshall A, Verbeck GF. Chemical Sniffing Instrumentation for Security Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8146-72. [PMID: 27388215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Border control for homeland security faces major challenges worldwide due to chemical threats from national and/or international terrorism as well as organized crime. A wide range of technologies and systems with threat detection and monitoring capabilities has emerged to identify the chemical footprint associated with these illegal activities. This review paper investigates artificial sniffing technologies used as chemical sensors for point-of-use chemical analysis, especially during border security applications. This article presents an overview of (a) the existing available technologies reported in the scientific literature for threat screening, (b) commercially available, portable (hand-held and stand-off) chemical detection systems, and (c) their underlying functional and operational principles. Emphasis is given to technologies that have been developed for in-field security operations, but laboratory developed techniques are also summarized as emerging technologies. The chemical analytes of interest in this review are (a) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with security applications (e.g., illegal, hazardous, and terrorist events), (b) chemical "signatures" associated with human presence, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Giannoukos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Boris Brkić
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Alan Marshall
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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Prada PA, Chávez Rodríguez M. Demining Dogs in Colombia - A Review of Operational Challenges, Chemical Perspectives, and Practical Implications. Sci Justice 2016; 56:269-77. [PMID: 27320400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within the framework of an internal armed conflict in Colombia, the use of antipersonnel mines by revolutionary armed forces represents a strategic factor for these groups. Antipersonnel mines are used by these revolutionary forces as a mean to hinder the advancement of the national armed forces in the recovery of territory and to protect tactical natural resources and illegal economies within a given area. These antipersonnel mines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are not of industrial manufacturing, and have a variety of activating mechanisms as well as non-metal materials which make them difficult for successful detection. The Colombian experience strongly represents the current need for advanced research and development of effective field operations within its affected territory. Current efforts are focused on a more operational demining perspective in coca cultivation sites in charge of mobile squadrons of eradication (EMCAR) from the National Police of Colombia working towards a future humanitarian demining upon an eventual peace process. The objectives of this review are not only to highlight already existing mine detection methods, but present a special emphasis on the role of mine detection canine teams in the context of this humanitarian issue in Colombia. This review seeks to bring together a description of chemical interactions of the environment with respect to landmine odor signatures, as well as mine detection dog operational perspectives for this specific detection task. The aim is to highlight that given the limited knowledge on the subject, there is a research gap that needs to be attended in order to efficiently establish optimal operating conditions for the reliable performance of mine detection dogs in Colombian demining field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Prada
- Texas Tech University, Institute for Forensic Science, Lubbock, TX 79414.
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39
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Jiang D, Peng L, Wen M, Zhou Q, Chen C, Wang X, Chen W, Li H. Dopant-Assisted Positive Photoionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry Coupled with Time-Resolved Thermal Desorption for On-Site Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide and Hexamethylene Trioxide Diamine in Complex Matrices. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4391-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Peng
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Wen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
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40
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Oztekin EK, Burton DJ, Hahn DW. Detection of Explosives Using Differential Laser-Induced Perturbation Spectroscopy with a Raman-based Probe. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:676-687. [PMID: 26865581 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816629686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Explosives detection is carried out with a novel spectral analysis technique referred to as differential laser-induced perturbation spectroscopy (DLIPS) on thin films of TNT, RDX, HMX, and PETN. The utility of Raman spectroscopy for detection of explosives is enhanced by inducing deep ultraviolet laser perturbation on molecular structures in combination with a differential Raman sensing scheme. Principal components analysis (PCA) is used to quantify the DLIPS method as benchmarked against a traditional Raman scattering probe, and the related photo-induced effects on the molecular structure of the targeted explosives are discussed in detail. Finally, unique detection is observed with TNT samples deposited on commonly available background substrates of nylon and polyester. Overall, the data support DLIPS as a noninvasive method that is promising for screening explosives in real-world environments and backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman K Oztekin
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dallas J Burton
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David W Hahn
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Furton KG, Caraballo NI, Cerreta MM, Holness HK. Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0262. [PMID: 26101287 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the advances made in identifying trace amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that originate from forensic specimens, such as drugs, explosives, live human scent and the scent of death, as well as the probative value for detecting such odours. The ability to locate and identify the VOCs liberated from or left by forensic substances is of increasing importance to criminal investigations as it can indicate the presence of contraband and/or associate an individual to a particular location or object. Although instruments have improved significantly in recent decades-with sensitivities now rivalling that of biological detectors-it is widely recognized that canines are generally still more superior for the detection of odourants due to their speed, versatility, ruggedness and discriminating power. Through advancements in the detection of VOCs, as well as increased standardization efforts for instruments and canines, the reliability of odour as evidence has continuously improved and is likely to continue to do so. Moreover, several legal cases in which this novel form of evidence has been accepted into US courts of law are discussed. As the development and implementation of best practice guidelines for canines and instruments increase, their reliability in detecting VOCs of interest should continue to improve, expanding the use of odour as an acceptable form of forensic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Norma Iris Caraballo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Michelle M Cerreta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Howard K Holness
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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42
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Parajuli S, Jing X, Miao W. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Quenching of the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA System by the Explosive TNT. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Buelt AA, Conrad CA, Mackay WD, Shehata MF, Smith VD, Smith RC. Conjugated polymers with regularly spaced m-phenylene units and post-polymerization modification to yield stimuli-responsive materials. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Buelt
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Catherine A Conrad
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - William D Mackay
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29634 USA
| | - Mina F Shehata
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29634 USA
| | - Virginia D Smith
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29634 USA
| | - Rhett C Smith
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Laboratory for Creative Inquiry in Chemistry; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29634 USA
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44
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Sisco E, Najarro M, Bridge C, Aranda R. Quantifying the degradation of TNT and RDX in a saline environment with and without UV-exposure. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 251:124-31. [PMID: 25909992 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Terrorist attacks in a maritime setting, such as the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000, or the detection of underwater mines, require the development of proper protocols to collect and analyse explosive material from a marine environment. In addition to proper analysis of the explosive material, protocols must also consider the exposure of the material to potentially deleterious elements, such as UV light and salinity, time spent in the environment, and time between storage and analysis. To understand how traditional explosives would be affected by such conditions, saline solutions of explosives were exposed to natural and artificial sunlight. Degradation of the explosives over time was then quantified using negative chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/NCI-MS). Two explosives, trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), were exposed to different aqueous environments and light exposures with salinities ranging from freshwater to twice the salinity of ocean water. Solutions were then aged for up to 6 months to simulate different conditions the explosives may be recovered from. Salinity was found to have a negligible impact on the degradation of both RDX and TNT. RDX was stable in solutions of all salinities while TNT solutions degraded regardless of salinity. Solutions of varying salinities were also exposed to UV light, where accelerated degradation was seen for both explosives. Potential degradation products of TNT were identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and correspond to proposed degradation products discussed in previously published works [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Sisco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Laboratory, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
| | - Marcela Najarro
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Laboratory, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
| | - Candice Bridge
- Defense Forensic Science Center, Gillem Enclave, Forest Park, GA 30297; University of Central Florida/National Center for Forensic Science, P.O. Box 162367 Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Roman Aranda
- Defense Forensic Science Center, Gillem Enclave, Forest Park, GA 30297.
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45
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Li JS, Yu B, Fischer H, Chen W, Yalin AP. Contributed review: quantum cascade laser based photoacoustic detection of explosives. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:031501. [PMID: 25832204 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Detecting trace explosives and explosive-related compounds has recently become a topic of utmost importance for increasing public security around the world. A wide variety of detection methods and an even wider range of physical chemistry issues are involved in this very challenging area. Optical sensing methods, in particular mid-infrared spectrometry techniques, have a great potential to become a more desirable tools for the detection of explosives. The small size, simplicity, high output power, long-term reliability make external cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs) the promising spectroscopic sources for developing analytical instrumentation. This work reviews the current technical progress in EC-QCL-based photoacoustic spectroscopy for explosives detection. The potential for both close-contact and standoff configurations using this technique is completely presented over the course of approximately the last one decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - B Yu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - H Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - W Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphére, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - A P Yalin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1374, USA
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46
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Luo D, Chen H, Yu H, Sun Y. A Novel Approach for Classification of Chinese Herbal Medicines Using Diffusion Maps. INT J PATTERN RECOGN 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218001415500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The quality of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) and the authenticity of drugs are directly related to the effect of treatment. This paper presents a method based on diffusion maps for the identification of pungent CHMs. An electronic nose (E-nose) was employed to collect the smell print of different groups of pungent CHMs with different kinds and different harvesting time. First, the collected odor data was mapped to a high-dimensional space, then using the diffusion maps algorithm, the low-dimensional manifold features were extended to the high-dimensional odor data. Finally, the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm was employed to implement a linear classifier. The results show that, the combination of Diffusion maps and LDA algorithm can well distinguish four different kinds of pungent CHMs and three different harvesting time of the same kind, provides a new way for the classification and identification of CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehan Luo
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Sun
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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47
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Liu M, Li G, Cheng Z. A novel dual-functional fluorescent chemosensor for the selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and Hg2+. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A dual-functional fluorescent chemosensor for selectively detecting 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and Hg2+ was developed by immobilizing the rhodamine derivative onto Tb-BTC via gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeiMei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - ZhuHong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
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48
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Guo D, Wang Y, Li L, Wang X, Luo J. Precise determination of nonlinear function of ion mobility for explosives and drugs at high electric fields for microchip FAIMS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:198-205. [PMID: 25601693 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) separates ions by utilizing the characteristics of nonlinear ion mobility at high and low electric fields. Accurate ion discrimination depends on the precise solution of nonlinear relationships and is essential for accurate identification of ion species for applications. So far, all the nonlinear relationships of ion mobility obtained are based at low electric fields (E/N <65 Td). Microchip FAIMS (μ-FAIMS) with small dimensions has high electric field up to E/N = 250 Td, making the approximation methods and conclusions for nonlinear relationships inappropriate for these systems. In this paper, we deduced nonlinear functions based on the first principle and a general model. Furthermore we considered the hydrodynamics of gas flow through microchannels. We then calculated the specific alpha coefficients for cocaine, morphine, HMX, TNT and RDX, respectively, based on their FAIMS spectra measured by μ-FAIMS system at ultra-high fields up to 250 Td. The results show that there is no difference in nonlinear alpha functions obtained by the approximation and new method at low field (<120 Td), but the error induced by using approximation method increases monotonically with the increase in field, and could be as much as 30% at a field of 250 Td.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Guo
- Department of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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49
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Shi D, Yan F, Zheng T, Wang Y, Zhou X, Chen L. P-doped carbon dots act as a nanosensor for trace 2,4,6-trinitrophenol detection and a fluorescent reagent for biological imaging. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18800h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and rapid method for sensitive and selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) was developed with the use of water-soluble carbon dots (CDs) as a nanosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes
- Key Lab of Fiber Modification & Functional Fiber of Tianjin
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- PR China
| | - Fanyong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes
- Key Lab of Fiber Modification & Functional Fiber of Tianjin
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- PR China
| | - Tancheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes
- Key Lab of Fiber Modification & Functional Fiber of Tianjin
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- PR China
| | - Yinyin Wang
- TianJin Engineering Center for Safety Evaluation of Water Quality & Safeguards Technology
- PR China
| | - Xuguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes
- Key Lab of Fiber Modification & Functional Fiber of Tianjin
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- PR China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes
- Key Lab of Fiber Modification & Functional Fiber of Tianjin
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- PR China
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50
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Vovusha H, Sanyal B. DFT and TD-DFT studies on the electronic and optical properties of explosive molecules adsorbed on boron nitride and graphene nano flakes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11314d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding affinity of explosive molecules with 2D BN flakes is higher than G flakes due to more charge transfer in the BN-explosive complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakkim Vovusha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology
| | - Biplab Sanyal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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