1
|
Zhu HD, Lü W, Li HH, Ma YH, Hu SQ, Chen HL, Chen XG. A novel cross-H-channel interface for flow injection-capillary electrophoresis to reduce sample requirement and improve sensitivity. Analyst 2011; 136:1322-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
2
|
Zougagh M, Ríos A. Supercritical fluid extraction as an on-line clean-up technique for determination of riboflavin vitamins in food samples by capillary electrophoresis with fluorimetric detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3213-9. [PMID: 18600834 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An automatic method for the separation and determination of riboflavin (RF) vitamins (RF, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide) in food samples (chicken liver, tablet and powder milk) is proposed. The method is based on the on-line coupling of a supercritical fluid extractor (SFE) with a continuous flow-CE system with guided optical fiber fluorimetric detection (CF-CE-FD). The whole SFE-CF-CE-FD arrangement allowed the automatic treatment of food samples (clean-up of the sample followed by the extraction of the analytes), and the direct introduction of a small volume of the extracted plug to the CE-FD system for the determination of RF vitamins. Fluorescence detection introduced an appropriated sensitivity and contributed to avoid interferences of nonfluorescent polar compounds coming from the matrix samples in the extracted plug. Electrophoretic responses were linear within the 0.05-1 microg/g range, whereas the detection limits of RF vitamins were in the 0.036-0.042 microg/g range. The proposed arrangement opens up interesting prospects for the direct determination of polar analytes in complex samples with a good throughput and high level of automation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zougagh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Recent Advances in Chemiluminescence Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Sprung C, Sirén H, Rovio S, Työppönen T. On-Line Flow Injection—Capillary Electrophoresis Instrument with Contactless Conductivity Detection for Sensitive Cation Analyses. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390802282313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
5
|
de Castro ML, Capote FP, Ávila NS. Is dialysis alive as a membrane-based separation technique? Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Flow Injection Analysis–Capillary Electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
7
|
Tempels FWA, Underberg WJM, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Design and applications of coupled SPE-CE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:108-28. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
8
|
Luque de Castro MD. Membrane-Based Separation Techniques: Dialysis, Gas Diffusion and Pervaporation. ADVANCES IN FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
9
|
Chen XW, Wang JH. The miniaturization of bioanalytical assays and sample pretreatments by exploiting meso-fluidic lab-on-valve configurations: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 602:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
|
12
|
Santos B, Simonet BM, Lendl B, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. Alternatives for coupling sequential injection systems to commercial capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry equipment. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1127:278-85. [PMID: 16854424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupling of an automated flow system with a commercially available capillary electrophoresis (CE) system with an electrospray interface (ESI) for mass spectroscopic (MS) detection is described. The peculiarities of CE-ESI-MS interfaces, in which a high electrical field must be applied to the capillary end where the sample is provided by the flow system, introduce significant difficulties for the appropriate work of the entire arrangement. Experimental strategies are proposed for achieving stable conditions for on-line sample pre-treatment, conditioning of the separation capillary, sample injection, as the proper separation. The versatility and robustness of the proposed arrangement is discussed, taken as example the separation of a variety of amines. Connection of the CE system's pressure to the automated flow system enables hydrodynamic introduction of sample with high precision. The developed hyphenated system is of practical relevance as it opens an avenue for the simplification and automation of the whole analytical process required when using powerful CE-ESI-MS equipments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie Anexo, Campus de Rabanales, Annex Building C-3, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu W, Sandford RC, Worsfold PJ, Carlton A, Hanrahan G. Flow Injection Techniques in Aquatic Environmental Analysis: Recent Applications and Technological Advances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340500323362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Coupling continuous flow systems to capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)45004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
15
|
Lavorante AF, Gervasio APG, Moraes MCB, Giné MF, Miranda CES, Carrilho E. An Alternative Sample Introduction Device for a Home‐Made Capillary Electrophoresis System. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200031132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
16
|
Chen X, Fan L, Hu Z. The combination of flow injection with electrophoresis using capillaries and chips. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3962-9. [PMID: 15597421 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The combined flow injection capillary electrophoresis (FI-CE) system that integrates the essential favorable merits of FI and CE, can significantly expand the application scope of CE by exploring the various on-line sample pretreatments and preconcentration of FI. The principle behind this technique, some innovative designs of the split-flow interface, as well as novel applications to a variety of analytical problems, are reviewed and discussed. Some salient features and unique advantages of this technique are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cheng Y, Chen H, Li Y, Chen X, Hu Z. Separation and determination of aloperine, sophoridine, matrine and oxymatrine by combination of flow injection with microfluidic capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2004; 63:491-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2003] [Revised: 11/15/2003] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Chen HL, Fan LY, Chen XG, Hu ZD, Zhao ZF, Hooper M. On-line conversion and determination of aspirin using a flow injection-capillary electrophoresis system. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Cai Z, Chen H. A Coupled Flow Injection‐Capillary Electrophoresis System for Kinetic Study of Aspirin Hydrolysis in Aqueous Solution. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120021277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zengxuan Cai
- a Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Xixi Campus, Hangzhou , 310028 , P.R. China
| | - Hengwu Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Xixi Campus, Hangzhou , 310028 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Despite the availability of commercial capillary electrophoresis systems for over ten years, where quantitative analysis is required, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has often failed to replace ion chromatography as the method of choice for a large number of analytes, not least inorganic anions. To investigate the reasons for this apparent failing, a review is presented of work that has been carried out to-date involving the quantitative application of CZE to the determination of inorganic anions in industrial and environmental samples. This review summarizes work both investigating and improving the quantitative aspects of the CZE of inorganic anions. A complete survey of how CZE has been applied to the determination of inorganic anions in real samples is given, including what, if any, analytical performance parameters were investigated and quoted, and if quality assurance data and validation methods were briefly considered, thoroughly investigated or simply ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Paull
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Latorre RM, Saurina J, Hernández-Cassou S. Continuous flow derivatization system coupled to capillary electrophoresis for the determination of amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2002; 976:55-64. [PMID: 12462596 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A derivatization system coupled to capillary electrophoresis for the determination of amino acids using 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate as a labeling agent is described. In this system, amino acids are derivatized on-line in a three-channel flow manifold for sample, reagent and buffer solutions. The reaction takes place in a PTFE coil heated at 80 degrees C. The resulting solution, which contains the amino acid derivatives, is introduced into the electrophoretic system by means of an appropriate interface. Subsequently, amino acid derivatives are separated at 25 kV using a 40 mM sodium tetraborate aqueous solution with 30% (v/v) isopropanol solution as a running buffer. The electropherograms are monitored spectrophotometrically at 230 nm. The method has been applied to the determination of amino acids in feed samples and pharmaceutical preparations. A good concordance of the predicted values with those given by a standard amino acid analyzer is shown.
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen HL, Wang KT, Pu QS, Chen XG, Hu ZD. On-line conversion and determination of artemisinin using a flow-injection capillary electrophoresis system. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:2865-71. [PMID: 12207293 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200209)23:17<2865::aid-elps2865>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel, rapid, and simple capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been developed for the determination of antimalarial artemisinin by on-line treatment with alkaline. By on-line reaction, artemisinin was automatically and reproducibly converted to the strongly UV-absorbing compound, Q292, by treating it with 0.20 mol/L NaOH solution for 3 min at 40 degrees C. Analysis was carried out in less than 12 min after conversion of artemisinin in a flow injection (FI) system that was coupled to CE equipment via a split-flow interface cell, and a sampling frequency of 8 h(-1) is achievable. The on-line conversion method has been applied to the determination of artemisinin in the traditional Chinese herbal drug Artemisia annua L., and the results are satisfactory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kölhed M, Hinsmann P, Svasek P, Frank J, Karlberg B, Lendl B. On-line fourier transform infrared detection in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3843-8. [PMID: 12175174 DOI: 10.1021/ac025590t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy as a new on-line detection principle in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is presented. To overcome the problem of total IR absorption by the fused-silica capillaries that are normally employed in CE separations, a micromachined IR-transparent flow cell was constructed. The cell consists of two IR-transparent CaF2 plates separated by a polymer coating and a titanium layer producing an IR detection window, 150 microm wide and 2 mm long, with a path length of 15 microm. The IR beam was focused on the detection window using an off-axis parabolic mirror in an optical device (made in-house) attached to an external optical port of the spectrometer. The connections between the fused-silica capillaries and the flow cell were made by a small O-ring of UV-curing epoxy adhesive on the sharply cut ends of the capillaries, allowing the capillaries to be easily replaced. Aqueous solutions comprising mixtures of adenosine, guanosine, and adenosine monophosphate were used to test the system's performance. Conventional on-line UV detection was employed to obtain reference measurements of analytes after the IR detection flow cell. The limit of FT-IR detection for all analytes (in absolute amounts) was in the nano- to picogram range corresponding to concentrations in the low-millimolar range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Kölhed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Kuban P, Berg M, García C, Karlberg B. On-line flow sample stacking in a flow injection analysis-capillary electrophoresis system: 2000-fold enhancement of detection sensitivity for priority phenol pollutants. J Chromatogr A 2001; 912:163-70. [PMID: 11307980 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A flow injection analysis-capillary electrophoresis system has been used for on-line flow stacking of 11 US Environmental Protection Agency priority phenol pollutants. Samples containing low concentrations of phenols dissolved in deionised water are continuously delivered to the capillary opening by means of a peristaltic pump. The sample components stack at the boundary between the highly conductive separation electrolyte and the introduced sample. By selecting an appropriate electrolyte and stacking conditions the movement of the electrolyte solution inside the capillary can be reduced, thereby improving the stacking efficiency. The electrolyte used here contained 20 mM phosphate, 8% 2-butanol, and 0.001% hexamethonium bromide at pH 11.95, and the stacking was carried out at 2 kV for 240 s. These conditions allowed up to 2000-fold preconcentration of the selected phenols. No matrix removal was necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kuban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Novic M, Gucek M, Tursic J, Liu Y, Avdalovic N. Ion-exchange-based eluent-free preconcentration of some anions. J Chromatogr A 2001; 909:289-96. [PMID: 11269528 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Preconcentration procedures based on ion-exchange methods are often used to enhance the sensitivities of analytical techniques where the eluent used for eluting the preconcentrated ions does not influence the subsequent analytical step. Until recently, only a limited use of ion-exchange-based sample preconcentration procedures has been found in those analytical techniques where the eluent components strongly influence the separation procedure [e.g., capillary electrophoresis (CE)]. In this paper, we present a preconcentration procedure based on (i) the preconcentration of anions on an ion-exchange resin, (ii) the subsequent elution of analytes, and (iii) on-line removal of eluent components by chemical suppression using an appropriate suppressor device (either packed-bed suppressor column or micromembrane suppressor). The adjustment of the system parameters, combined with a computer-controlled, sensing/switching system, resulted in a minimal additional dilution of the eluted preconcentrated anions. The efficiency of the proposed enrichment/matrix removal procedure was tested by using off-line CE analysis of collected preconcentrated samples, reaching a LOD of 1 microg/l for a selected anion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Novic
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Novic M, Gucek M. Ion exchange-based preconcentration for the determination of anions by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 868:135-9. [PMID: 10677088 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-compatible preconcentration technique for anions, based on ion exchange, is described. The described preconcentration approach has found limited use until recently because of the inherent elution step that leads to contamination of the sample with eluent components. In this paper, we describe an improved anion exchange-based preconcentration technique in which contamination of the sample with the eluent constituents, which occurs during anion elution from the preconcentration column, is eliminated by on-line chemical suppression on a packed-bed suppressor column. In the present communication, the basic principles of the proposed anion enrichment system are presented. The system was optimized, resulting in a minimal additional dilution of the eluted sample plug. This was achieved by the use of a computer-controlled, sensing/switching system. The effectiveness of the developed method was later tested on the determination of some anions in a synthetic sample using CE apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Novic
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kuban P, Karlberg B. On-line monitoring of kraft pulping liquors with a valveless flow injection–capillary electrophoresis system. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
30
|
Arce L, Kuban P, Rı́os A, Valcárcel M, Karlberg B. On-line ion-exchange preconcentration in a flow injection system coupled to capillary electrophoresis for the direct determination of UV absorbing anions. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
Fang Q, Wang FR, Wang SL, Liu SS, Xu SK, Fang ZL. Sequential injection sample introduction microfluidic-chip based capillary electrophoresis system. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
This review deals with the separation mechanisms applied to the separation of inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques. It covers various CE techniques that are suitable for the separation and/or determination of inorganic anions in various matrices, including capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, electrochromatography and capillary isotachophoresis. Detection and sample preparation techniques used in CE separations are also reviewed. An extensive part of this review deals with applications of CE techniques in various fields (environmental, food and plant materials, biological and biomedical, technical materials and industrial processes). Attention is paid to speciations of anions of arsenic, selenium, chromium, phosphorus, sulfur and halogen elements by CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Kaniansky
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Krivácsy Z, Gelencsér A, Hlavay J, Kiss G, Sárvári Z. Electrokinetic injection in capillary electrophoresis and its application to the analysis of inorganic compounds. J Chromatogr A 1999; 834:21-44. [PMID: 10189689 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In capillary electrophoresis, electrokinetic injection is a highly controversial sampling technique. It is a simple mode of sample introduction which is suitable for on-line preconcentration of the analytes, but its precision and accuracy are more strongly affected by experimental conditions compared to hydrodynamic injection. In the first part of this paper the features of electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injections are compared, followed by a detailed discussion on the different biases of electrokinetic injection and on how to reduce them. Finally, applications of the electrokinetic injection are reviewed with special emphasis on the analysis of inorganic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Krivácsy
- University of Veszprém, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Calibration principles for flow injection analysis–capillary electrophoresis systems with electrokinetic injection. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
35
|
|