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Li S, Guo K, Wang X, Lin Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Du C, Hu Z, Wang X. Development and evaluation of a real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of equine infectious anemia virus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0259923. [PMID: 37811976 PMCID: PMC10715080 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02599-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Equine infectious anemia (EIA) has a worldwide distribution and causes significant losses to the equine industry worldwide. A reliable detection method is necessary to control the transmission of EIA virus (EIAV). Currently, most of the available real-time PCR assays, including the qPCR of recommended by WOAH, are developed according to the sequences of European or American EIAV strains; however, the primers and probe sequences have low homology with Asian EIAV strains. To the best of our knowledge, no qPCR method capable of the well detection of Asian EIAV strains, especially Chinese EIAV strains, has been published to date. The development of a sensitive, specific, and rapid qPCR assay for the detection of the EIAV strains is therefore of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kui Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuezhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Du
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Equine Infectious Anemia, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, China
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Equine Infectious Anemia, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Seo MG, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Anaplasma bovis infection in a horse: First clinical report and molecular analysis. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:47-51. [PMID: 31176411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A 23-year-old male Thoroughbred horse at the Korean Military Academy appeared thin with visible rib bones and presented clinical signs of fever, anorexia, lethargy, and severe dehydration. To determine the presence of various febrile disease-causing agents, the 23 cohabiting horses at the academy, including this horse, were subjected to hematology, blood chemistry, and molecular analysis using whole blood samples collected during regular medical check-ups. On the basis of clinical history, physical examination, hematology, blood chemistry, and fecal examination, differential diagnosis using molecular analyses was performed for various febrile disease-causing agents, including Lyme borreliae, Coxiella, piroplasms (Babesia and Theileria), Rickettsiales (Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia), equine herpesvirus, equine infectious anemia virus, and equine arteritis virus. While other pathogens were not detected, PCR and phylogenetic analysis targeting the Anaplasma 16S rRNA gene revealed that the horse was infected with Anaplasma bovis. Although PCR targeting the groEL and gltA genes of A. bovis was not successful, the restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism assay for differential diagnosis and determination of coinfectivity between Anaplasma phagocytophilum and A. bovis confirmed the pathogen as A. bovis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical report of A. bovis infection in a horse, suggesting a new reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Goo Seo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Cursino AE, Vilela APP, Franco-Luiz APM, de Oliveira JG, Nogueira MF, Júnior JPA, de Aguiar DM, Kroon EG. Equine infectious anemia virus in naturally infected horses from the Brazilian Pantanal. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2385-2394. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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4
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Detection of equine infectious anemia nucleic acid in asymptomatic carrier horses by nested PCR. ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/abm-2010-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus with an almost worldwide distribution, infecting equids. It causes a persistent infection that is characterized by recurring episodes of fever, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Most of the horses may control EIAV replication within a year, remaining persistently infected without clinical signs of disease. Objective: Detect EIA nucleic acid from peripheral blood of asymptomatic horses using nested PCR. Materials and method: We used nested PCR, amplifying P26 gag gene of EIAV, for direct detection of viral RNA in plasma and proviral DNA from PBMC in asymptomatic carrier horses in comparison with the Coggins test. EIA nucleic acid was prepared from 20 seropositive and five EIAV seronegative horses. Amplification of 246 bp expected size fragments was obtained using two different sets of primers targeting the P26 gag gene. Results: Among 20 seropositive horses, nine samples were positive for RNA and DNA. The five samples were positive for DNA but not for RNA, which indicates that the virus integrated into the host cell genome with a low level of viral replication. However, six samples were negative for both DNA and RNA. False negative could result due to primer failure caused by gag sequences variation among strains circulating in Thailand when compared with various strains from other parts of the world. EIAV antigens may also be prepared from cell cultures contaminated with other retroviruses thus causing false positives with the Coggins test. Conclusion: Nested PCR can be a useful tool for detecting the presence of EIAV in asymptomatic carrier horses. This may be especially true during the acute stage of the disease where the viremia levels are usually at the highest levels before detectable antibodies appear.
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Sharav T, Konnai S, Ochirkhuu N, Ts EO, Mekata H, Sakoda Y, Umemura T, Murata S, Chultemdorj T, Ohashi K. Detection and molecular characterization of equine infectious anemia virus in Mongolian horses. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1884-1888. [PMID: 29021424 PMCID: PMC5709569 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic characterization and actual prevalence of EIAV in Mongolian horse in the disease endemic region is currently unknown. Here, 11 of 776 horse serum samples from four Mongolian provinces tested positive on agar gel
immunodiffusion test. Genomic DNA extracted from all seropositive samples was subjected to nested PCR assay. Among these, three samples tested positive with nested PCR assay and were identified by sequencing analysis based on long
termination repeat and tat gene of the virus. Two of the three sequences were identical, with 94.0% identity with the third. These two independent Mongolian EIAV sequences were retained functional motifs, with no
dramatic changes but some variability in the U5 region; they were clustered with genotypes from European countries but not with those from China, U.S.A., or Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumenjargal Sharav
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nyamsuren Ochirkhuu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Erdene Ochir Ts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tungalag Chultemdorj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Elia G, Lanave G, Lorusso E, Parisi A, Trotta A, Buono R, Martella V, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Equine hepacivirus persistent infection in a horse with chronic wasting. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1354-1358. [PMID: 28707785 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine hepacivirus is the closest homologue of hepatitis C virus. Limited data on the clinical features of this infection are available. We report the identification of a horse with high-titre viremia by equine hepacivirus. Over a 15-month follow-up, the clinical signs and the viremic status persisted, suggesting a chronic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - G Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - E Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - A Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Sezione di Putignano, Putignano, Bari, Italy
| | - A Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - R Buono
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - C Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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7
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Equine infectious anemia prevalence in feral donkeys from Northeast Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2017; 140:30-37. [PMID: 28460747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Although the virus infects all members of the Equidae the vast majority of studies have been conducted in horses (Equus caballus) with comparatively little information available for other equid species. Brazil has one of the most abundant donkey (E. asinus) populations of any nation although the economic importance of these animals is declining as transportation becomes increasingly mechanized. As a result, considerable numbers of donkeys especially in the Northeast of the country have been released and allowed pursue an almost feral existence. Consequently, this large and growing population constitutes a significant risk as a reservoir for the maintenance and transmission of important equine infectious diseases such as glanders and equine arteritis virus in addition to EIAV. This study examines the prevalence of EIA in a semi-wild donkey population from Mossoró city, in Northeast Brazil, using AGID followed by cELISA, rgp90 ELISA and immunoblot (IB). Serum samples were collected from 367 donkeys without obvious EIA clinical signs. Subsequent testing revealed seropositive rates of 1.6% (6/367) in officially approved AGID tests, 3.3% (12/367) in cELISA and 14.4% (53/367) in the rgp90 ELISA. However, 88.7% (47/53) of the rgp90 ELISA positive samples were almost certainly false reactions because they failed to react with two or more antigens in IB. Consequently, the rpg90 ELISA has a similar sensitivity to AGID with donkey serum samples. Such high false positive rates have not been observed previously with serum samples from horses. Another highly significant finding is that 56.9% (33/58) of the donkey serum samples tested in IB had reactivity to EIAV p26 only. Although this could result from recent infection with the virus, it has been found that in some equids p26 only reactivity persists for extensive periods of time suggesting exposure to antigens possessing cross-reactive determinants or EIAV strains with envelope glycoproteins that are different from any that have been previously characterized and so undetectable by current IB techniques.
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8
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Ricotti S, Garcia MI, Veaute C, Bailat A, Lucca E, Cook RF, Cook SJ, Soutullo A. Serologically silent, occult equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infections in horses. Vet Microbiol 2016; 187:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Issel CJ, Cook RF, Mealey RH, Horohov DW. Equine infectious anemia in 2014: live with it or eradicate it? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:561-77. [PMID: 25441114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of an effective vaccine, the success of the test and removal approach for the control of equine infectious anemia (EIA) cannot be overstated, at least in those areas where testing has been traditionally routine. This article addresses 4 main aspects: what has been learned about EIA virus, host control of its replication, and inapparent carriers; international status regarding the control of EIA; diagnostic and laboratory investigation; and reducing the spread of blood-borne infections by veterinarians. An attempt is made to put these issues into practical contemporary perspectives for the equine practitioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Issel
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - R Frank Cook
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Robert H Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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10
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Cook R, Leroux C, Issel C. Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: A review. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:181-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Kuhar U, Završnik J, Toplak I, Malovrh T. Detection and molecular characterisation of equine infectious anaemia virus from field outbreaks in Slovenia. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:386-91. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Kuhar
- Veterinary Faculty; Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology; Virology Unit; University of Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - J. Završnik
- Veterinary Faculty; Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology; Virology Unit; University of Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - I. Toplak
- Veterinary Faculty; Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology; Virology Unit; University of Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - T. Malovrh
- Veterinary Faculty; Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology; Virology Unit; University of Ljubljana; Slovenia
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12
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Development, evaluation, and laboratory validation of immunoassays for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia (EIA) using recombinant protein produced from a synthetic p26 gene of EIA virus. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:349-56. [PMID: 24426297 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia (EIA)-a retroviral disease caused by equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-is a chronic, debilitating disease of horses, mules, and donkeys. EIAV infection has been reported worldwide and is recognized as pathogen of significant economic importance to the horse industry. This disease falls under regulatory control program in many countries including India. Control of EIA is based on identification of inapparent carriers by detection of antibodies to EIAV in serologic tests and "Stamping Out" policy. The current internationally accepted test for diagnosis of EIA is the agar gel immune-diffusion test (AGID), which detects antibodies to the major gag gene (p26) product. The objective of this study was to develop recombinant p26 based in-house immunoassays [enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and AGID] for EIA diagnosis. The synthetic p26 gene of EIAV was expressed in Escherichia coli and diagnostic potential of recombinant p26 protein were evaluated in ELISA and AGID on 7,150 and 1,200 equine serum samples, respectively, and compared with commercial standard AGID kit. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed ELISA were 100 and 98.6 %, respectively. Whereas, relative sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed AGID were in complete agreement in respect to commercial AGID kit. Here, we have reported the validation of an ELISA and AGID on large number of equine serum samples using recombinant p26 protein produced from synthetic gene which does not require handling of pathogenic EIAV. Since the indigenously developed reagents would be economical than commercial diagnostic kit, the rp26 based-immunoassays could be adopted for the sero-diagnosis and control of EIA in India.
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Sero-surveillance of equine infectious anemia virus in equines in India during more than a decade (1999-2012). INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:386-90. [PMID: 24426302 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a retroviral infection of horses. Horses infected by EIA virus (EIAV) become inapparent carriers that remain asymptomatic for the remainder of their life span and serve as infection source to other horses. In this study, agar gel immunodiffusion test and ELISA were used to investigate the presence of antibodies to EIAV in equines. A total of 67,042 equine serum samples from 19 states and two union territories were tested during April 1999 to September 2012. The results revealed that none of the animals were positive for antibodies to EIAV from 1999 to December 2009. However, two EIAV sero-positive cases one each from indigenous and thoroughbred equines were detected in 2010 and 2012, respectively. Occurrence of EIA after a long gap of 11 years is indicative of reemergence of EIA in India which warrants concerted efforts in nationwide surveillance and monitoring for detection and elimination of EIAV carrier animals to prevent EIA outbreak.
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Issel CJ, Scicluna MT, Cook SJ, Cook RF, Caprioli A, Ricci I, Rosone F, Craigo JK, Montelaro RC, Autorino GL. Challenges and proposed solutions for more accurate serological diagnosis of equine infectious anaemia. Vet Rec 2013; 172:210. [PMID: 23161812 PMCID: PMC3593188 DOI: 10.1136/vr-2012-100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Serological diagnosis of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) infections has depended mainly on the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT). This study documents the presence of EIAV genetic sequences in a number of persistently infected horses and mules whose serums were interpreted as negative/equivocal on AGIDT, but positive on more than one ELISA test and in immunoblot tests. Strategies designed to take advantage of the combined strengths of the ELISA and AGIDT are shown effective in a national surveillance program for EIA in Italy where 17 per cent (25/149) of the equids considered to be infected with EIAV on combined/comparative serological data had reactions in the AGIDT that were interpreted as negative or equivocal. These data document the benefits of using a three-tiered laboratory system for the diagnosis of EIA. Although the ELISA-first strategy introduces some confusing results, the discovery of up to 20 per cent more cases of EIA makes it compelling. In our opinion, it is better and more defensible to find two samples in 1000 with resolvable but falsely positive ELISA tests for EIA than to release two to three horses in 10,000 with falsely negative test results for EIA (the rates seen in the Italian surveillance presented here).
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Issel
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA.
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15
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Caij AB, Tignon M. Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of Equine Infectious Anaemia Virus Strains Isolated in Belgium in 2010. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:464-8. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Caij
- Unit Enzootic and (Re-) Emerging Viral Disease; Operational Direction of Viral Diseases; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre; Brussels Belgium
| | - M. Tignon
- Unit Enzootic and (Re-) Emerging Viral Disease; Operational Direction of Viral Diseases; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre; Brussels Belgium
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Development of a nested PCR assay to detect equine infectious anemia proviral DNA from peripheral blood of naturally infected horses. Arch Virol 2012; 157:2105-11. [PMID: 22798044 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia (EIA) has posed a major challenge and caused significant losses to the equine industry worldwide. PCR detection methods have considerable potential as an adjunct to conventional serological diagnostic techniques. However, most published PCR methods, including that recommended by the OIE, were designed using laboratory-adapted virus strains and do not function with field isolates of EIA virus (EIAV). In the present study, a nested PCR assay for detection of EIAV proviral DNA in peripheral blood cells of naturally infected horses was developed. Primer sets were designed based on conserved 5' regions of the viral genome extending from the LTR to the tat gene. Preliminary studies demonstrated that the method has a detection limit of 10 genomic copies and, when applied to a naturally EIAV-infected feral horse population, shows 100 % correlation with conventional serological diagnostic techniques. This assay provides a powerful new tool in the control of EIAV.
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Asseged BD, Habtemariam T, Tameru B, Nganwa D. The risk of introduction of equine infectious anemia virus into USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada. Theriogenology 2012; 77:445-58. [PMID: 21958631 PMCID: PMC3250577 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deriving horse oocytes in the USA is hampered by the lack of abattoirs processing horse carcasses which could provide abundant quantities of ovaries from slaughtered mares. Therefore, several cloning industries in the USA are attempting to import cloned horse embryos from Canada. Like any agricultural commodity, cloned embryos pose a risk of introduction of exotic animal diseases into the importing country. Under such circumstances, risk assessment could provide an objective, transparent, and internationally accepted means for evaluating the risk. This quantitative risk assessment (QRA) was initiated to determine the risk of introduction of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) into the USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada. In assessing the risk, a structured knowledge base regarding cloning in relation to Equine infectious anemia (EIA) was first developed. Based on the knowledge base, a scenario tree was developed to determine conditions (with mathematical probabilities) that could lead to the introduction and maintenance of EIAV along the cloning pathway. Parameters for the occurrence of the event at each node were estimated using published literature. Using @Risk software and setting Monte Carlo simulation at 50,000 iterations, the probability of importing an EIAV-infected cloned horse embryo was 1.8 × 10(-9) (R = 1.5 × 10(-12) to 2.9 × 10(-8)). Taking into account the current protocol for equine cloning and assuming the yield of 5 to 30 clones per year, the possible number of EIAV-infected cloned horse embryos ranged from 2.0 × 10(-10) to 9.1 × 10(-5) (Mean = 1.4×10(-6)) per year. Consequently, it would take up to 1.5 × 10(7) (R = 1.6 × 10(4) to 5.1 × 10(10)) years for EIAV to be introduced into the USA. Based on the knowledge base and our critical pathway analysis, the biological plausibility of introducing EIAV into USA via cloned horse embryos imported from Canada is extremely low.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Asseged
- Tuskegee University, Department of Pathobiology, BIMS/CCEBRA, CVMNAH W-B 114, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA.
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Santos E, Motta P, Heinemann M, Leite R, Reis J. Avaliação da nested PCR em comparação aos testes sorológicos IDGA e ELISA para o diagnóstico da anemia infecciosa equina. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparou-se a técnica nested PCR (nPCR) com os testes sorológicos IDGA e ELISA para o diagnóstico da anemia infecciosa equina. Amostras do DNA provenientes das células mononucleares do sangue periférico foram submetidas à amplificação do gene gag pela nPCR, que apresentou valores de sensibilidade e especificidade relativas de 90% e 52,9%, respectivamente, em relação à IDGA, e valores de 85,7% e 49%, respectivamente, em relação ao ELISA. Considerando-se os fatores referentes às limitações de cada técnica, pode ser sugerido o uso da nPCR como teste de diagnóstico complementar para AIE em amostras brasileiras.
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Molecular detection, epidemiology, and genetic characterization of novel European field isolates of equine infectious anemia virus. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:27-33. [PMID: 21084503 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01311-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of molecular diagnostic techniques along with nucleotide sequence determination to permit contemporary phylogenetic analysis of European field isolates of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) has not been widely reported. As a result, of extensive testing instigated following the 2006 outbreak of equine infectious anemia in Italy, 24 farms with a history of exposure to this disease were included in this study. New PCR-based methods were developed, which, especially in the case of DNA preparations from peripheral blood cells, showed excellent correlation with OIE-approved agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests for identifying EIAV-infected animals. In contrast, the OIE-recommended oligonucleotide primers for EIAV failed to react with any of the Italian isolates. Similar results were also obtained with samples from four Romanian farms. In addition, for the first time complete characterization of gag genes from five Italian isolates and one Romanian isolate has been achieved, along with acquisition of extensive sequence information (86% of the total gag gene) from four additional EIAV isolates (one Italian and three Romanian). Furthermore, in another 23 cases we accomplished partial characterization of gag gene sequences in the region encoding the viral matrix protein. Analysis of this information suggested that most Italian isolates were geographically restricted, somewhat reminiscent of the "clades" described for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Collectively this represents the most comprehensive genetic study of European EIAV isolates conducted to date.
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Serosurveillance for equine infectious anaemia in the Ardahan province of Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1593-5. [PMID: 20521104 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anaemia is a retroviral infection of horses. All infected horses, including those that are asymptomatic, become carriers and are infectious for life. In this study, blood samples of all equines in the province of Ardahan were collected. The material consisted of 8,947 equines, including 8,769 horses and 178 donkeys, from Ardahan province in northeastern Turkey. Blood was collected from all horses and donkeys and the sera were analysed for the presence of antibodies to equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results revealed that none of the horses and donkeys were positive for antibodies to EIAV.
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Santos E, Paula J, Motta P, Heinemann M, Leite R, Haddad J, Del Puerto H, Reis J. Methodology Comparison of three methods of DNA extraction from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lung fragments of equines. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:1591-8. [DOI: 10.4238/vol9-3gmr818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nagarajan MM, Simard C. Gag genetic heterogeneity of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in naturally infected horses in Canada. Virus Res 2007; 129:228-35. [PMID: 17767972 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gag genetic heterogeneity of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) variants in naturally infected horses in Canada was studied since very limited information is available on the variability of EIAV Gag sequences in public database. A phylogenetic analysis based on 414nts of Gag gene sequences amplified by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed the distinct divergence of these variants compared to other published strains in a corresponding region. Significant predicted amino acid sequence variations were also identified in an immunorelevant region within this fragment which corresponded to a previously characterized cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitope cluster (EC2, aa 77-119). Furthermore, alignment of the predicted full-length Gag protein gene sequences of some of these variants associated with clinical cases of EIA in Canada with the published sequences of EIAV originating from other countries revealed conserved and variant sequences in regions corresponding to other characterized CTL epitope clusters, EC1, EC3 and EC4. Conserved sequences identified among different variant strains might have an important implication for their screening and selection of putative peptide epitopes to mediate relevant immune response and cross protection against divergent field strains of EIAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliga M Nagarajan
- St-Hyacinthe Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 8E3, Canada.
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Mooney J, Flynn O, Sammin D. Equine infectious anaemia in Ireland: characterisation of the virus. Vet Rec 2006; 159:570. [PMID: 17056658 DOI: 10.1136/vr.159.17.570-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Equine infectious anemia in mules, donkeys, and horses: Epidemiologic studies in the different geographic regions of Turkey. J Equine Vet Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Spyrou V, Papanastassopoulou M, Psychas V, Billinis C, Koumbati M, Vlemmas J, Koptopoulos G. Equine infectious anemia in mules: virus isolation and pathogenicity studies. Vet Microbiol 2003; 95:49-59. [PMID: 12860076 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There appears to be a lack of information concerning responses of mules to natural infection or experimental inoculation with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). In the present study EIAV was isolated from mules, for the first time, and its pathogenicity in naturally infected and experimentally inoculated animals was investigated. Two naturally infected (A and B) and three EIAV free mules (C, D and E) were used for this purpose. Mule A developed clinical signs, whereas mule B remained asymptomatic until the end of the study. Mules C and D were each inoculated with 10ml of blood from mule A and developed signs of the disease; they were euthanatized or died at day 22 and 25 post-inoculation, respectively. Mule E served as a negative control. The virus was isolated from the plasma samples of mules with clinical signs of the disease (A, C and D), but not from the asymptomatic mule B. Both proviral DNA and viral RNA were amplified from blood and tissues of the infected animals by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). Antibodies were not detected in the two experimentally infected mules until their natural death or euthanasia. Clinicopathological and laboratory findings showed that, in mules, EIAV produced clinical signs similar to those observed in horses and ponies. Nested PCR proved to be a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic method for the detection of EIAV, regardless of the disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Spyrou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-541 24, Greece
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