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Field Evaluation of Novel Combination Vaccines Against Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and Clostridium perfringens Toxoid Using Different Immunization Protocols. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) and enterotoxaemia are serious livestock diseases. The livestock industry has suffered heavy economic losses, especially in developing countries. Objectives: These two diseases can be effectively controlled and prevented via vaccination. To prepare multivalent vaccines, Clostridium perfringens (B, C, and D) toxoids were mixed with foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV; type O) along with adjuvants aluminum hydroxide and Montanide ISA206. Methods: According to the guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and pharmacopeia, sheep were the target animals. Following the injection of vaccines, ELISA and virus neutralization test (VNT) antibody titers determined the effectiveness of the test vaccines. Results: The combination vaccine with ISA206 adjuvant resulted in anti-enterotoxaemia and anti-FMD antibody titers higher than OIE values and pharmacopeia standards. A statistically significant difference was found between the combination vaccine groups with and without Montanide ISA206 adjuvant for anti-enterotoxaemia antibody titers after the second vaccination (P < 0.05). In contrast, the mean VNT antibody titer of the combined vaccine against serotype O with ISA206 adjuvant was significantly higher than that of other FMD vaccine groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, all vaccinated groups (A, B, C, D, E, Fand G) displayed significantly higher than the negative control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that enterotoxaemia-FMD combined vaccines could replace traditional livestock vaccines on an industrial scale.
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Mahmoud MAEF, Ghazy AA, Shaapan RM. Diagnosis and Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Dairy Small Ruminants; Sheep and Goats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2018; 14:45-52. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2019.45.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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3
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Persistent Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle Suggests Impairment of Apoptosis and Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Nasopharynx. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162750. [PMID: 27643611 PMCID: PMC5028045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the mechanisms of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle, transcriptome alterations associated with the FMDV carrier state were characterized using a bovine whole-transcriptome microarray. Eighteen cattle (8 vaccinated with a recombinant FMDV A vaccine, 10 non-vaccinated) were challenged with FMDV A24 Cruzeiro, and the gene expression profiles of nasopharyngeal tissues collected between 21 and 35 days after challenge were compared between 11 persistently infected carriers and 7 non-carriers. Carriers and non-carriers were further compared to 2 naïve animals that had been neither vaccinated nor challenged. At a controlled false-discovery rate of 10% and a minimum difference in expression of 50%, 648 genes were differentially expressed between FMDV carriers and non-carriers, and most (467) had higher expression in carriers. Among these, genes associated with cellular proliferation and the immune response-such as chemokines, cytokines and genes regulating T and B cells-were significantly overrepresented. Differential gene expression was significantly correlated between non-vaccinated and vaccinated animals (biological correlation +0.97), indicating a similar transcriptome profile across these groups. Genes related to prostaglandin E2 production and the induction of regulatory T cells were overexpressed in carriers. In contrast, tissues from non-carrier animals expressed higher levels of complement regulators and pro-apoptotic genes that could promote virus clearance. Based on these findings, we propose a working hypothesis for FMDV persistence in nasopharyngeal tissues of cattle, in which the virus may be maintained by an impairment of apoptosis and the local suppression of cell-mediated antiviral immunity by inducible regulatory T cells.
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Moniwa M, Clavijo A, Li M, Collignon B, Kitching PR. Performance of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction with Amplification Controls between Three Real-Time Instruments. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:9-20. [PMID: 17459827 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the picornavirus family, possessing an 8-kb single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. It is highly contagious among several livestock species and can lead to severe economic consequences, as evidenced by the UK outbreak in 2001. The usage of real-time polymerase chain reaction has facilitated rapid detection of FMDV. Several real-time PCR instruments are available with various capabilities, such as portability and high sample volume analysis. Primers and a dual-labeled TaqMan probe were optimized to detect a single, highly conserved 88-bp segment of the FMDV 3D (RNA polymerase) gene. To increase the confidence of the RT-PCR result, a positive amplification control was synthesized to detect potential false-positive results due to contamination if a wildtype virus is used as positive control. In addition, a preventative measure against false-negative results was developed in which endogenous beta actin mRNA is coamplified by RT-PCR. Assay performance was compared on the LightCycler1.2 (Roche), the SmartCyclerII (Cepheid), and the SDS 7900HT (ABI). These assays successfully identified the FMDV genome and beta actin mRNA from several sources of infected nasal and oral swabs, as well as probang samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Moniwa
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
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Robust Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR for Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Neutralizing Carryover Contamination. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 54:216-9. [PMID: 26560537 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01944-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) is the most commonly used diagnostic method to detect viral RNA. However, while this assay is often conducted during the outbreak period, there is an inevitable risk of carryover contamination. This study shows that the carryover contamination can be prevented by the use of target-specific restriction endonuclease in that assay.
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Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Ranjan R, Biswal J, Rout M, Mohapatra JK, Dash BB, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Diagnostic assays developed for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in India. World J Virol 2015; 4:295-302. [PMID: 26279990 PMCID: PMC4534820 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of livestock, primarily affecting cattle, buffalo and pigs. FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia1 are prevalent in India and systematic efforts are on to control and eventually eradicate the disease from the country. FMD epidemiology is complex due to factors like co-circulation, extinction, emergence and re-emergence of genotypes/lineages within the three serotypes, animal movement, diverse farm practices and large number of susceptible livestock in the country. Systematic vaccination, prompt diagnosis, strict biosecurity measures, and regular monitoring of vaccinal immunity and surveillance of virus circulation are indispensible features for the effective implementation of the control measures. Availability of suitable companion diagnostic tests is very important in this endeavour. In this review, the diagnostic assays developed and validated in India and their contribution in FMD control programme is presented.
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7
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Parthiban ABR, Mahapatra M, Gubbins S, Parida S. Virus Excretion from Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Carrier Cattle and Their Potential Role in Causing New Outbreaks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128815. [PMID: 26110772 PMCID: PMC4482020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) carrier cattle in causing new outbreaks is still a matter of debate and it is important to find out these carrier animals by post-outbreak serosurveillance to declare freedom from FMDV infection. In this study we explore the differences in viral shedding between carrier and non-carrier animals, quantify the transmission rate of FMDV infection from carriers to susceptible animals and identify potential viral determinants of viral persistence. We collected nasal and saliva samples from 32 vaccinated and 7 unvaccinated FMDV carrier cattle and 48 vaccinated and 13 unvaccinated non-carrier cattle (total n=100) during the acute phase of infection (up to 28 days post-challenge) and then from limited number of animals up to a maximum 168 days post-challenge. We demonstrate that unvaccinated cattle excrete significantly higher levels of virus for longer periods compared with vaccinated cattle and this is independent of whether or not they subsequently become carriers. By introducing naïve cattle in to the FMDV carrier population we show the risk of new outbreaks is clearly very low in controlled conditions, although there could still be a potential threat of these carrier animals causing new outbreaks in the field situation. Finally, we compared the complete genome sequences of viruses from carrier cattle with the challenge virus and found no evidence for viral determinants of the carrier state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Fowler V, Bashiruddin JB, Belsham GJ, Stenfeldt C, Bøtner A, Knowles NJ, Bankowski B, Parida S, Barnett P. Characteristics of a foot-and-mouth disease virus with a partial VP1 G-H loop deletion in experimentally infected cattle. Vet Microbiol 2013; 169:58-66. [PMID: 24438986 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work in cattle illustrated the protective efficacy and negative marker potential of a A serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine prepared from a virus lacking a significant portion of the VP1 G-H loop (termed A(-)). Since this deletion also includes the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif required for virus attachment to the host cell in vivo, it was hypothesised that this virus would be attentuated in naturally susceptible animals. The A(-) virus was passaged three times in cattle via needle inoculation of virus suspension delivered into the intradermal space of the tongue (intradermolingual: IDL). Included in the study were three direct contact cattle, two of which were used for the third cattle passage (by inoculation) after direct contact exposure for three days. Cattle were monitored for clinical signs and samples were collected for sequencing as well as antibody and viral genome detection by ELISA and qRT-PCR. Following needle inoculation with the A(-) virus, naïve cattle developed typical clinical signs of FMDV infection, diagnostic assays also provided positive serological and virological results. However, the contact cattle did not develop clinical signs or generate serological or virological markers indicative of FMDV infection even when the cattle were subsequently needle inoculated with 10(5) TCID50 A(-) FMDV delivered IDL following three days of direct contact exposure. The results suggest that the A(-) virus is not attentuated in cattle when inoculated IDL. This virus could be useful as a tool to understand further the natural pathogenesis, receptor usage and internalisation pathways of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - John B Bashiruddin
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Bartlomiej Bankowski
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Barnett
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Chase-Topping ME, Handel I, Bankowski BM, Juleff ND, Gibson D, Cox SJ, Windsor MA, Reid E, Doel C, Howey R, Barnett PV, Woolhouse MEJ, Charleston B. Understanding foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission biology: identification of the indicators of infectiousness. Vet Res 2013; 44:46. [PMID: 23822567 PMCID: PMC3716626 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks in non-endemic countries relies on the rapid detection and removal of infected animals. In this paper we use the observed relationship between the onset of clinical signs and direct contact transmission of FMDV to identify predictors for the onset of clinical signs and identify possible approaches to preclinical screening in the field. Threshold levels for various virological and immunological variables were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and then tested using generalized linear mixed models to determine their ability to predict the onset of clinical signs. In addition, concordance statistics between qualitative real time PCR test results and virus isolation results were evaluated. For the majority of animals (71%), the onset of clinical signs occurred 3-4 days post infection. The onset of clinical signs was associated with high levels of virus in the blood, oropharyngeal fluid and nasal fluid. Virus is first detectable in the oropharyngeal fluid, but detection of virus in the blood and nasal fluid may also be good candidates for preclinical indicators. Detection of virus in the air was also significantly associated with transmission. This study is the first to identify statistically significant indicators of infectiousness for FMDV at defined time periods during disease progression in a natural host species. Identifying factors associated with infectiousness will advance our understanding of transmission mechanisms and refine intra-herd and inter-herd disease transmission models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo E Chase-Topping
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Debi Gibson
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Cox
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth Reid
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Doel
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Howey
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul V Barnett
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Mark EJ Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
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Stenfeldt C, Lohse L, Belsham GJ. The comparative utility of oral swabs and probang samples for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in cattle and pigs. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:330-337. [PMID: 23022683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA was measured using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays in oral swab and probang samples collected from cattle and pigs during experimental infections with serotype O FMDV. During acute infection, FMDV RNA was measurable in oral swabs as well as in probang samples from both species. FMDV RNA could be detected in oral swabs and probang samples from a time point corresponding to the onset of viremia in directly inoculated animals, whereas animals which were infected through contact exposure had low levels of FMDV RNA in oral swabs before viral RNA could be measured in serum. Analysis of samples collected from cattle persistently infected with FMDV showed that it was not possible to detect FMDV RNA in oral swabs harvested beyond 10 days post infection (dpi), despite the presence of FMDV RNA in probang samples that had been collected as late as 35 dpi. An interesting feature of the persistent infection in the cattle was the apparent decline in the level of FMDV RNA in probang samples after the acute phase of infection, which was followed by a marked rise again (in all the carrier animals) by 28 dpi. Results from this study indicate that qRT-PCR analysis of oral swabs is a useful approach in order to achieve a time efficient and reliable initial diagnosis of acute FMD in cattle and pigs, whereas probang sampling is essential for the detection of cattle that are persistently infected "carriers" of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU-Vet), Division of Virology, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
| | - Louise Lohse
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU-Vet), Division of Virology, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU-Vet), Division of Virology, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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11
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Modulation of Cytokine mRNA Expression in Pharyngeal Epithelial Samples obtained from Cattle Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:243-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Fowler VL, Bashiruddin JB, Maree FF, Mutowembwa P, Bankowski B, Gibson D, Cox S, Knowles N, Barnett PV. Foot-and-mouth disease marker vaccine: cattle protection with a partial VP1 G-H loop deleted virus antigen. Vaccine 2011; 29:8405-11. [PMID: 21856354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to the dogma that the VP1 G-H loop is essential for FMD vaccine efficacy, it has been previously shown that foot-and-mouth disease 146s antigen containing heterologous VP1 G-H loops confers complete protection in pigs and cattle. Moreover, serological evaluation of cattle vaccinated with an antigen lacking a large proportion of the VP1 G-H loop indicated that these animals should be protected against infection with FMD. Absence of this loop provides opportunity for the development of an FMD negative marker vaccine, allowing infection to be detected by antibodies against this missing region. Cattle vaccinated with this negative marker vaccine were fully protected following virus challenge 28 days post vaccination as determined by the absence of generalised lesions on their feet. Furthermore, use of our improved differentiation ELISA identified animals exposed to infection as early as 7 days post-challenge. We thus demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of this FMD negative marker vaccine to fully protect cattle from experimental challenge and rapidly distinguish animals that are subsequently exposed to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Fowler
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Surrey, UK.
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13
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Stenfeldt C, Belsham GJ. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA in pharyngeal epithelium biopsy samples obtained from infected cattle: investigation of possible sites of virus replication and persistence. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:230-9. [PMID: 21831538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection of significant financial importance to the export and trade of agricultural products. The occurrence of persistently infected "carriers" of FMD-virus (FMDV) in ruminant species adds further complications to disease control. There have been significant discrepancies in reports regarding the pathogenesis of FMDV infection in cattle with specific emphasis on the anatomical sites involved in early and persistent virus replication. In this study, collection of small biopsy samples from the dorsal soft palate (DSP) of live animals was used to investigate the level of FMDV RNA present at this site at sequential time points during the infection. Results were compared to measurements of virus excretion in samples of oropharyngeal fluid collected at corresponding time points. Possible sites of virus persistence were investigated through measurements of the levels of FMDV RNA in the DSP as well as mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes beyond 28 days after infection. Results indicated only low levels of FMDV RNA present in samples of pharyngeal epithelia during both early and persistent phases of infection with significantly higher levels of virus detected in pharyngeal excretions. It is concluded that the targeted area for sampling within the DSP does not harbour significant levels of virus replication during acute or persistent FMDV infection in cattle. Furthermore, the DSP and the mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes cannot be concluded to be principal sites for persistence of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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Longjam N, Deb R, Sarmah AK, Tayo T, Awachat VB, Saxena VK. A Brief Review on Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease of Livestock: Conventional to Molecular Tools. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:905768. [PMID: 21776357 PMCID: PMC3135314 DOI: 10.4061/2011/905768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Effective control of this disease needs sensitive, specific, and quick diagnostic tools at each tier of control strategy. In this paper we have outlined various diagnostic approaches from old to new generation in a nutshell. Presently FMD diagnosis is being carried out using techniques such as Virus Isolation (VI), Sandwich-ELISA (S-ELISA), Liquid-Phase Blocking ELISA (LPBE), Multiplex-PCR (m-PCR), and indirect ELISA (DIVA), and real time-PCR can be used for detection of antibody against nonstructural proteins. Nucleotide sequencing for serotyping, microarray as well as recombinant antigen-based detection, biosensor, phage display, and nucleic-acid-based diagnostic are on the way for rapid and specific detection of FMDV. Various pen side tests, namely, lateral flow, RT-LAMP, Immunostrip tests, and so forth. are also developed for detection of the virus in field condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Longjam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati 781022, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - A. K. Sarmah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati 781022, India
| | - Tilling Tayo
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - V. B. Awachat
- Division of Poultry Science, Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - V. K. Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute (CSWRI), Avikanagar, India
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15
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Stenfeldt C, Heegaard PMH, Stockmarr A, Tjørnehøj K, Belsham GJ. Analysis of the acute phase responses of serum amyloid a, haptoglobin and type 1 interferon in cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. Vet Res 2011; 42:66. [PMID: 21592356 PMCID: PMC3123197 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of challenge experiments were performed in order to investigate the acute phase responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle and possible implications for the development of persistently infected "carriers". The host response to infection was investigated through measurements of the concentrations of the acute phase proteins (APPs) serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (HP), as well as the bioactivity of type 1 interferon (IFN) in serum of infected animals. Results were based on measurements from a total of 36 infected animals of which 24 were kept for observational periods exceeding 28 days in order to determine the carrier-status of individual animals. The systemic host response to FMDV in infected animals was evaluated in comparison to similar measurements in sera from 6 mock-inoculated control animals. There was a significant increase in serum concentrations of both APPs and type 1 IFN in infected animals coinciding with the onset of viremia and clinical disease. The measured parameters declined to baseline levels within 21 days after inoculation, indicating that there was no systemically measurable inflammatory reaction related to the carrier state of FMD. There was a statistically significant difference in the HP response between carriers and non-carriers with a lower response in the animals that subsequently developed into FMDV carriers. It was concluded that the induction of SAA, HP and type 1 IFN in serum can be used as markers of acute infection by FMDV in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU-Vet), Division of Virology, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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16
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Quan M, Murphy CM, Zhang Z, Durand S, Esteves I, Doel C, Alexandersen S. Influence of exposure intensity on the efficiency and speed of transmission of Foot-and-mouth disease. J Comp Pathol 2009; 140:225-37. [PMID: 19215941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can be spread by direct animal-to-animal contact, indirect contact facilitated by contaminated materials or by airborne spread. The rate of spread and the incubation period, as well as the severity of disease, depends on many variables including the dose received, the route of introduction, the virus strain, the animal species and the conditions under which the animals are kept. Quantitative data related to these variables are needed if model predictions are to be used in practical disease control. This experimental study quantifies the risk of transmission of FMDV in pigs exposed by contact, sheep exposed by indirect contact with pigs and sheep exposed to airborne FMDV. Groups of pigs were inoculated with the FMDV O UKG 34/2001 strain and susceptible pigs were then exposed to the inoculated animals at different stages of the infection cycle. The mean incubation period in the susceptible pigs ranged from 1 to 10 days. The length of the incubation period, severity of clinical disease and efficiency of spread were related to dose (i.e. infectiousness of source and intensity of contact). Low intensity transmission increased the proportion of subclinical or abortive infections. Local conditions are important in the efficiency and speed of transmission of FMDV. The results of the experiments described above suggest that transmission is frequency dependent rather than density dependent. The sheep experiments provided further evidence that development of infection and clinical disease is dependent upon local conditions. Dose, infectiousness, intensity of contact and local factors are thus important determinants for the outcome of an initial outbreak and must be truthfully accounted for in mathematical models of epidemiological spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quan
- Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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17
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Alexandersen S, Wernery U, Nagy P, Frederiksen T, Normann P. Dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) are of low susceptibility to inoculation with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. J Comp Pathol 2008; 139:187-93. [PMID: 18789453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two sheep and five dromedaries were inoculated with a highdose of a cattle-passaged type O strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The sheep developed typical FMD. The inoculated camels, which were placed in contact with five further dromedaries and four sheep, showed no visible signs of illness or vesicular lesions. However, one of them had a raised body temperature at 3 days post-inoculation (pi) and a viraemia from days 2 to 10; probang samples from this animal were negative for infectious virus, but a low level of FMDV RNA was detected in a sample taken on day 6 pi, five other samples taken from days 3 to 28 being negative. Examination of mouth swabs indicated a low level of FMDV RNA at days 1-5 pi in four of the five inoculated camels, but no infectious FMDV or FMDV RNA was detected in serum, probang or mouth swab samples from contact-exposed animals (camels and sheep). All the contact-exposed camels and sheep and two of the inoculated camels were serologically negative for FMD when tested up to day 28. In contrast, the camel with viraemia became serologically positive from day 14, and the other two inoculated camels (which had been exposed to FMDV in an earlier experiment) became serologically positive from day 10. The experiment suggested that dromedaries (1) are of low susceptibility to FMDV serotype O, (2) do not transmit infection, even by close contact, and (3) are unlikely to play a significant epidemiological role in FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alexandersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Virology, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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18
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De Clercq K, Goris N, Barnett PV, MacKay DK. The Importance of Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Diagnostics to Increase the Confidence in Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 55:35-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2007.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Parida S, Fleming L, Oh Y, Mahapatra M, Hamblin P, Gloster J, Paton D. Emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: Significance and detection of subsequent sub-clinical infection. Vaccine 2008; 26:3469-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Kumar N, Sharma R, Kakker NK. Non-Structural Protein 3A for Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Infected and Vaccinated Animals in Haryana (India). Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:376-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Parida S, Fleming L, Oh Y, Mahapatra M, Hamblin P, Gloster J, Doel C, Gubbins S, Paton DJ. Reduction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus load in nasal excretions, saliva and exhaled air of vaccinated pigs following direct contact challenge. Vaccine 2007; 25:7806-17. [PMID: 17920730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 08/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In future, a policy of "vaccinate-to-live" may be included in the repertoire of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control measures and in support of this approach, we have investigated the hypothesis that vaccine-induced reduction in virus replication and excretion from pigs can be correlated to the severity of clinical signs of FMD by measuring excretion of virus in natural secretions and aerosols. The other aims of this study were to verify the existence of sub-clinical infection in vaccinated pigs, to evaluate the correlation between this and seroconversion to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) non-structural protein antibodies and to re-examine the occurrence of FMDV persistence in the oro-pharynx of pigs. Therefore, pigs were vaccinated (O1 Manisa) and challenged (O1 UKG) in a manner calculated to produce a broad range of clinical outcomes and were monitored for a minimum of another 33 days post-challenge. Eighty-one percent of the early (10 days vaccinated) challenged pigs and 25% of the late (29 days vaccinated) challenged pigs were clinically infected and all other vaccinated pigs were sub-clinically infected. Although vaccination could not provide complete clinical or virological protection, it reduced the severity of the disease, virus excretion and production of non-structural FMDV antibodies in vaccinated and subsequently infected pigs. As hypothesised, vaccine-induced reduction of virus replication and excretion was found to be correlated to the severity of clinical disease. RNA copies, but no live virus was detected from the pharyngeal and soft palate tissues of a minority of vaccinated and infected pigs beyond the acute stage of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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22
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Inoue T, Zhang Z, Wang L, West L, Bashiruddin JB, Belsham GJ. Significance of arginine 20 in the 2A protease for swine vesicular disease virus pathogenicity. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2275-2279. [PMID: 17622632 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and attenuated strains of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), an enterovirus, have been characterized previously and, by using chimeric infectious cDNA clones, the key determinants of pathogenicity in pigs have been mapped to the coding region for 1D-2A. Within this region, residue 20 of the 2A protease is particularly significant. Inoculation of pigs with mutant viruses containing single amino acid substitutions at this residue leads to the appearance of revertants, often containing an arginine at this position encoded by an AGA codon, one of six codons for this residue. The properties in pigs of two chimeric viruses, each with an arginine residue at this position but encoded by different codons, have been investigated in parallel with the parental pathogenic and attenuated strains. Presence of the arginine residue, but not of the AGA codon, is essential for induction of high viraemia and appearance of significant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Inoue
- Research Team for Exotic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- BBSRC Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Leyuan Wang
- BBSRC Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Laura West
- BBSRC Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - John B Bashiruddin
- BBSRC Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
- BBSRC Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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23
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Ryan E, Zhang Z, Brooks HW, Horsington J, Brownlie J. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Crosses the Placenta and Causes Death in Fetal Lambs. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:256-65. [PMID: 17459409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen pregnant sheep, six at 45 days gestation and twelve at 75 days gestation, were infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type O UKG 34/2001. Two sheep from each gestational group were killed at 2, 4, and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Three sheep, pregnant for 75 days at infection, were killed at 17 and 18 dpi. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation (VI) were used to detect viral RNA and infectious virus, respectively, in fetal tissues taken post mortem. Eleven fetuses were obtained from the six sheep inoculated at day 45 of gestation. Of these, two of three fetuses at 2 dpi had viral RNA detected by RT-PCR and virus was detected in one by VI. Viral RNA was detected in two of four fetuses at 4 dpi, while viral RNA and virus were detected in all four fetuses at 7 dpi. No gross abnormalities were evident in these fetuses. In the group inoculated at day 75 of gestation, viral RNA was detected in three of four fetuses at 4 dpi. Virus and viral RNA were detected in three of four fetuses at 7 dpi. Of the seven fetuses examined at 17 and 18 dpi, viral RNA was detected in five, and four of these had died in utero. Gross abnormalities including haemorrhage and oedema in a number of tissues were evident in many of the fetuses in this group, but no vesicular lesions were found. Viral RNA and virus were detected in the amniotic fluid associated with infected fetuses. This study is the first to demonstrate that FMDV may cause transplacental infection and fetal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ryan
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, UK
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24
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Liu YC, Huang GS, Wu MC, Hong MY, Hsiung KP. Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viral Genes Using Microarray Chip. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:191-204. [PMID: 16400604 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two viral pathogens, namely, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), were selected as models for multiple pathogen detection in a cDNA microarray. Two signature regions selected from ORF2 (around 500 bp) and ORF5 (around 600 bp) of PRRVS (America serotype), and one signature region from structural genes VP1 (around 500 bp) of FMDV type O were designed and spotted on a nylon membrane. For PCR sensitivity study, the cloned FMDV-VP1 template could be diluted to near one copy and its PCR product was still detectable in gel electrophoresis. In the microarray detection, the labelling FMDV probes (3 mg/ml) could be diluted 320 times and still maintained a visible colour when hybridized with the chip. Using the mixing primers, the microarray chip demonstrated rapid and accurate detection of the specific genes. To our knowledge, this preliminary study is the first example reported applying the long signature sequences to the multiple pathogen detection in cDNA microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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25
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Monaghan P, Gold S, Simpson J, Zhang Z, Weinreb PH, Violette SM, Alexandersen S, Jackson T. The αvβ6 integrin receptor for Foot-and-mouth disease virus is expressed constitutively on the epithelial cells targeted in cattle. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2769-2780. [PMID: 16186231 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Field strains ofFoot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV) use a number ofαv-integrins as receptors to initiate infection on cultured cells, and integrins are believed to be the receptors used to target epithelial cells in animals. In this study, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and real-time RT-PCR were used to investigate expression of two of the integrin receptors of FMDV,αvβ6 andαvβ3, within various epithelia targeted by this virus in cattle. These studies show thatαvβ6 is expressed constitutively on the surfaces of epithelial cells at sites where infectious lesions occur during a natural infection, but not at sites where lesions are not normally formed. Expression ofαvβ6 protein at these sites showed a good correlation with the relative abundance ofβ6 mRNA. In contrast,αvβ3 protein was only detected at low levels on the vasculature and not on the epithelial cells of any of the tissues investigated. Together, these data suggest that in cattle,αvβ6, rather thanαvβ3, serves as the major receptor that determines the tropism of FMDV for the epithelia normally targeted by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Monaghan
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Sarah Gold
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jennifer Simpson
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Paul H Weinreb
- Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Soren Alexandersen
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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26
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Monaghan P, Simpson J, Murphy C, Durand S, Quan M, Alexandersen S. Use of confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to localize viral nonstructural proteins and potential sites of replication in pigs experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Virol 2005; 79:6410-8. [PMID: 15858024 PMCID: PMC1091697 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.10.6410-6418.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in infected pig epithelium has been studied by immunofluorescence labeling of the viral nonstructural protein 3ABC and confocal microscopy. The results were correlated with viral RNA copy numbers in tissue samples from adjacent sites determined by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Lesion formation was seen in the tongues and coronary band epithelia of infected pigs 2 days after infection. Viral replication was observed in cells of the epithelium of the tongue and coronary band but not in the associated stromal cells. Infected epithelial cells were present in the stratum spinosum, away from the lesion, with small lesions formed above the basement membrane. Viral replication was markedly reduced in tongue epithelium by day 3 postinfection but remained apparent in the coronary band tissue up to 5 days postinfection. These results were confirmed by the RNA copy number determined by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monaghan
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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27
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Quan M, Murphy CM, Zhang Z, Alexandersen S. Determinants of early foot-and-mouth disease virus dynamics in pigs. J Comp Pathol 2005; 131:294-307. [PMID: 15511538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a quantitative description of the early infectious process in pigs experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), obtained by dose-dependent, time course studies of viral load in serum. Pigs were inoculated by the intravenous or intradermal/subcutaneous route with FMDV and housed together in groups or individually. The effects of dose, inoculation route and exposure intensity on the replication of FMDV in vivo and the development of disease were studied. It was shown that the higher the dose, the shorter was the time to the start of active viraemia and to the onset of clinical signs. Exposure intensity and housing conditions influenced the viral dynamics of FMDV. Increasing the exposure intensity, by increasing the number of infected pigs housed together, had the effect of synchronizing the infection and reducing the variance in the start of active viraemia. Increasing the number of pigs housed together also increased the interaction between the pigs and the activity of individual pigs, which had the effect of shortening the time to the onset of clinical signs such as vesicle formation. Intradermal inoculation was more effective than intravenous inoculation for transmitting FMDV to pigs, resulting in shorter times to the start of active viraemia and in higher clinical scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quan
- Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Rd, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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28
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Cox SJ, Voyce C, Parida S, Reid SM, Hamblin PA, Paton DJ, Barnett PV. Protection against direct-contact challenge following emergency FMD vaccination of cattle and the effect on virus excretion from the oropharynx. Vaccine 2005; 23:1106-13. [PMID: 15629353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of emergency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine to protect cattle from a heterologous direct-contact challenge and the effect on virus excretion from the oropharynx were examined. An oil adjuvant O1 Manisa FMD vaccine protected 20 cattle from clinical disease following 5 days of direct-contact exposure to five infected cattle at 21 days post vaccination. The donor cattle had been infected by tongue inoculation with a different FMD virus of the same serotype (O UKG 2001). Protection from clinical disease did not prevent localised sub-clinical infection at the oropharynx in most animals, although quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the level of virus replication shortly after direct-contact challenge was greatly reduced in vaccinated animals. Nevertheless, 45% of the vaccinated cattle became persistently infected with 10(3)-10(6) RNA copies per millilitre of oropharyngeal fluid at 28 days post challenge. However, since live virus could not be readily isolated, the risk of these animals transmitting disease was probably very low. The findings show that even after an extremely severe challenge, use of an emergency vaccine will prevent or reduce local virus replication and thereby dramatically reduce the amount of virus released into the environment in the all-important early post-exposure period. These data should help to model the dynamics of virus transmission in future outbreaks of disease where vaccination is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Cox
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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29
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Zhang Z, Alexandersen S. Quantitative analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA loads in bovine tissues: implications for the site of viral persistence. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2567-2575. [PMID: 15302950 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand better the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the levels of viral RNA in various bovine tissues during the acute and persistent stages of FMD virus (FMDV) infection were investigated by using quantitative RT-PCR. The viral RNA levels in the tissues examined had peaked by day 1 post-infection (p.i.) and were markedly different among the tissues examined. The epithelium collected from sites of lesion development, i.e. the interdigital area and coronary band on the feet, and the tongue, contained the highest level of viral RNA, indicating the predominant tissue sites of viral infection and amplification during the acute stage of infection. Clearance of viral RNA from most of the tissues occurred relatively rapidly and the rate of clearance was largely independent of the level of viral RNA. The viral RNA load in most of the tissues declined slower than in serum, in which viral clearance is rapid. Beyond 28 days p.i., a proportion of pharyngeal region tissues (soft palate, pharynx, tonsil and mandibular lymph node) from infected animals still contained a detectable level of viral RNA, while viral RNA in non-pharyngeal region tissues was generally only detectable for variable periods ranging from 4 to 14 days p.i. The presence of viral RNA in dorsal soft palate tissue had a good correlation with the presence of infectious virus in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid (OP-fluid) samples, a finding indicative of the specific tissue sites of FMDV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhang
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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30
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Zhang Z, Murphy C, Quan M, Knight J, Alexandersen S. Extent of reduction of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA load in oesophageal–pharyngeal fluid after peak levels may be a critical determinant of virus persistence in infected cattle. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:415-421. [PMID: 14769899 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA loads in oesophageal–pharyngeal fluid (OP-fluid) in the early course of infection is related to the outcome of virus persistence, viral RNA in OP-fluid samples from cattle experimentally infected with FMDV type O was quantitatively analysed by using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Viral RNA was detected within 24 h post-infection (p.i.) in all infected animals. Rapid virus replication led to peak levels of viral RNA load by 30–53 h p.i., and then the load declined at various rates. In some animals (n=12, so-called non-carriers) viral RNA became undetectable between 7 and 18 days p.i. In contrast, in persistently infected animals (n=12, so-called carriers) viral RNA persisted in OP-fluid samples at detectable levels beyond 28 days p.i. Analysis of early viral decay/clearance and virus clearance half-life in OP-fluid samples showed that the extent of reduction of viral RNA in OP-fluid samples immediately following peak levels is a critical determinant of the outcome of FMDV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhang
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ciara Murphy
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Melvyn Quan
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jeanette Knight
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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