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Quee FA, Hogema BM, Slot E, Kruijer S, Molier M, van den Hurk K, Zaaijer HL. Booster vaccinations and Omicron: the effects on SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Dutch blood donors. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:464. [PMID: 37438703 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) booster vaccination campaign and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants impact the prevalence and levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Netherlands. In this study we determined antibody levels across age groups, the impact of Omicron variant infections, and the effect of booster vaccinations on antibody levels. METHODS In September and December 2021 and in February 2022, over 2000 Dutch blood donors were tested for presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Donations were selected based on age, sex, and region of residence, to provide an optimal coverage and representation of the Dutch population. RESULTS Levels of vaccination-induced spike antibodies decreased over time in all age groups. Donors vaccinated with Janssen or AstraZeneca had significantly lower antibody levels than donors vaccinated with Pfizer or Moderna vaccine. Boostering with an mRNA vaccine elevated antibody levels in all age-groups irrespective of the initial vaccine. In donors aged < 56 years, the proportion of infected donors almost doubled between December 2021 and February 2022. CONCLUSION The booster vaccination campaign increased antibody levels in all age-groups. After a booster vaccination, donors initially vaccinated with AstraZeneca or Janssen vaccine showed antibody levels similar to donors initially vaccinated with an mRNA vaccine. The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in the Netherlands caused a substantial increase in donors with infection-induced antibodies, especially among younger donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Quee
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B M Hogema
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Slot
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Affairs, Sanquin Corporate Staff, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Kruijer
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Molier
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K van den Hurk
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H L Zaaijer
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Johnston PI, Bogue P, Chirambo AC, Mbewe M, Prakash R, Kandoole-Kabwere V, Lester R, Darton T, Baker S, Gordon MA, Meiring JE. Bacterial shedding and serologic responses following an outbreak of Salmonella Typhi in an endemic cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:416. [PMID: 37340341 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever. Salmonella Typhi may be transmitted through shedding in the stool, which can continue after recovery from acute illness. Shedding is detected by culturing stool, which is challenging to co-ordinate at scale. We hypothesised that sero-surveillance would direct us to those shedding Salmonella Typhi in stool following a typhoid outbreak. METHODS In 2016 a typhoid outbreak affected one in four residents of a Nursing School in Malosa, Malawi. The Department of Health asked for assistance to identify nursing students that might spread the outbreak to other health facilities. We measured IgG antibody titres against Vi capsular polysaccharide (anti-Vi IgG) and IgM / IgG antibodies against H:d flagellin (anti-H:d) three and six months after the outbreak. We selected participants in the highest and lowest deciles for anti-Vi IgG titre (measured at visit one) and obtained stool for Salmonella culture and PCR. All participants reported whether they had experienced fever persisting for three days or more during the outbreak (in keeping with the WHO definitions of 'suspected typhoid'). We tested for salmonellae in the Nursing School environment. RESULTS We obtained 320 paired serum samples from 407 residents. We cultured stool from 25 residents with high anti-Vi IgG titres and 24 residents with low titres. We did not recover Salmonella Typhi from stool; four stool samples yielded non-typhoidal salmonellae; one sample produced a positive PCR amplification for a Salmonella Typhi target. Median anti-Vi and anti-H:d IgG titres fell among participants who reported persistent fever. There was a smaller fall in anti-H:d IgG titres among participants who did not report persistent fever. Non-typhoidal salmonellae were identified in water sampled at source and from a kitchen tap. CONCLUSION High titres of anti-Vi IgG did not identify culture-confirmed shedding of Salmonella Typhi. There was a clear serologic signal of recent typhoid exposure in the cohort, represented by waning IgG antibody titres over time. The presence of non-typhoidal salmonellae in drinking water indicates sub-optimal sanitation. Developing methods to detect and treat shedding remains an important priority to complement typhoid conjugate vaccination in efforts to achieve typhoid elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Johnston
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Patrick Bogue
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Angeziwa Chunga Chirambo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Maurice Mbewe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Reenesh Prakash
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Rebecca Lester
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Thomas Darton
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - James E Meiring
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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Samsonova JV, Saushkin NY, Osipov AP. Dried Blood Spots technology for veterinary applications and biological investigations: technical aspects, retrospective analysis, ongoing status and future perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:655-698. [PMID: 35771305 PMCID: PMC9244892 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dried Blood Spots (DBS) technology has become a valuable tool in medical studies, however, in veterinary and biological research DBS technology applications are still limited. Up-to-date no review has comprehensively integrated all the evidence existing across the fields, technologies and animal species. In this paper we summarize the current applications of DBS technology in the mentioned areas, and provide a scope of different types of dried sample carriers (cellulose and non-cellulose), sampling devices, applicable methods for analyte extraction and detection. Mammals, birds, insects and other species are represented as the study objects. Besides the blood, the review considers a variety of specimens, such as milk, saliva, tissue samples and others. The main applications of dried samples highlighted in the review include epidemiological surveys and monitoring for infections agents or specific antibodies for disease/vaccination control in households and wildlife. Besides the genetic investigations, the paper describes detection of environmental contaminants, pregnancy diagnosis and many other useful applications of animal dried samples. The paper also analyses dried sample stability and storage conditions for antibodies, viruses and other substances. Finally, recent developments and future research for DBS technology in veterinary medicine and biological sciences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne V Samsonova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Verma A, Shukla S, Verma AK, Puri B, Jain A. Seropositivity of Anti-SARS CoV2 IgG antibodies in health care workers of an Indian tertiary care hospital during COVID-19. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:228-230. [PMID: 35277299 PMCID: PMC8903802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Health care workers [HCW] are at a higher risk of infection SARS CoV2 infection due to frequent and close contact to patients with COVID-19. METHODS Serum samples from 500 HCW's were tested for SARS CoV2 IgG antibodies in October 2020. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic and clinical data. All these HCWs were tested for COVID-19, in 2nd week of September 2020, as a hospital policy. RESULTS Anti SARS CoV2 antibodies were detected in 128/ 500 [25.6%] HCWs. A total of 195/ 500 [39%] enrolled cases had already tested positive for Covid-19 at least once in last six months by RT-PCR. Sixty eight percent of HCWs with previous COVID-19 positivity by RT- PCR tested positive for Anti SARS CoV2 antibodies, whereas only 2.76% of asymptomatic HCWs tested positive. Of 121 anti SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive persons, 70 [57.85%] had CT value < 25. Low CT value and asymptomatic cases had a strong reverse statistically significant association with SARS CoV2 IgG antibody positivity. CONCLUSIONS We report that sero-conversion rate in HCWs is similar to that in general population suggesting that preventive practices used in hospitals are satisfactory. Cases with low viral counts in respiratory sample and asymptomatic cases have lower rate of seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuragani Verma
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Suruchi Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Anil K. Verma
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Bipin Puri
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India,Corresponding author
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Stein DR, Osiowy C, Gretchen A, Thorlacius L, Fudge D, Lang A, Sekirov I, Morshed M, Levett PN, Tran V, Kus JV, Gubbay J, Mohan V, Charlton C, Kanji JN, Tipples G, Serhir B, Therrien C, Roger M, Jiao L, Zahariadis G, Needle R, Gilbert L, Desnoyers G, Garceau R, Bouhtiauy I, Longtin J, El-Gabalawy N, Dibernardo A, Lindsay LR, Drebot M. Evaluation of commercial SARS-CoV-2 serological assays in Canadian public health laboratories. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 101:115412. [PMID: 34425450 PMCID: PMC8377389 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the influx of immunoassays for the detection of antibodies towards severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into the global market. The Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network Serology Task Force undertook a nationwide evaluation of twelve laboratory and 6 point-of-care based commercial serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We determined that there was considerable variability in the performance of individual tests and that an orthogonal testing algorithm should be prioritized to maximize the accuracy and comparability of results across the country. The manual enzyme immunoassays and point-of-care tests evaluated had lower specificity and increased coefficients of variation compared to automated enzyme immunoassays platforms putting into question their utility for large-scale sero-surveillance. Overall, the data presented here provide a comprehensive approach for applying accurate serological assays for longitudinal sero-surveillance and vaccine trials while informing Canadian public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Stein
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Serology and Parasitology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Carla Osiowy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ainsley Gretchen
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Serology and Parasitology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Denise Fudge
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amanda Lang
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Muhammad Morshed
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul N Levett
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vanessa Tran
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Julianne V Kus
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Vandana Mohan
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Carmen Charlton
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Jamil N Kanji
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham Tipples
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Bouchra Serhir
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Michel Roger
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lei Jiao
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - George Zahariadis
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Robert Needle
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Laura Gilbert
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Guillaume Desnoyers
- New Brunswick Virology Reference Centre, CHU Dumont, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Richard Garceau
- New Brunswick Virology Reference Centre, CHU Dumont, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | | | - Jean Longtin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nadia El-Gabalawy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Antonia Dibernardo
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - L Robbin Lindsay
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael Drebot
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Herrington DM, Sanders JW, Wierzba TF, Alexander-Miller M, Espeland M, Bertoni AG, Mathews A, Seals AL, Munawar I, Runyon MS, McCurdy LH, Gibbs MA, Kotloff K, Friedman-Klabanoff D, Weintraub W, Correa A, Uschner D, Edelstein S, Santacatterina M. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 sero-positivity in a large longitudinal sero-surveillance cohort: the COVID-19 Community Research Partnership. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:889. [PMID: 34461847 PMCID: PMC8404407 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating population prevalence and incidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential to formulate public health recommendations concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. However, interpreting estimates based on sero-surveillance requires an understanding of the duration of elevated antibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in the large number of people with pauci-symptomatic or asymptomatic disease. METHODS We examined > 30,000 serology assays for SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM assays acquired longitudinally in 11,468 adults between April and November 2020 in the COVID-19 Community Research Partnership. RESULTS Among participants with serologic evidence for infection but few or no symptoms or clinical disease, roughly 50% sero-reverted in 30 days of their initial positive test. Sero-reversion occurred more quickly for IgM than IgG and for antibodies targeting nucleocapsid protein compared with spike proteins, but was not associated with age, sex, race/ethnicity, or healthcare worker status. CONCLUSIONS The short duration of antibody response suggests that the true population prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection may be significantly higher than presumed based on earlier sero-surveillance studies. The impact of the large number of minimally symptomatic COVID-19 cases with only a brief antibody response on population immunity remains to be determined.
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Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth J, Makwana G, Kadam M, Vyas S, Shukla A, Pethani J, Tiwari H. SARS-CoV2 IgG antibody: Seroprevalence among health care workers. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 11:100766. [PMID: 33997477 PMCID: PMC8105124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health Care Workers (HCWs) are at higher risk for Covid19. Sero-surveillance among HCWs using IgG antibodies can add further value to the scientific findings. Objectives To estimate seropositivity among HCWs and to correlate it with various factors affecting seropositivity. Methods Population based large scale sero-surveillance among HCWs was carried out during second half of August’20 in Ahmedabad using “Covid-Kavach” IgG Antibody Detection ELISA kits. Seropositivity among HCWs was estimated and compared with various demographic & other factors to understand their infection & immunity status. Proportions and Z-test were used as appropriate. Results As on August’20, Seropositivity among HCWs from Ahmedabad is 23.65% (95% Confidence Interval 21.70–25.73%). Seropositivity of 25.98% (95%CI 23.47–28.66) among female HCWs is significantly higher than 19.48% (95%CI 16.53–22.80) among male HCWs. The zone wise positivity among HCWs closely correlate with cases reported from the respective zone. The sero-positivity among HCWs from the earliest and worst affected zones have lower level of seropositivity as compared to the zones affected recently. This might be pointing towards the fact that the IgG Antibodies may not be long lasting. Conclusion As on August 2020, the seropositivity of 23.65% in HCWs indicate high level of disease transmission and higher risk of infection among HCWs in Ahmedabad. The seropositivity is significantly higher among female HCWs. Zone wise seropositivity, closely correlate with the reported cases from the respective zone. Their comparison also indicates the possibility of reducing IgG seropositivity, which necessitates further in-depth scientific research to generate greater scientific evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Deputy Municipal Commissioner, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, India
| | - Bhavin Solanki
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, India
| | - Jay Sheth
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, India
| | - Govind Makwana
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, India
| | - Mina Kadam
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, India
| | - Sheetal Vyas
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, India
| | - Aparajita Shukla
- Department of Community Medicine, NHL Municipal Medical College, India
| | - Jayshri Pethani
- Department of Microbiology, NHL Municipal Medical College, India
| | - Hemant Tiwari
- Department of Community Medicine, NHL Municipal Medical College, India
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Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth J, Oza D, Kadam M, Vyas S, Shukla A, Pethani J, Tiwari H. Population-based seropositivity for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Ahmedabad city. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:2363-2368. [PMID: 34322439 PMCID: PMC8284215 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2062_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Ahmedabad city with approximately 7 million population was one of the earliest cities to witness the high case load of COVID-19 pandemic in India. A population-based sero-survey was ideally suited in Ahmedabad to guide the public health response for managing COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVES To study the percentage sero-positivity for SARS-CoV-2 to understand the pandemic status and deriving conclusions for guiding the public health measures for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional sero-surveillance. METHODS AND MATERIAL Large scale sero-surveillance with population-based stratified sampling covering more than 10,000 samples from general population of Ahmedabad was carried out during second half of August 2020. The seropositivity was correlated and compared with various demographic factors and other parameters for valid and precise predictions on the immunity status of the population. RESULTS With 2,396 samples positive for IgG antibodies from a total of 10,310 samples, the seropositivity against COVID-19 in the general population of Ahmedabad is around 23.24%. The seropositivity has increasing trend with increasing age and is significantly higher among females (25.37%) than males (21.81%). The zone wise positivity ranged from 11.74% to 33.14%. This closely correlates with the cases recorded so far, higher for those zones with high current or past cases. CONCLUSIONS Seropositivity of 23.24% in general population indicate the overall current level of protection. Since effective vaccine is not yet available, it is required to continue emphasis on the public health preventive measures for controlling and managing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Deputy Municipal Commissioner, AMC, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Jay Sheth
- Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Mina Kadam
- Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheetal Vyas
- Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, Gujarat, India
| | - Aparajita Shukla
- Community Medicine, NHL Municipal Medical College, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Hemant Tiwari
- Community Medicine, NHL Municipal Medical College, Gujarat, India
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Yadav RM, Pate A, Shankarkumar A, Athalye S, Shinde S, Bargir UA, Pate M, Ganpule M, Pruthi M, Patil H, Madkaikar MR. Serosurvey for Health-Care Workers Provides Supportive Evidence for the Effectiveness of Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 11:283-288. [PMID: 34514761 PMCID: PMC8435873 DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.210518.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has resulted in occupational exposure among Healthcare Workers (HCWs) and a high risk of nosocomial transmission. Asymptomatic infection and transmission of infection before the development of symptoms are well-recognized factors contributing to the spread of infection. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study to understand the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs and to verify the appropriateness of infection control measures, particularly Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) prophylaxis. Methods: A cross-sectional sero-surveillance study was conducted among 500 HCWs in Dombivli and surrounding Mumbai Metropolitan area (Maharashtra, India) between 21st July and 3rd August 2020. The vulnerability of the study participants to SARS-CoV-2 infection was ascertained through a history of (i) involvement in direct care, (ii) exposure to aerosol-generating procedures, (iii) co-morbidities, (iv) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use, and (v) HCQ prophylaxis. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were tested using COVID KAVACH anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from Zydus Cadila. A systematic analysis of the correlation between the development of antibodies and factors affecting vulnerability to infection was performed. Results: The overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the study population was 11%. Providing direct care to COVID-19 patients (Adjusted OR 16.4, 95% CI 3.3–126.9, p = 0.002) for long hours and irregular use of PPE (Adjusted OR 3.78, 95% CI 1.1–11.9, p = 0.02) were associated with an increased incidence of seropositivity. Prophylaxis with HCQ may have a role in reducing the vulnerability to infection as depicted by univariate and multivariate analysis (Adjusted OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.3–0.9, p = 0.047). It was also noted that those not on HCQ prophylaxis were threefold more prone to infection and developed severe disease as compared to those on HCQ prophylaxis. Conclusion: Prophylaxis with HCQ may have a role in mitigating the incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although vaccination is the most robust strategy to safeguard against COVID-19, it will be months before vaccination percolates to the masses. In the face of the second wave of COVID-19, the use of HCQ prophylaxis in combination with use of face-masks regularly may be considered as a cost-effective measure for population dense areas like urban slums where social distancing is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Malik Yadav
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Building, KEM Hospital Complex, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Archana Pate
- Indian Medical Association Dombivli, IMA Hall, 2nd floor, Deepshikha CHS, Dombivli 421201, India
| | - Aruna Shankarkumar
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Building, KEM Hospital Complex, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Shreyasi Athalye
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Building, KEM Hospital Complex, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Shweta Shinde
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Building, KEM Hospital Complex, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Umair Ahmed Bargir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Building, KEM Hospital Complex, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Mangesh Pate
- Indian Medical Association Dombivli, IMA Hall, 2nd floor, Deepshikha CHS, Dombivli 421201, India
| | - Makarand Ganpule
- Indian Medical Association Dombivli, IMA Hall, 2nd floor, Deepshikha CHS, Dombivli 421201, India
| | - Meena Pruthi
- Indian Medical Association Dombivli, IMA Hall, 2nd floor, Deepshikha CHS, Dombivli 421201, India
| | - Hemant Patil
- Indian Medical Association Dombivli, IMA Hall, 2nd floor, Deepshikha CHS, Dombivli 421201, India
| | - Manisha Rajan Madkaikar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, 13th floor, New Multi-storeyed Building, KEM Hospital Complex, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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10
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Ndumu DB, Bakamutumaho B, Miller E, Nakayima J, Downing R, Balinandi S, Monje F, Tumusiime D, Nanfuka M, Meunier N, Arinaitwe E, Rutebarika C, Kidega E, Kyondo J, Ademun R, Njenga KM, Veas F, Gonzalez JP. Serological evidence of Rift Valley fever virus infection among domestic ruminant herds in Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:157. [PMID: 33849526 PMCID: PMC8045185 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior to the first recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Uganda, in March 2016, earlier studies done until the 1970's indicated the presence of the RVF virus (RVFV) in the country, without any recorded outbreaks in either man or animals. While severe outbreaks of RVF occurred in the neighboring countries, none were reported in Uganda despite forecasts that placed some parts of Uganda at similar risk. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) undertook studies to determine the RVF sero-prevalence in risk prone areas. Three datasets from cattle sheep and goats were obtained; one from retrospective samples collected in 2010-2011 from the northern region; the second from the western region in 2013 while the third was from a cross-sectional survey done in 2016 in the south-western region. Laboratory analysis involved the use of the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses, including non-parametric chi-square tests for comparisons between districts and species in the regions. RESULTS During the Yellow Fever outbreak investigation of 2010-2011 in the northern region, a total sero-prevalence of 6.7% was obtained for anti RVFV reacting antibodies (IgG and IgM) among the domestic ruminant population. The 2013 sero-survey in the western region showed a prevalence of 18.6% in cattle and 2.3% in small ruminants. The 2016 sero-survey in the districts of Kabale, Kanungu, Kasese, Kisoro and Rubirizi, in the south-western region, had the respective district RVF sero-prevalence of 16.0, 2.1, 0.8, 15.1and 2.7% among the domestic ruminants combined for this region; bovines exhibited the highest cumulative sero-prevalence of 15.2%, compared to 5.3 and 4.0% respectively for sheep and goats per species for the region. CONCLUSIONS The absence of apparent outbreaks in Uganda, despite neighboring enzootic areas, having minimal restrictions to the exchange of livestock and their products across borders, suggest an unexpected RVF activity in the study areas that needs to be unraveled. Therefore, more in-depth studies are planned to mitigate the risk of an overt RVF outbreak in humans and animals as has occurred in neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo B. Ndumu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Barnabas Bakamutumaho
- Uganda National Health Research Organization (UNHRO), Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Jesca Nakayima
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLiRRI), Nakyesasa, Uganda
| | - Robert Downing
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – UVRI, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – UVRI, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Fred Monje
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Dan Tumusiime
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Mary Nanfuka
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Natascha Meunier
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU UK
| | - Eugene Arinaitwe
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Chris Rutebarika
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eugene Kidega
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Uganda National Health Research Organization (UNHRO), Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rose Ademun
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Francisco Veas
- Molecular Comparative Immuno-Physiopathology Lab (LIPMC), Joint Research Unit-Ministry of Defense (UMR-MD), Faculty of Pharmacy, French Research Institute for Development (IRD), Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Paul Gonzalez
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, USA
- Georgetown University, School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007 USA
- Centaurus Biotech LLC., Commonwealth Trading Partners, CTP Inc. Alexandria, Virginia, USA
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11
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Mohanty NN, Hemadri D, Munivenkatarayappa A, Shetty N, Subramanyam V, Biswas SK, Chanda MM, Shivachandra SB. Development of recombinant NS1-NS3 antigen based indirect ELISA for detection of bluetongue antibodies in sheep. J Immunol Methods 2021; 490:112959. [PMID: 33412173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an insect borne (Culicoides) viral disease of small ruminants. The virus blankets the globe with a wide serotypic variation, numbered from 1 to 28. In India 21 different serotypes have been reported to be circulating across the various agro-climatic zones of the country. Non-structural proteins (NSPs) of bluetongue virus have always remained ideal target for differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. The current study is an extrapolation of our previous work where a novel fusion construct comprising of bluetongue viral segment NS1 and NS3 was successfully cloned, expressed, purified with an efficient strategy for its suitable implementation as a diagnostic antigen. In this study, the applicability of the fusion construct has been further evaluated and optimised for field applicability. The fusion construct used in an ELISA platform projected a relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 98.1% and 95.5% respectively against a pre-established test panel. The rNS1-NS3 ELISA showed substantially good agreement with the commercial BTV antibody detection kit. Finally, the study brings together the diagnostic capability of two NSPs, which can be a handy tool for sero-surveillance of bluetongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Nalini Mohanty
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India.
| | - Archana Munivenkatarayappa
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Namrata Shetty
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Vinutha Subramanyam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 243122, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mohammed Mudassar Chanda
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Sathish B Shivachandra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
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12
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van Andel M, Jones G, Buckle K, Phiri B, McFadden A, Dacre I, Bingham P, Heuer C, Abila R, Win HH, Lwin KO, Binney B, Zaari S, Gates MC. Estimating foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence in central Myanmar: Comparison of village headman and farmer disease reports with serological findings. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:778-791. [PMID: 31646750 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on food security in developing countries are difficult to quantify due to the scarcity of accurate data on the prevalence and incidence of affected villages. This is partly due to resource constraints as well as the logistical challenges of conducting regular diagnostic testing in remote locations. In this study, we used descriptive analysis and latent class analysis (LCA) models to analyse data collected during a field survey of 160 villages in central Myanmar in the Mandalay and Sagaing Regions over the 2012-2016 time period. We evaluated the performance of verbal reports made by village householders and headmen against serological data to retrospectively determine the FMD-infection status of our study area and to identify factors contributing to under-reporting. Blood samples were collected from approximately 30 cattle per village in both the 6- to 18-month age range and over 18-month age range to distinguish between recent and historic exposure. Village householders were asked to identify pictures of FMD-affected cattle amongst pictures of cattle affected with other common endemic diseases to assess the accuracy of their verbal reporting. The serological results confirmed that FMD is endemic in central Myanmar with village-level seroprevalence estimated at 56% for animals 6-18 months of age and 80% when all age groups were considered together. Most village householders were familiar with the clinical signs of FMD-affected cattle (72%). Based on the results from the LCA models, the village headman had a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 75% for identifying FMD outbreaks in their village, whereas individual householders had a higher sensitivity and lower specificity of 80% and 56%, respectively. The level of disagreement between the different sources was correlated with the total number of cattle in the village and may potentially be worse in villages where endemic FMD may have led to a high level of natural immunity in cattle and subsequent masking of clinical signs. However, other regional effects such as the intensity of FMD extension efforts cannot be ruled out. Overall, the results suggest that verbal reports of FMD outbreaks from village headmen may be a useful tool to integrate into active FMD surveillance programmes in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Jones
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Buckle
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Ben Phiri
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Ian Dacre
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Bingham
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ronel Abila
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Htun Htun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Khin Ohnmar Lwin
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Barbara Binney
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Scott Zaari
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Nzou SM, Fujii Y, Miura M, Mwau M, Mwangi AW, Itoh M, Salam MA, Hamano S, Hirayama K, Kaneko S. Development of multiplex serological assay for the detection of human African trypanosomiasis. Parasitol Int 2015; 65:121-7. [PMID: 26519611 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a disease caused by Kinetoplastid infection. Serological tests are useful for epidemiological surveillance. The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex serological assay for HAT to assess the diagnostic value of selected HAT antigens for sero-epidemiological surveillance. We cloned loci encoding eight antigens from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, expressed the genes in bacterial systems, and purified the resulting proteins. Antigens were subjected to Luminex multiplex assays using sera from HAT and VL patients to assess the antigens' immunodiagnostic potential. Among T. b. gambiense antigens, the 64-kDa and 65-kDa invariant surface glycoproteins (ISGs) and flagellar calcium binding protein (FCaBP) had high sensitivity for sera from T. b. gambiense patients, yielding AUC values of 0.871, 0.737 and 0.858 respectively in receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. The ISG64, ISG65, and FCaBP antigens were partially cross-reactive to sera from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense patients. The GM6 antigen was cross-reactive to sera from T. b. rhodesiense patients as well as to sera from VL patients. Furthermore, heterogeneous antibody responses to each individual HAT antigen were observed. Testing for multiple HAT antigens in the same panel allowed specific and sensitive detection. Our results demonstrate the utility of applying multiplex assays for development and evaluation of HAT antigens for use in sero-epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Muuo Nzou
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM), - Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Project, Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Box 3-50400 Busia, Kenya
| | - Yoshito Fujii
- Department of Eco-epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), 1-12-24 Sakamaoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Masashi Miura
- Department of Eco-epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), 1-12-24 Sakamaoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Box 3-50400 Busia, Kenya; Consortium for National Health Research (CNHR), Box 29832-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Wanjiru Mwangi
- Production Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Makoto Itoh
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi Prefecture 480-1195, Japan
| | - Md Abdus Salam
- Department of Microbiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Laxmipur, 6000 Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM), - Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Project, Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), 1-12-24 Sakamaoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), 1-12-24 Sakamaoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM), - Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Project, Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Eco-epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), 1-12-24 Sakamaoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, 1-12-24 Sakamaoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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14
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Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Ranjan R, Biswal J, Rout M, Mohapatra JK, Dash BB, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Diagnostic assays developed for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in India. World J Virol 2015; 4:295-302. [PMID: 26279990 PMCID: PMC4534820 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of livestock, primarily affecting cattle, buffalo and pigs. FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia1 are prevalent in India and systematic efforts are on to control and eventually eradicate the disease from the country. FMD epidemiology is complex due to factors like co-circulation, extinction, emergence and re-emergence of genotypes/lineages within the three serotypes, animal movement, diverse farm practices and large number of susceptible livestock in the country. Systematic vaccination, prompt diagnosis, strict biosecurity measures, and regular monitoring of vaccinal immunity and surveillance of virus circulation are indispensible features for the effective implementation of the control measures. Availability of suitable companion diagnostic tests is very important in this endeavour. In this review, the diagnostic assays developed and validated in India and their contribution in FMD control programme is presented.
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