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Hosseini S, Nori-Shargh D. Exploring the structural and conformational properties of dioxygen dihalides (halogen = F, Cl, Br). CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structural and conformational properties of dioxygen difluoride (1), dioxygen dichloride (2), and dioxygen dibromide (3) have been investigated by means of the hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP) and the hybrid meta exchange-correlation functional (M06-2X) with the aug-cc-pVQZ, aug-cc-pVTZ, cc-pVTZ, and 6-311++G** basis sets and natural bond orbital interpretation. The results obtained showed that the rotation at the O–O bond by passing from the plane symmetrical trans-(C2h) (or cis-(C2v)) form leads to the O–F bonds breaking. The natural bond order analysis revealed that the O–O bonds in the C2h and C2v forms of compound 1 possess double bond characters and the small bond orders between the oxygen and fluorine atoms results from the strong electron delocalization between the lone pairs of the fluorine atoms (LP4F) and the antibonding orbitals of the adjacent O–O double bond (π*O–O). The lengthening and shortening of the O–F and O–O bonds, respectively, in the trans-(C2h) or cis-(C2v) forms of compound 1 can be interpreted by the decrease of the bonding interactions between the fluorine and oxygen orbitals. The profiles of the orbital amplitudes (or electron densities) of O–O and O–F bonds in the C2h and C2v forms of compound 1 revealed that there are strong electronic repulsions between the πO–O and the lone pairs of oxygen atoms with the lone pairs of fluorine atoms, leading to the dissociation of O–F bonds. It is worth noting that there are strong hyperconjugative interactions between LP2O and the antibonding orbitals of adjacent O–F bonds (σ*O–F) in the skew (C2) form of compound 1, leading to the decrease of the O–O bond length and the increase of the F–O bond length by increasing the πO-O bonding and the σ*O–F antibonding orbital occupations. The increase of the electron delocalization from LP3F to σ*O–O with the decrease of the σ*O–O–σO–O energy gap (results from the increase of the O–O bond length) justifies the similarity between the adiabatic O–O bond dissociation energies in compound 1 and HOOH. The electron delocaizations from LP2O2 to σ*O3–X (X = F (1), Cl (2), Br (3)) decrease drastically from the skew ground state (C2) forms of compound 1 to compound 2 but increase slightly from compound 2 to compound 3, causing the significant increase of the O–O bond length ongoing from compound 1 to compound 2 and the slight decrease from compound 2 to compound 3. Effectively, the conformational properties of compounds 1–3 can be interpreted with the principle of maximum softness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiedhossein Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Davood Nori-Shargh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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Glaser R, Camasta C. Electronic structures and spin density distributions of BrO2 and (HO)2BrO radicals. Mechanisms for avoidance of hypervalency and for spin delocalization and spin polarization. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11806-20. [PMID: 24090308 DOI: 10.1021/ic4011967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The results are reported of an ab initio study of bromine dioxide BrO2, 1, and of the T-shaped trans- and cis-dihydroxides 2 and 3 of dihydrogen bromate (HO)2BrO. The thermochemistry has been explored of potential synthetic routes to (HO)2BrO involving water addition to BrO2, hydroxyl addition to bromous acid HOBrO, 4, protonation/reduction of bromic acid HOBrO2, 5, via tautomers 6-8 of protonated bromic acid, and by reduction/protonation of bromic acid via radical anion [HOBrO2](-), 9. The potential energy surface analyses were performed at the MP2(full)/6-311G* level (or better) and with the consideration of aqueous solvation at the SMD(MP2(full)/6-311G*) level (or better), and higher-level energies were computed at levels up to QCISD(full,T)/6-311++G(2df,2pd)//MP2. The addition of RO radical to bromous acid or bromite esters and the reduction of protonated bromic acid or protonated bromate esters are promising leads for possible synthetic exploration. Spin density distributions and molecular electrostatic potentials were computed at the QCISD(full)/6-311G*//MP2(full)/6-311G* level to characterize the electronic structures of 1-3. Both radicals employ maximally occupied (pseudo) π-systems to transfer electron density from bromine to the periphery. While the formation of the (3c-5e) π-system suffices to avoid hypervalency in 1, the formation of the (4c-7e) π-system in 2 or 3 still leaves the bromine formally hypervalent and (HO)2BrO requires delocalization of bromine density into σ*-SMOs over the trans O-Br-O moiety. Molecular orbital theory is employed to describe the mechanisms for the avoidance of hypervalency and for spin delocalization and spin polarization. The (4c-7e) π-system in 2 is truly remarkable in that it contains five π-symmetric spin molecular orbitals (SMO) with unique shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Grant DJ, Garner EB, Matus MH, Nguyen MT, Peterson KA, Francisco JS, Dixon DA. Thermodynamic Properties of the XO2, X2O, XYO, X2O2, and XYO2 (X, Y = Cl, Br, and I) Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4254-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911320p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Grant
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, A. P. 575, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, and Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward B. Garner
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, A. P. 575, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, and Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myrna H. Matus
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, A. P. 575, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, and Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, A. P. 575, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, and Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, A. P. 575, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, and Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, A. P. 575, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, and Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David A. Dixon
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, A. P. 575, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, and Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Kosmas AM. Theoretical investigation of halogen-oxygen bonding and its implications in halogen chemistry and reactivity. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2007:46393. [PMID: 17713592 PMCID: PMC1939913 DOI: 10.1155/2007/46393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Trends in the properties of normal valent and multivalent halogen-oxygen bonding are examined for the isomers of the halogen polyoxide families of the types (YXO2) and (YXO3), Y = Cl, Br, I, H, CH3, X = Cl, Br, I. A qualitative model is formulated on the relationship between the X−O bond distance variations, the ionic character of the bonding, and the degree of halogen valence. The relative stability and enthalpy of formation of each species are also suggested to correlate with the ionic nature of the X−O bonding and the electrostatic character of the Y, YO fragments. In the model presented, halogen hypervalence is interpreted to be the result of partial p → d promotion of lone-pair valence electrons followed by the formation of two, four, or six additional pd hybrid bonds around the halogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnie Mylona Kosmas
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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9
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Papayannis DK, Kosmas AM, Melissas VS. Quantum Mechanical Studies on the BrO + ClO Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002536c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios K. Papayannis
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Greece GR- 451 10, and Molecular Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NRCPS “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece GR- 153 10
| | - Agnie M. Kosmas
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Greece GR- 451 10, and Molecular Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NRCPS “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece GR- 153 10
| | - Vasilios S. Melissas
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Greece GR- 451 10, and Molecular Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NRCPS “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece GR- 153 10
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