Concurrent measurement of serotonin metabolism and single neuron activity changes in the lateral hypothalamus of freely behaving rat

Effect of leptin on the acute feeding-induced hypothalamic serotonergic stimulation in normal rats

Both hypothalamic serotonin and leptin reduce energy intake and stimulate expenditure. There are evidence that increased serotonin metabolism may be involved in leptin actions. Using microdialysis, we directly assessed the effect of an intracerebroventricular leptin injection on 5-HT release in the lateral hypothalamus of normal rats. When LH microdialysates were collected in the absence of food intake, neither artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nor 10 microg leptin i.c.v. caused significant variations in 5-HT release, measured for 2 h post-injection, at 20-min periods. When food was ingested after CSF, 5-HT release increased significantly, with a maximal elevation of 51+/-16% above baseline occurring at the 100-120 min post-injection interval. Leptin inhibited food intake (-75% at 0-20 min and -73% at 20-40 min) while it accentuated the food-induced serotonergic activation. At the 0-20 min interval, serotonin release was significantly higher after leptin (42+/-12% above baseline) than after CSF (6+/-5%) and the maximal increase after leptin was of 126+/-53% above baseline (100-120 min, p>0.05 vs. CSF). These observations indicate that leptin probably interacts with the serotonergic-stimulating mechanisms elicited by food intake, intensifying them. The additional serotonergic activation induced by leptin may be significant for the hormone effects on energy balance.

Adrenalectomy abolishes the food-induced hypothalamic serotonin release in both normal and monosodium glutamate-obese rats

Corticosteroids influence energy homeostasis through centrally-mediated stimulation of energy intake and inhibition of expenditure, while central serotonin (5-HT) has opposite effects. Both serotonergic dysfunction and high glucocorticoid levels may be relevant in obesity. The neurotoxin monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces a non-hyperphagic and hypometabolic obesity with hypercorticosteronemia. We investigated the influence of corticosterone levels on the serotonergic system of MSG-obese and control rats. Applying microdialysis, we found a similar feeding-induced stimulation of serotonin release in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in sham-adrenalectomized control and MSG rats. The concomitant serum corticosterone variations were markedly distinct between them, in that an increase occurred in the control group, while the initially high levels of the MSG rats decreased with feeding. It is suggested that this lowering of corticosterone prevented a higher serotonergic activation, which would lead to a higher meal-induced thermogenesis and a better adequation of the caloric intake to a low metabolism. Adrenalectomy completely abolished the feeding-evoked serotonergic stimulation in both groups. This observation demonstrates that glucocorticoids are necessary for food intake to acutely stimulate 5-HT release and indicates that serotonergic activity in the LH is not likely to participate in the adrenalectomy-induced attenuation of the MSG-obesity.

Feeding and 8-OH-DPAT-related release of serotonin in the rat lateral hypothalamus

Based on the different effects of somatodendritic 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT on food intake whether given to food-deprived rats or freely feeding rats, we hypothesized that the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on extracellular serotonin (5-HT) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) will interfere with different feeding states, eventually resulting in different patterns of 5-HT release. In a microdialysis study we measured extracellular 5-HT in the LH after 8-OH-DPAT under four experimental conditions, i.e., in freely feeding rats with no food available, freely feeding rats with access to food, in food-deprived rats with no food available, and in food-deprived rats with good available after treatment. The results show a significant decrease of 5-HT release after 300 microg/kg 8-OH-DPAT (i.p.) in freely feeding rats. This effect is not seen when food is provided after drug treatment. In contrast, the same dose of 8-OH-DPAT has no effect on 5-HT release in food-deprived rats. In addition, providing food after drug treatment does not change the release pattern significantly in food-deprived rats, suggesting more complexity in the underlying mechanisms. The present study describes the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on 5-HT release in the LH, depending on feeding conditions and feeding-related behavioral states.

Lateral hypothalamic serotonin inhibits nucleus accumbens dopamine: implications for sexual satiety

Dopamine (DA) is released in several brain areas, including the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), before and during copulation in male rats. DA agonists administered into this area facilitate, and DA antagonists inhibit, numerous motivated behaviors, including male sexual behavior. Serotonin (5-HT) is generally inhibitory to male sexual behavior. We reported previously that 5-HT is released in the anterior lateral hypothalamic area (LHA(A)) and that a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor microinjected into that area delayed and slowed copulation. Our present results, using high temporal resolution microdialysis, (1) confirm previous electrochemical evidence that extracellular levels of DA increase in the NAcc during copulation and decrease during the postejaculatory interval (PEI) and (2) reveal that LHA(A) 5-HT can inhibit both basal and female-elicited DA release in the NAcc. These findings suggest that the neural circuit promoting sexual quiescence during the PEI includes serotonergic input to the LHA(A), which in turn inhibits DA release in the NAcc. These findings may also provide insights concerning the inhibitory control of other motivated behaviors activated by the NAcc and may have relevance for understanding the sexual side effects common to antidepressant medications.

Action of cholecystokinin and serotonin on lateral hypothalamic neurons of rats

Discharges of spontaneously active lateral hypothalamic neurons were extracellularly recorded during iontophoretic administration of cholecystokinin (CCK-8S) or/and serotonin (5-HT) in anesthetized rats. The main results are the following. (1) The proportion of neurons responsive to CCK-8S was 62% (61/99) and that responsive to 5-HT 42% (33/78). (2) Out of the neuronal sample, 36% were influenced by both transmitters, allowing an interaction between the two systems. (3) Co-ejection of CCK and 5-HT elicited a response in 40% of the tested neurons, which was a significantly smaller responsiveness than with separate ejection of CCK-8S. The effect resulted from a reduced number of excited neurons whereas the number of inhibitions did not change. The results show that effects of 5-HT and CCK can converge on the same neuron within the lateral hypothalamus. This might be of relevance in the regulation of feeding behavior.

Extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamic area is increased during the postejaculatory interval and impairs copulation in male rats

Serotonin (5-HT) is generally inhibitory to masculine sexual behavior. It has been suggested that 5-HT released after ejaculation may promote the sexual quiescence of the postejaculatory interval (PEI). The following experiments were conducted to test (1) whether extracellular 5-HT increases in either the anterior lateral hypothalamic area (LHAA) or the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of male rats after ejaculation; (2) whether increasing 5-HT in these sites, by microinjecting the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor alaproclate, could inhibit copulatory abilities; and (3) whether copulation deficits produced by alaproclate were attributable to locomotor impairments. The effects of local application of alaproclate on extracellular 5-HT levels in the LHAA and the MPOA were also tested. Extracellular serotonin was measured in all experiments using in vivo microdialysis. Ejaculation was correlated with enhanced 5-HT release from the LHAA; no 5-HT increases were observed before ejaculation, and levels were decreased toward basal values during a subsequent copulatory series. Elevating 5-HT in the LHAA by microinjecting alaproclate inhibited copulation by increasing the latency to mount, intromit, and ejaculate. This inhibition did not result from nonspecific locomotor impairments. In the MPOA, 5-HT release remained stable throughout copulation, and microinjecting alaproclate into this site did not significantly alter sexual behavior. These data support the large body of evidence suggesting that 5-HT is inhibitory to masculine sexual behavior. Furthermore, the LHAA, but not the MPOA, may be one site responsible for serotonergic inhibition of copulation during the PEI.

The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: ingestive behavior

This article discusses the role of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in feeding and drinking and draws on data obtained from lesion and stimulation studies and neurochemical and electrophysiological manipulations of the area. The LHA is involved in catecholaminergic and serotonergic feeding systems and plays a role in circadian feeding, sex differences in feeding and spontaneous activity. This article discusses the LHA regarding dietary self-selection, responses to high-protein diets, amino acid imbalances, liquid and cafeteria diets, placentophagia, "stress eating," finickiness, diet texture, consistency and taste, aversion learning, olfaction and the effects of post-operative period manipulations by hormonal and other means. Glucose-sensitive neurons have been identified in the LHA and their manipulation by insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose is discussed. The effects on feeding of numerous transmitters, hormones and appetite depressants are described, as is the role of the LHA in salivation, lacrimation, gastric motility and secretion, and sensorimotor deficits. The LHA is also illuminated as regards temperature and feeding, circumventricular organs and thirst and electrolyte dynamics. A discussion of its role in the ischymetric hypothesis as an integrative Gestalt concept concludes the review.