1
|
The Glycan Structure of T. cruzi mucins Depends on the Host. Insights on the Chameleonic Galactose. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173913. [PMID: 32867240 PMCID: PMC7504415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoa that causes Chagas disease in humans, is transmitted by insects from the Reduviidae family. The parasite has developed the ability to change the structure of the surface molecules, depending on the host. Among them, the mucins are the most abundant glycoproteins. Structural studies have focused on the epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes that colonize the insect, and on the mammal trypomastigotes. The carbohydrate in the mucins fulfills crucial functions, the most important of which being the accepting of sialic acid from the host, a process catalyzed by the unique parasite trans-sialidase. The sialylation of the parasite influences the immune response on infection. The O-linked sugars have characteristics that differentiate them from human mucins. One of them is the linkage to the polypeptide chain by the hexosamine, GlcNAc, instead of GalNAc. The main monosaccharide in the mucins oligosaccharides is galactose, and this may be present in three configurations. Whereas β-d-galactopyranose (β-Galp) was found in the insect and the human stages of Trypanosoma cruzi, β-d-galactofuranose (β-Galf) is present only in the mucins of some strains of epimastigotes and α-d-galactopyranose (α-Galp) characterizes the mucins of the bloodstream trypomastigotes. The two last configurations confer high antigenic properties. In this review we discuss the different structures found and we pose the questions that still need investigation on the exchange of the configurations of galactose.
Collapse
|
2
|
Pinzón Martín S, Seeberger PH, Varón Silva D. Mucins and Pathogenic Mucin-Like Molecules Are Immunomodulators During Infection and Targets for Diagnostics and Vaccines. Front Chem 2019; 7:710. [PMID: 31696111 PMCID: PMC6817596 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins and mucin-like molecules are highly O-glycosylated proteins present on the cell surface of mammals and other organisms. These glycoproteins are highly diverse in the apoprotein and glycan cores and play a central role in many biological processes and diseases. Mucins are the most abundant macromolecules in mucus and are responsible for its biochemical and biophysical properties. Mucin-like molecules cover various protozoan parasites, fungi and viruses. In humans, modifications in mucin glycosylation are associated with tumors in epithelial tissue. These modifications allow the distinction between normal and abnormal cell conditions and represent important targets for vaccine development against some cancers. Mucins and mucin-like molecules derived from pathogens are potential diagnostic markers and targets for therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize the distribution, structure, role as immunomodulators, and the correlation of human mucins with diseases and perform a comparative analysis of mucins with mucin-like molecules present in human pathogens. Furthermore, we review the methods to produce pathogenic and human mucins using chemical synthesis and expression systems. Finally, we present applications of mucin-like molecules in diagnosis and prevention of relevant human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinzón Martín
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Synthesis of the hexasaccharide from Trypanosoma cruzi mucins with the Galp(1 → 2)Galf unit constructed with a superarmed thiogalactopyranosyl donor. Carbohydr Res 2019; 482:107734. [PMID: 31271957 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hexasaccharide β-D-Galp-(1→ 2)-[β-D-Galp-(1 → 3)]-β-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-[β-D-Galp-(1 → 2)-β-D-Galf-(1 → 4)]-D-GlcNAc (1) was found O-linked in mucins of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomatigotes. Studies on the biological pathways and functionalities of the mucin oligosaccharides are prompted in order to understand the interactions of these molecules with the insect host. Trisaccharide constituent β-D-Galp-(1 → 2)-β-D-Galf-(1 → 4)-D-GlcNAc was constructed from the reducing to the non-reducing end. We discuss the difficulties to introduce a Galp unit at the O-2 position of a partially protected galactofuranosyl unit which were overcome using an anchimerically superarmed donor. By this route and employing a [3 + 3] nitrilium convergent approach hexasaccharide 1 was synthesized in moderate yield.
Collapse
|
4
|
Agusti R, Gallo-Rodriguez C, de Lederkremer RM. Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. A tool for the synthesis of sialylated oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2019; 479:48-58. [PMID: 31132642 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells are covered by a complex array of carbohydrates. Among them, sialosides are of key importance in intracellular adhesion, recognition and signaling. The need for structurally diverse sialosides impelled the search for efficient synthetic methods since their isolation from natural sources is a difficult task. The enzymatic approach obviates the need of a chemical synthesis for protecting or participating groups in the substrates. The trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS) is highly stereospecific for the transfer of sialic acid from an α-sialylglycoside donor to a terminal β-galactopyranosyl unit in the acceptor substrate to form the α-Neu5Ac-(2 → 3)-β-D-Galp motif. The enzyme was cloned and easily available glycoproteins, e.g. fetuin, may be used as donors of sialic acid, constituting strong points for the scalability of TcTS-catalyzed reactions. This review outlines the preparative use of TcTS for the sialylation of oligosaccharides. A detailed description of the substrates used as sialic acid donors, the acceptor substrates and the methods employed to monitor the reaction is included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Agusti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carola Gallo-Rodriguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa M de Lederkremer
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giorgi ME, Lopez R, Agusti R, Marino C, de Lederkremer RM. Synthesis of a model trisaccharide for studying the interplay between the anti α-Gal antibody and the trans-sialidase reactions in Trypanosoma cruzi. Carbohydr Res 2017; 450:30-37. [PMID: 28858610 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is covered by a dense glycocalix mainly composed by glycoproteins called mucins which are also the acceptors of sialic acid in a reaction catalyzed by a trans-sialidase (TcTS). Sialylation of trypomastigote mucins protects the parasite from lysis by the anti α-Galp antibodies from serum. The TcTS is essential for the infection process since T. cruzi is unable to biosynthesize sialic acid. The enzyme specifically transfers it from a terminal β-d-Galp unit in the host glycoconjugate to terminal β-d-Galp units in the parasite mucins to construct the d-NeuNAc(α2→3)β-d-Galp motif. On the other hand, although galactose is the most abundant sugar in mucins of both, the infective trypomastigotes and the insect stage epimastigotes, α-d-Galp is only present in the infective stage whereas β-d-Galf is characteristic of the epimastigote stage of the less virulent strains. Neither α-d-Galp nor d-Galf is acceptor of sialic acid. In the mucins, some of the oligosaccharides are branched with terminal β-d-Galp units to be able to accept sialic acid in the TcTS reaction. Based on previous reports showing that anti α-Galp antibodies only partially colocalize with sialic acid, we have undertaken the synthesis of the trisaccharide α-d-Galp(1→3)-[β-d-Galp(1→6)]-d-Galp, the smallest structure containing both, the antigenic d-Galp(α1→3)-d-Galp unit and the sialic acid-acceptor β-d-Galp unit. The trisaccharide was obtained as the 6-aminohexyl glycoside to facilitate further conjugation for biochemical studies. The synthetic approach involved the α-galactosylation at O-4 of a suitable precursor of the reducing end, followed by β-galactosylation at O-6 of the same precursor and introduction of the 6-aminohexyl aglycone. The fully deprotected trisaccharide was successfully sialylated by TcTS using either 3'-sialyllactose or fetuin as donors. The product, 6-aminohexyl α-d-NeuNAc(2→3)-β-d-Galp(1→6)-[α-d-Galp(1→3)]-β-d-Galp, was purified and characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Giorgi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Lopez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosalia Agusti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Marino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Rosa M de Lederkremer
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
FONSECA LEONARDOM, GARCEZ TATIANAC, PENHA LUCIANA, FREIRE-DE-LIMA LEONARDO, MAES EMMANUEL, COSTA KELLIM, MENDONÇA-PREVIATO LUCIA, PREVIATO JOSEO. Expanding the knowledge of the chemical structure of glycoconjugates from Trypanosoma cruzi TcI genotype. Contribution to taxonomic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:1519-29. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620160386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - EMMANUEL MAES
- Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Agustí R, Giorgi ME, Mendoza VM, Kashiwagi GA, de Lederkremer RM, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Synthesis of the O-linked hexasaccharide containing β-D-Galp-(1→2)-D-Galf in Trypanosoma cruzi mucins. Differences on sialylation by trans-sialidase of the two constituent hexasaccharides. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1213-22. [PMID: 25703305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The hexasaccharide β-D-Galp-(1→2)-[β-D-Galp-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[β-D-Galp(1→2)-β-D-Galf(1→4)]-D-GlcNAc (10) and its β-D-Galf-(1→2)-β-D-Galf containing isomer (7) are the largest carbohydrates in mucins of some strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. The terminal β-D-Galp units are sites of sialylation by the parasite trans-sialidase. Hexasaccharide 10 was chemically synthesized for the first time by a [3+3] nitrilium based convergent approach, using the trichloroacetimidate method of glycosylation. The (1)H NMR spectrum of its alditol was identical to the spectrum of the product released by β-elimination from the parasite mucin. The trans-sialylation reaction studied on the benzyl glycoside of 10 showed two monosialylated products whose relative abundance changed with time. On the other hand, only one product was produced by sialylation of the benzyl glycoside of 7. A preparative synthesis of the latter and spectroscopic analysis of the product unequivocally established the sialylation site at the less hindered (1→3)-linked galactopyranose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Agustí
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Eugenia Giorgi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica M Mendoza
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Kashiwagi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa M de Lederkremer
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carola Gallo-Rodriguez
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Golgi UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptide O-α-N-Acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferase 2 (TcOGNT2) regulates trypomastigote production and function in Trypanosoma cruzi. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:1312-27. [PMID: 25084865 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00165-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
All life cycle stages of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi are enveloped by mucin-like glycoproteins which, despite major changes in their polypeptide cores, are extensively and similarly O-glycosylated. O-Glycan biosynthesis is initiated by the addition of αGlcNAc to Thr in a reaction catalyzed by Golgi UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptide O-α-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferases (ppαGlcNAcTs), which are encoded by TcOGNT1 and TcOGNT2. We now directly show that TcOGNT2 is associated with the Golgi apparatus of the epimastigote stage and is markedly downregulated in both differentiated metacyclic trypomastigotes (MCTs) and cell culture-derived trypomastigotes (TCTs). The significance of downregulation was examined by forced continued expression of TcOGNT2, which resulted in a substantial increase of TcOGNT2 protein levels but only modestly increased ppαGlcNAcT activity in extracts and altered cell surface glycosylation in TCTs. Constitutive TcOGNT2 overexpression had no discernible effect on proliferating epimastigotes but negatively affected production of both types of trypomastigotes. MCTs differentiated from epimastigotes at a low frequency, though they were apparently normal based on morphological and biochemical criteria. However, these MCTs exhibited an impaired ability to produce amastigotes and TCTs in cell culture monolayers, most likely due to a reduced infection frequency. Remarkably, inhibition of MCT production did not depend on TcOGNT2 catalytic activity, whereas TCT production was inhibited only by active TcOGNT2. These findings indicate that TcOGNT2 downregulation is important for proper differentiation of MCTs and functioning of TCTs and that TcOGNT2 regulates these functions by using both catalytic and noncatalytic mechanisms.
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliveira IA, Freire-de-Lima L, Penha LL, Dias WB, Todeschini AR. Trypanosoma cruzi Trans-sialidase: structural features and biological implications. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:181-201. [PMID: 24264246 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TcTS) has intrigued researchers all over the world since it was shown that T. cruzi incorporates sialic acid through a mechanism independent of sialyltransferases. The enzyme has being involved in a vast myriad of functions in the biology of the parasite and in the pathology of Chagas' disease. At the structural level experiments trapping the intermediate with fluorosugars followed by peptide mapping, X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling and magnetic nuclear resonance have opened up a three-dimensional understanding of the way this enzyme works. Herein we review the multiple biological roles of TcTS and the structural studies that are slowly revealing the secrets underlining an efficient sugar transfer activity rather than simple hydrolysis by TcTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde-Bloco D-3, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mendonça-Previato L, Penha L, Garcez TC, Jones C, Previato JO. Addition of α-O-GlcNAc to threonine residues define the post-translational modification of mucin-like molecules in Trypanosoma cruzi. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:659-66. [PMID: 23430107 PMCID: PMC3769586 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, an intracellular protozoan etiologic agent of Chagas disease is covered by a dense coat of mucin-type glycoproteins, which is important to promote the parasite entry and persistence in the mammalian host cells. The O-glycosylation of T. cruzi mucins (Tc-mucins) is initiated by enzymatic addition of α-O-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to threonine (Thr) by the UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptide α-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (pp-α-GlcNAcT) in the Golgi. The Tc-mucin is characterized by the presence of a high structural diversity of O-linked oligosaccharides found among different parasite strains, comprising two O-glycan Cores. In the Core 1, from strains principally associated with the domestic transmission cycle of Chagas disease, the GlcNAc O-4 is substituted with a β-galactopyranose (βGalp) unit, and in the most complex oligosaccharides the GlcNAc O-6 is further processed by the addition of β1 → 2-linked Galp residues creating a short linear Galp-containing chain. In the Core 2 structures, expressed by strains isolated from T. cruzi sylvatic hosts, the GlcNAc O-4 carries a β-galactofuranose (βGalf) unit and the GlcNAc O-6 can carry a branched Galpβ1 → 3[Galpβ1 → 2]Galpβ1 → 6 motif. The O-glycans carrying nonreducing terminal βGalp are available for sialylation by a surface T. cruzi trans-sialidase activity. Based on structural results, this review summarizes available data on the highly conserved process, which adds the GlcNAc unit in α-linkage to Thr residues the basis of the post-translational modification system in T. cruzi mucins. In addition, a mechanism unique employed by the parasite to transfer exogenous sialic acid residues to Tc-mucins is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21 941 902, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Freire-de-Lima L, Oliveira IA, Neves JL, Penha LL, Alisson-Silva F, Dias WB, Todeschini AR. Sialic acid: a sweet swing between mammalian host and Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Immunol 2012; 3:356. [PMID: 23230438 PMCID: PMC3515882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly found at the outermost ends of complex carbohydrates in extracellular medium or on outer cell membranes, sialic acids play important roles in a myriad of biological processes. Mammals synthesize sialic acid through a complex pathway, but Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas’ disease, evolved to obtain sialic acid from its host through a trans-sialidase (TcTS) reaction. Studies of the parasite cell surface architecture and biochemistry indicate that a unique system comprising sialoglycoproteins and sialyl-binding proteins assists the parasite in several functions including parasite survival, infectivity, and host–cell recognition. Additionally, TcTS activity is capable of extensively remodeling host cell glycomolecules, playing a role as virulence factor. This review presents the state of the art of parasite sialobiology, highlighting how the interplay between host and parasite sialic acid helps the pathogen to evade host defense mechanisms and ensure lifetime host parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kashiwagi GA, Mendoza VM, de Lederkremer RM, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Synthesis of the O-linked hexasaccharide containing β-D-Galf-(1→2)-β-D-Galf in Trypanosoma cruzi mucins. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6322-32. [PMID: 22735493 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hexasaccharide β-D-Galp-(1→2)-[β-D-Galp-(1→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-[β-D-Galf(1→2)-β-D-Galf(1→4)]-D-GlcNAc (1) is the largest carbohydrate structure released as alditol by reductive β-elimination from mucins of some strains of T. cruzi. The terminal β-D-Galp units are sites of sialylation by trans-sialidase which transfers sialic acid from the host to the parasite. Hexasaccharide 1 was synthesized by a [3 + 3]-convergent strategy based on a nitrile assisted glycosylation, using the trichloroacetimidate method. The β-D-Galf-(1→2)-β-D-Galf-D-GlcNAc synthon was sequentially constructed from the reducing end to the non-reducing end employing benzyl α-D-galactofuranoside as starting material for the internal Galf unit. The choice of this novel precursor, obtained in one-reaction step from galactose, allowed the introduction of an orthogonal and participating levulinoyl group at O-2. Thus, the diastereoselective construction of the Galf-β(1→4)-GlcNAc linkage by the trichloroacetimidate method of glycosylation was achieved. The (1)H NMR spectrum of alditol 2 was identical to the product released by β-elimination from the parasite mucin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Kashiwagi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Field RA, Andrade P, Campo VL, Carvalho I, Collet BYM, Crocker PR, Fais M, Karamanska R, Mukhopadhayay B, Nepogodiev SA, Rashid A, Rejzek M, Russell DA, Schofield CL, van Well RM. Synthetic Glycans, Glycoarrays, and Glyconanoparticles To Investigate Host Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1091.ch009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Peterson Andrade
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Vanessa L. Campo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Beatrice Y. M. Collet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Paul R. Crocker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Margherita Fais
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Rositsa Karamanska
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhayay
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Sergey A. Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Abdul Rashid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David A. Russell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Claire L. Schofield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Renate M. van Well
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schauer R, Kamerling JP. The Chemistry and Biology of Trypanosomal trans-Sialidases: Virulence Factors in Chagas Disease and Sleeping Sickness. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2246-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Tefsen B, Ram AF, van Die I, Routier FH. Galactofuranose in eukaryotes: aspects of biosynthesis and functional impact. Glycobiology 2011; 22:456-69. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
16
|
Oppenheimer M, Valenciano AL, Sobrado P. Biosynthesis of galactofuranose in kinetoplastids: novel therapeutic targets for treating leishmaniasis and chagas' disease. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:415976. [PMID: 21687654 PMCID: PMC3112513 DOI: 10.4061/2011/415976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteins of parasites play a role in pathogenesis by modulating mammalian cell recognition and cell adhesion during infection. β-Galactofuranose (Galf) is an important component of glycoproteins and glycolipids found on the cell surface of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi. β-Galf-containing glycans have been shown to be important in parasite-cell interaction and protection against oxidative stress. Here, we discuss the role of β-Galf in pathogenesis and recent studies on the Galf-biosynthetic enzymes: UDP-galactose 4′ epimerase (GalE), UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), and UDP-galactofuranosyl transferase (GalfT). The central role in Galf formation, its unique chemical mechanism, and the absence of a homologous enzyme in humans identify UGM as the most attractive drug target in the β-Galf-biosynthetic pathway in protozoan parasites.
Collapse
|
17
|
Giorgi ME, de Lederkremer RM. Trans-sialidase and mucins of Trypanosoma cruzi: an important interplay for the parasite. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1389-93. [PMID: 21645882 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A dense glycocalix covers the surface of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. Sialic acid in the surface of the parasite plays an important role in the infectious process, however, T. cruzi is unable to synthesize sialic acid or the usual donor CMP-sialic acid. Instead, T. cruzi expresses a unique enzyme, the trans-sialidase (TcTS) involved in the transfer of sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to mucins of the parasite. The mucins are the major glycoproteins in the insect stage epimastigotes and in the infective trypomastigotes. Both, the mucins and the TcTS are anchored to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Thus, TcTS may be shed into the bloodstream of the mammal host by the action of a parasite phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C, affecting the immune system. The composition and structure of the sugars in the parasite mucins is characteristic of each differentiation stage, also, interstrain variations were described for epimastigote mucins. This review focus on the characteristics of the interplay between the trans-sialidase and the mucins of T. cruzi and summarizes the known carbohydrate structures of the mucins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Giorgi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mendoza VM, Kashiwagi GA, de Lederkremer RM, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Synthesis of trisaccharides containing internal galactofuranose O-linked in Trypanosoma cruzi mucins. Carbohydr Res 2009; 345:385-96. [PMID: 20044082 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The trisaccharides beta-D-Galf-(1-->2)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc (5) and beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc (6) constitute novel structures isolated as alditols when released by reductive beta-elimination from mucins of Trypanosoma cruzi (Tulahuen strain). Trisaccharides 5 and 6 were synthesized employing the aldonolactone approach. Thus, a convenient D-galactono-1,4-lactone derivative was used for the introduction of the internal galactofuranose and the trichloroacetimidate method was employed for glycosylation reactions. Due to the lack of anchimeric assistance on O-2 of the galactofuranosyl precursor, glycosylation studies were performed under different conditions. The nature of the solvent strongly determined the stereochemical course of the glycosylation reactions when the galactofuranosyl donor was substituted either by 2-O-Galp or 2-O-Galf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M Mendoza
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M de Lederkremer
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Todeschini AR, Almeida EGD, Agrellos OA, Jones C, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. α-N-acetylglucosamine-linked O-glycans of sialoglycoproteins (Tc-mucins) from Trypanosoma cruzi Colombiana strain. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104 Suppl 1:270-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
21
|
Agustí R, Giorgi ME, de Lederkremer RM. The trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi efficiently transfers alpha-(2-->3)-linked N-glycolylneuraminic acid to terminal beta-galactosyl units. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2465-9. [PMID: 17765882 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS), the agent of Chagas' disease, is a unique enzyme involved in mammalian host-cell invasion. Since T. cruzi is unable to synthesize sialic acids de novo, TcTS catalyzes the transfer of alpha-(2-->3)-sialyl residues from the glycoconjugates of the host to terminal beta-galactopyranosyl units present on the surface of the parasite. TcTS also plays a key role in the immunomodulation of the infected host. Chronic Chagas' disease patients elicit TcTS-neutralizing antibodies that are able to inhibit the enzyme. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid has been detected in T. cruzi, and the trans-sialidase was pointed out as the enzyme involved in its incorporation from host glycoconjugates. However, N-glycolylneuraminic acid alpha-(2-->3)-linked-containing oligosaccharides have not been analyzed as donors in the T. cruzi trans-sialidase reaction. In this paper we studied the ability of TcTS to transfer N-glycolylneuraminic acid from Neu5Gc(alpha2-->3)Gal(beta1-->4)GlcbetaOCH(2)CH(2)N(3) (1) and Neu5Gc(alpha2-->3)Gal(beta1-->3)GlcNAcbetaOCH(2)CH(2)N(3) (2) to lactitol, N-acetyllactosamine and lactose as acceptor substrates. Transfer from 1 was more efficient (50-65%) than from 2 (20-30%) for the three acceptors. The reactions were inhibited when the enzyme was preincubated with a neutralizing antibody. K(m) values were calculated for 1 and 2 and compared with 3'-sialyllactose using lactitol as acceptor substrate. Analysis was performed by high-performance anion-exchange (HPAEC) chromatography. A competitive transfer reaction of compound 1 in the presence of 3'-sialyllactose and N-acetyllactosamine showed a better transfer of Neu5Gc than of Neu5Ac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Agustí
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Agustí R, Giorgi ME, Mendoza VM, Gallo-Rodriguez C, de Lederkremer RM. Comparative rates of sialylation by recombinant trans-sialidase and inhibitor properties of synthetic oligosaccharides from Trypanosoma cruzi mucins-containing galactofuranose and galactopyranose. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2611-6. [PMID: 17292612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mucin-like glycoproteins of Trypanosoma cruzi have novel O-linked oligosaccharides that are acceptors of sialic acid in the trans-sialidase (TcTS) reaction. The transference of sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to the mucins is involved in infection and pathogenesis. The O-linked chains may contain galactofuranose in addition to the acceptor galactopyranose units. Thus far, the galactofuranose form was found in the mucins of strains belonging to the less infective lineage. The acceptor properties of the chemically synthesized oligosaccharides were now studied in order to correlate their structure with the ability to act as substrates. Recombinant TcTS and sialyllactose as donor were used. The reactions were followed by HPAEC-PAD. The K(m) values were calculated for the free sugars, the sugar alditols and the benzyl glycosides. All the compounds showed to be good acceptors of sialic acid. Thus, the introduction of galactofuranose in the mucins of the strains of lineage 1 would not be responsible for the diminished virulence of the strains. The oligosaccharides and derivatives inhibited the transfer of sialic acid to the substrate N-acetyllactosamine with IC(50) values between 0.6 and 4 mM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Agustí
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nogueira NFS, Gonzalez MS, Gomes JE, de Souza W, Garcia ES, Azambuja P, Nohara LL, Almeida IC, Zingales B, Colli W. Trypanosoma cruzi: involvement of glycoinositolphospholipids in the attachment to the luminal midgut surface of Rhodnius prolixus. Exp Parasitol 2007; 116:120-8. [PMID: 17306256 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes adhere in vivo to the luminal surface of their triatomid vector digestive tract by molecular mechanisms, as yet, unknown. Here, we show that the administration of 0.5 microM epimastigote major surface glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) to the infected bloodmeal inhibits up to 90% parasite infection in Rhodnius prolixus. The parasite behavior was investigated in vitro using fragments of the insect midgut. The addition of GIPLs in concentration as low as 50-100 nM impaired 95% the attachment of epimastigotes. Previous treatment of GIPLs with trifluoroacetic acid to remove the terminal beta-galactofuranosyl residues reversed 50% the epimastigote in vitro attachment. The binding sites of purified GIPLs on the luminal surface of the posterior midgut were exposed by immunofluorescence microscopy. These observations indicate that GIPLs are one of the components involved in the adhesion of T. cruzi to the luminal insect midgut surface and possibly one of the determinants of parasite infection in the insect vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadir F S Nogueira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Campo VL, Carvalho I, Allman S, Davis BG, Field RA. Chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosyl-amino acids and glycopeptides related to Trypanosoma cruzi mucins. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2645-57. [DOI: 10.1039/b707772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Mendoza VM, Agusti R, Gallo-Rodriguez C, de Lederkremer RM. Synthesis of the O-linked pentasaccharide in glycoproteins of Trypanosoma cruzi and selective sialylation by recombinant trans-sialidase. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1488-97. [PMID: 16630598 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mucin-like glycoproteins of Trypanosoma cruzi have novel O-linked oligosaccharides that are acceptors of sialic acid in the trans-sialidase (TcTS) reaction. The transference of sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to the mucins is involved in infection and pathogenesis. The synthesis of the pentasaccharide, beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-[beta-D-Galf-(1-->4)]-D-GlcpNAc and the corresponding alditol, previously isolated by reductive beta-elimination of the mucins, is described. The key step was the 6-O-glycosylation of a easily accessible derivative of beta-D-Galf-(1-->4)-D-GlcpNAc with a beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)]-D-Galp donor using the trichloroacetimidate method. The beta-linkage was diastereoselectively obtained by the nitrile effect. The pentasaccharide is the major oligosaccharide in the mucins of T. cruzi, G strain and presents two terminal beta-D-Galp residues for possible sialylation by TcTS. A preparative sialylation reaction was performed with its benzyl glycoside and the sialylated product was isolated and characterized. NMR spectroscopic analysis showed that selective monosialylation occurred at the terminal (1-->3) linked galactopyranose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M Mendoza
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Buscaglia CA, Campo VA, Frasch ACC, Di Noia JM. Trypanosoma cruzi surface mucins: host-dependent coat diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:229-36. [PMID: 16489349 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The surface of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is covered in mucins, which contribute to parasite protection and to the establishment of a persistent infection. Their importance is highlighted by the fact that the approximately 850 mucin-encoding genes comprise approximately 1% of the parasite genome and approximately 6% of all predicted T. cruzi genes. The coordinate expression of a large repertoire of mucins containing variable regions in the mammal-dwelling stages of the T. cruzi life cycle suggests a possible strategy to thwart the host immune response. Here, we discuss the expression profiling of T. cruzi mucins, the mechanisms leading to the acquisition of mucin diversity and the possible consequences of a mosaic surface coat in the interplay between parasite and host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Buscaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de General San Martn-CONICET, San Martín (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
MacRae JI, Obado SO, Turnock DC, Roper JR, Kierans M, Kelly JM, Ferguson MAJ. The suppression of galactose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes causes changes in cell surface molecular architecture and cell morphology. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 147:126-36. [PMID: 16569451 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface of the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi is covered by glycoconjugates rich in galactose. The parasite cannot take up galactose through its hexose transporter, suggesting that the epimerisation of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose may be the parasite's only route to this sugar. The T. cruzi UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase is encoded by the TcGALE gene. We were unable to make a CL-Brener strain T. cruzi epimastigote TcGALE-/- null mutant, suggesting that the gene is essential. Two TcGALE+/- single-allele knockout clones displayed aberrant morphology and haploid deficiency with respect to galactose metabolism. The morphological phenotypes included shortened flagella, increased incidence of spheromastigotes, agglutination and a novel walnut-like appearance. The reduced supply of UDP-galactose was manifest in the two clones as a six- or nine-fold reduction in the expression of galactopyranose-containing cell surface mucins and negligible or two-fold reduction in the expression of galactofuranose-containing glycoinositolphospholipids. The major loss of mucins as opposed to glycoinositolphospholipids may indicate that the latter are more important for basic parasite survival in culture. The apparent haploid deficiency suggests that epimerase levels are close to limiting, at least in the epimastigote form, and might be exploited as a potential drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James I MacRae
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Microbiology, The School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Penha LL, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO, Scharfstein J, Heise N, Lima APCDA. Cloning and characterization of the phosphoglucomutase of Trypanosoma cruzi and functional complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae PGM null mutant. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1359-67. [PMID: 16037487 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, a chronic illness characterized by progressive cardiomyopathy and/or denervation of the digestive tract. The parasite surface is covered with glycoconjugates, such as mucin-type glycoproteins and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs), whose glycans are rich in galactopyranose (Galp) and/or galactofuranose (Galf) residues. These molecules have been implicated in attachment of the parasite to and invasion of mammalian cells and in modulation of the host immune responses during infection. In T. cruzi, galactose (Gal) biosynthesis depends on the conversion of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose (UDP-Glc) into UDP-Gal by an NAD-dependent reduction catalyzed by UDP-Gal 4-epimerase. Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) is a key enzyme in this metabolic pathway catalyzing the interconversion of Glc-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) and Glc-1-P which is then converted into UDP-Glc. We here report the cloning of T. cruzi PGM, encoding T. cruzi PGM, and the heterologous expression of a functional enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. T. cruzi PGM is a single copy gene encoding a predicted protein sharing 61% amino acid identity with Leishmania major PGM and 43% with the yeast enzyme. The 59-trans-splicing site of PGM RNA was mapped to a region located at 18 base pairs upstream of the start codon. Expression of T. cruzi PGM in a S. cerevisiae null mutant-lacking genes encoding both isoforms of PGM (pgm1Delta/pgm2Delta) rescued the lethal phenotype induced upon cell growth on Gal as sole carbon source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L Penha
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde-Bloco G, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21944-970, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Macrae JI, Acosta-Serrano A, Morrice NA, Mehlert A, Ferguson MAJ. Structural characterization of NETNES, a novel glycoconjugate in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:12201-11. [PMID: 15649890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412939200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular stercorarian protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. The epimastigote form of the parasite is covered in a dense coat of glycoinositol phospholipids and short glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored mucinlike molecules. Here, we describe the purification and structural characterization of NETNES, a relatively minor but unusually complex glycoprotein that coexists with these major surface components. The mature glycoprotein is only 13 amino acids in length, with the sequence AQENETNESGSID, and exists in two forms with either four or five post-translational modifications. These are either one or two asparagine-linked oligomannose glycans, two linear alpha-mannose glycans linked to serine residues via phosphodiester linkages, and a GPI membrane anchor attached to the C-terminal aspartic acid residue. The variety and density of post-translational modifications on an unusually small peptide core make NETNES a unique type of glycoprotein. The N-glycans are predominantly Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3) Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-Asn; the phosphate-linked glycans are a mixture of (Manalpha1-2)0-3Man1-P-Ser; and the GPI anchor has the structure Manalpha1-2(ethanolamine phosphate)Manalpha1-2Manalpha1-6Manalpha1-4(2-aminoethylphosphonate-6)GlcNalpha1-6-myo-inositol-1-P-3(sn-1-O-(C16:0)alkyl-2-O-(C16:0)acylglycerol). Four putative NETNES genes were found in the T. cruzi genome data base. These genes are predicted to encode 65-amino acid proteins with cleavable 26-amino acid N-terminal signal peptides and 26-amino acid C-terminal GPI addition signal peptides.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Asparagine/chemistry
- Aspartic Acid/chemistry
- Carbohydrate Conformation
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Chromatography
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Databases as Topic
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Glycoconjugates/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/chemistry
- Hydrofluoric Acid/chemistry
- Hydrolysis
- Ions
- Mannose/chemistry
- Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Methylation
- Models, Chemical
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nitrous Acid/metabolism
- Peptides/chemistry
- Phospholipids/chemistry
- Phosphorylation
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Sorting Signals
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protozoan Proteins
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Time Factors
- Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James I Macrae
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jones C, Todeschini AR, Agrellos OA, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. Heterogeneity in the biosynthesis of mucin O-glycans from Trypanosoma cruzi tulahuen strain with the expression of novel galactofuranosyl-containing oligosaccharides. Biochemistry 2004; 43:11889-97. [PMID: 15362875 DOI: 10.1021/bi048942u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sialoglycoprotein from Trypanosoma cruzi strains participates in important biological functions in which the O-linked glycans play a pivotal role, and their structural diversity may be related to the parasite's virulence pattern. To provide supporting evidence for this idea, we have determined the structure of novel linear and branched alpha-O-GlcNAc-linked oligosaccharides present on the mucins of the T. cruzi Tulahuen strain. The O-glycans were isolated as oligosaccharide alditols by reductive beta-elimination, purified, and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis. Two core families were synthesized by the parasite: the Galfbeta1-->4GlcNAc and Galpbeta1-->4GlcNAc. The Galfbeta1-->4GlcNAc core yields three series of O-chain structures. In the first, the Galf residue is nonsubstituted, while in the other series it is elongated by the activity of galactopyranosyl or galactofuranosyl transferases giving rise to Galp-beta-(1-->2)-Galf-beta-(1-->4) or Galf-beta-(1-->2)-Galf-beta-(1-->4) substructures not previously observed. The three series can arise by further galactopyranosylation of the GlcNAc O-6 arm. Sialylation was the only observed elaboration of the Galpbeta1-->4GlcNAc core family. Thus the determination of the structures of the O-glycans from T. cruzi Tulahuen mucins confirms the strain specificity of the glycosylation and predicts a relationship between it and parasite pathogenicity and the epidemiology of Chagas' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Roper JR, Ferguson MAJ. Cloning and characterisation of the UDP-glucose 4′-epimerase of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 132:47-53. [PMID: 14563536 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi incorporates galactose into many of its cell-surface glycoconjugates but it is unable to transport this sugar through its hexose transporter. Epimerisation of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose by UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase may be the only way that the parasites can obtain galactose. Here, we describe cloning the T. cruzi UDP-Glc 4'-epimerase (TcGALE) gene and show that it is functional by complementing an Escherichia coli epimerase-deficient strain. The T. cruzi GALE gene encodes a 42.4 kDa protein and the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli is a homodimer in solution with a specific activity of 3.8 U mg(-1) and K(m) for UDP-Gal of 114 microM. Unlike the human epimerase, T. cruzi UDP-Glc 4'-epimerase is unable to inter-convert UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. This may explain why T. cruzi initiates O-glycosylation of its abundant GPI-anchored surface mucins via GlcNAcalpha1-O-Thr/Ser rather than the GalNAcalpha1-O-Thr/Ser linkage that is common for mucins from many other eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine R Roper
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, The School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|