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Obesity-related gut hormones and cancer: novel insight into the pathophysiology. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1886-1898. [PMID: 34088971 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The number of cancers attributed to obesity is increasing over time. The mechanisms classically implicated in cancer pathogenesis and progression in patients with obesity involve adiposity-related alteration of insulin, sex hormones, and adipokine pathways. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of the association between obesity-related nutritional imbalance and cancer. Gut hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutritional cues, and act as nutrient sensors, regulating eating behavior and energy homeostasis and playing a role in immune-modulation. The dysregulation of gastrointestinal hormone physiology has been implicated in obesity pathogenesis. For their peculiar function, at the cross-road between nutrients intake, energy homeostasis and inflammation, gut hormones might represent an important but still underestimated mechanism underling the obesity-related high incidence of cancer. In addition, cancer research has revealed the widespread expression of gut hormone receptors in neoplastic tissues, underscoring their implication in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion processes that characterize tumor growth and aggressiveness. In this review, we hypothesize that obesity-related alterations in gut hormones might be implicated in cancer pathogenesis, and provide evidence of the pathways potentially involved.
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2
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Neurotensins and their therapeutic potential: research field study. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1779-1803. [PMID: 33032465 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural tridecapeptide neurotensin has been emerged as a promising therapeutic scaffold for the treatment of neurological diseases and cancer. In this work, we aimed to identify the top 100 most cited original research papers as well as recent key studies related to neurotensins. The Web of Science Core Collection database was searched and the retrieved research articles were analyzed by using the VOSviewer software. The most cited original articles were published between 1973 and 2013. The top-cited article was by Carraway and Leeman reporting the discovery of neurotensin in 1973. The highly cited terms were associated with hypotension and angiotensin-converting-enzyme. The conducted analysis reveals the therapeutic potentials of neurotensin, and further impactful research toward its clinical development is warrantied.
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3
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The Neuropeptide System and Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Mechanisms and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103494
expr 969553959 + 931886332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), classified as the third most prevalent cancer worldwide, remains to be a clinical and research challenge. It is estimated that ~50% of CRC patients die from distant metastases, with treatment of this complication still posing significant difficulties. While liver metastasis (LM) cascade is known in the literature, its mechanisms are still unclear and remain studied in different research models. A connection is suggested between nervous system dysfunctions and a range of Neurotransmitters (Nts) (including Neuropeptides, NPs), Neurotrophins (Ntt) and their receptors (Rs) in CRC liver metastasis development. Studies on the role of NP/NP-Rs in the progression and metastasis of CRC, show the complexity of brain–tumor interactions, caused by their different forms of release to the extracellular environment (endocrine, autocrine, paracrine and neurocrine). Many stages of LM are connected to the activity of pro-inflammatory, e.g., Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRHR1), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Neurotensin (NT), anti-inflammatory, e.g., Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP), CRHR2 and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) or dual role neuropeptides, e.g., Substance P (SP). The regulation of the local immunological profile (e.g., CRH/CRHRs), dysfunctions of enteroprotective role of NPs on epithelial cells (e.g., NT/NT-R), as well as structural-functional changes in enteric nervous system innervation of the tumor are also important. More research is needed to understand the exact mechanisms of communication between the neurons and tumor cells. The knowledge on the mechanisms regulating tumor growth and different stages of metastasis, as well as effects of the action of a numerous group of Nts/NPs/Ntt as growth factors, have implications for future therapeutic strategies. To obtain the best treatment outcomes, it is important to use signaling pathways common for many NPs, as well to develop a range of broad-spectrum antagonists. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the importance of neuroactive molecules in the promotion of the invasion-metastasis cascade in CRC, as well as the improvements of clinical management of CRC liver metastasis.
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4
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The Neuropeptide System and Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Mechanisms and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103494. [PMID: 32429087 PMCID: PMC7279011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), classified as the third most prevalent cancer worldwide, remains to be a clinical and research challenge. It is estimated that ~50% of CRC patients die from distant metastases, with treatment of this complication still posing significant difficulties. While liver metastasis (LM) cascade is known in the literature, its mechanisms are still unclear and remain studied in different research models. A connection is suggested between nervous system dysfunctions and a range of Neurotransmitters (Nts) (including Neuropeptides, NPs), Neurotrophins (Ntt) and their receptors (Rs) in CRC liver metastasis development. Studies on the role of NP/NP-Rs in the progression and metastasis of CRC, show the complexity of brain–tumor interactions, caused by their different forms of release to the extracellular environment (endocrine, autocrine, paracrine and neurocrine). Many stages of LM are connected to the activity of pro-inflammatory, e.g., Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRHR1), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Neurotensin (NT), anti-inflammatory, e.g., Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP), CRHR2 and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) or dual role neuropeptides, e.g., Substance P (SP). The regulation of the local immunological profile (e.g., CRH/CRHRs), dysfunctions of enteroprotective role of NPs on epithelial cells (e.g., NT/NT-R), as well as structural-functional changes in enteric nervous system innervation of the tumor are also important. More research is needed to understand the exact mechanisms of communication between the neurons and tumor cells. The knowledge on the mechanisms regulating tumor growth and different stages of metastasis, as well as effects of the action of a numerous group of Nts/NPs/Ntt as growth factors, have implications for future therapeutic strategies. To obtain the best treatment outcomes, it is important to use signaling pathways common for many NPs, as well to develop a range of broad-spectrum antagonists. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the importance of neuroactive molecules in the promotion of the invasion-metastasis cascade in CRC, as well as the improvements of clinical management of CRC liver metastasis.
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5
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Godlewski J, Kmiec Z. Colorectal Cancer Invasion and Atrophy of the Enteric Nervous System: Potential Feedback and Impact on Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3391. [PMID: 32403316 PMCID: PMC7247003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) invasion within the large intestine wall results in the replacement of normal tissue architecture by tumour mass. Cancer cells digest the extracellular matrix (ECM) by the release of proteolytic enzymes. The disintegration of matrix ground substance activates several deposited growth factors which stimulate cell proliferation. Stromal (mainly fibroblasts), immune and cancer cells dominate in this area and become involved in a network of multimodal interactions which significantly induce proliferation of colon cancer cells, inhibit their apoptosis and promote their spreading within the local tumour microenvironment. Cancer invasion destroys nerve fibres and neurons of the local enteric nervous system (ENS) and induces subsequent atrophy of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses in areas adjacent to the cancer boundary. Interestingly, the reduction of plexuses' size is accompanied by the increased number of galanin-immunoreactive neurons and increased galanin content in parts of the colon located close to the tumour. Galanin, a neuroprotective peptide, may inhibit the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and in this way promote cancer cell survival. The possible role of acetylcholine and some ENS neuropeptides was also discussed. Invasion of cancer cells spreads along nerve fibres with the involvement of locally-released neutrophins which promote, via their specific receptors, cancer cell proliferation and pro-survival signalling pathways. Thus, during CRC development cancer cells and neurons of the ENS release many neurotransmitters/neuropeptides which affect key cellular signalling pathways promoting cancer cell proliferation and pro-survival phenotype. The multiple interactions between ENS neurons, cancer cells and other cell types present in the colon wall increase cancer cell invasiveness and have a negative impact on the course of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Godlewski
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
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6
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Iwasaki M, Akiba Y, Kaunitz JD. Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31559013 PMCID: PMC6743256 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18039.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a gut peptide hormone originally reported as a vasodilator in 1970, has multiple physiological and pathological effects on development, growth, and the control of neuronal, epithelial, and endocrine cell functions that in turn regulate ion secretion, nutrient absorption, gut motility, glycemic control, carcinogenesis, immune responses, and circadian rhythms. Genetic ablation of this peptide and its receptors in mice also provides new insights into the contribution of VIP towards physiological signaling and the pathogenesis of related diseases. Here, we discuss the impact of VIP on gastrointestinal function and diseases based on recent findings, also providing insight into its possible therapeutic application to diabetes, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Iwasaki
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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The role of enteric neurons in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:420-434. [PMID: 28847715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic neural network of the gastrointestinal tract, which is essential for regulating gut functions and intestinal homeostasis. The importance of the ENS is underscored by the existence of severe gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung's disease and intestinal pseudo-obstruction, which arise when the ENS fails to develop normally or becomes dysregulated. Moreover, it is known that enteric neurons are involved in intestinal inflammation. However, the role of the ENS in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis remains poorly understood, even though processes like perineural invasion and neoneurogenesis are important factors in CRC. Here we summarize how enteric neurons are affected during CRC and discuss the influence of enteric neurons, either direct or indirect, on the development and/or progression of CRC. Finally, we illustrate how the ENS could be targeted as a potential anti-cancer therapy, establishing the ENS as an integral part of the tumor microenvironment.
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8
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Charron CL, Hickey JL, Nsiama TK, Cruickshank DR, Turnbull WL, Luyt LG. Molecular imaging probes derived from natural peptides. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 33:761-800. [PMID: 26911790 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2015.Peptides are naturally occurring compounds that play an important role in all living systems and are responsible for a range of essential functions. Peptide receptors have been implicated in disease states such as oncology, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, natural peptides have been exploited as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to the unique target specificity for their endogenous receptors. This review discusses a variety of natural peptides highlighting their discovery, endogenous receptors, as well as their derivatization to create molecular imaging agents, with an emphasis on the design of radiolabelled peptides. This review also highlights methods for discovering new and novel peptides when knowledge of specific targets and endogenous ligands are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Charron
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - J L Hickey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - T K Nsiama
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - D R Cruickshank
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - W L Turnbull
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - L G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. and Departments of Oncology and Medical Imaging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada and London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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9
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A Review of the Role of Neurotensin and Its Receptors in Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:6456257. [PMID: 28316623 PMCID: PMC5339424 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6456257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NTS) is a physiologically occurring hormone which affects the function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In recent years, NTS, acting through its cellular receptors (NTSR), has been implicated in the carcinogenesis of several cancers. In colorectal cancer (CRC), a significant body of evidence, from in vitro and in vivo studies, is available which elucidates the molecular biology of NTS/NTSR signalling and the resultant growth of CRC cells. There is growing clinical data from human studies which corroborate the role NTS/NTSR plays in the development of human CRC. Furthermore, blockade and modulation of the NTS/NTSR signalling pathways appears to reduce CRC growth in cell cultures and animal studies. Lastly, NTS/NTSR also shows potential of being utilised as a diagnostic biomarker for cancers as well as targets for functional imaging. We summarise the existing evidence and understanding of the role of NTS and its receptors in CRC.
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10
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Moody TW, Nuche-Berenguer B, Jensen RT. Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, and their receptors and cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016; 23:38-47. [PMID: 26702849 PMCID: PMC4844466 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and their receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, PAC1) in human tumors as well as their role in potential novel treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Considerable progress has been made in understanding of the effects of VIP/PACAP on growth of various tumors as well as in the signaling cascades involved, especially in the role of transactivation of the epidermal growth factor family. The overexpression of VPAC1/2 and PAC1 on a number of common neoplasms (breast, lung, prostate, central nervous system and neuroblastoma) is receiving increased attention both as a means of tumor imaging the location and extent of these tumors, as well as for targeted directed treatment, by coupling cytotoxic agents to VIP/PACAP analogues. SUMMARY VIP/PACAP has prominent growth effects on a number of common neoplasms, which frequently overexpressed the three subtypes of their receptors. The increased understanding of their signaling cascades, effect on tumor growth/differentiation and the use of the overexpression of these receptors for localization/targeted cytotoxic delivery are all suggesting possible novel tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- aDepartment of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director bNational Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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VPAC1 overexpression is associated with poor differentiation in colon cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6397-404. [PMID: 24671823 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neurotransmitter that primarily functions as a vasodilator. VIP plays its role through binding to its receptors known as VIP/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptors (VPACs). In this study, we examined the expression of VPAC1 in human colon cancer tissues, analyzed the relationship between VPAC1 expression and cancer malignancy, and explored the possible mechanisms using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence double staining. The results showed that (1) poorly differentiated colon cancers have significantly higher VPAC1 expression than well-differentiated colon cancers do (p < 0.01); (2) phospho-epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression/activation in the cytoplasm of cancer cells is related to VPAC1 overexpression; (3) blood vessels surrounding colon cancer have significantly more VPAC1-positive than normal colon mucosa does; (4) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) of colon cancer have a higher level of VPAC1 expression than macrophages in normal colon mucosa do. These data suggest that VPAC1 overexpression is associated with poorer differentiation of colon cancer, which is likely caused by subsequent EGFR activation in cancer cells. In addition, VPAC1 overexpression in both blood vessels and macrophages in tumors may also play an important role in the development of aggressive cancer.
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12
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Tang B, Yong X, Xie R, Li QW, Yang SM. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-based imaging and treatment of tumors (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1023-31. [PMID: 24481544 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors (VIPRs) are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These receptors are overexpressed in many common malignant tumors and play a major role in the progression and angiogenesis of a number of malignancies. Therefore, VIPRs may be a valuable target for the molecular imaging of tumors and therapeutic interventions. The specific natural ligand or its analogs can be labeled with a radionuclide and used for tumor receptor imaging, which could be used to visualize VIPR-related surface protein expression in vivo and to monitor the in vivo effects of molecular drugs on tumors. Moreover, the involvement of VIPRs in malignant transformation and angiogenesis renders them potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. A variety of VIP antagonists and cytotoxic VIP conjugates have been synthesized and evaluated for VIPR-targeted molecular therapy. The importance of VIPRs in tumor biology and the ability to predict responses to targeted therapy and monitor drug interventions suggest that VIP receptor-based imaging and treatment will be critical for the early diagnosis and management of cancer. Here, we review the current literature regarding VIPRs and their natural ligands and the involvement of VIPRs in tumor growth and angiogenesis, with an emphasis on the present use of VIPRs for the molecular imaging of tumors and therapies targeting VIPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Wei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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13
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Keita AV, Carlsson AH, Cigéhn M, Ericson AC, McKay DM, Söderholm JD. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide regulates barrier function via mast cells in human intestinal follicle-associated epithelium and during stress in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e406-17. [PMID: 23600853 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been implicated as a regulator of intestinal barrier function and inflammation. Our aim was to elucidate the role of VIP in follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and villus epithelium (VE) permeability following stress in rats and on human intestinal barrier function. METHODS Rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with VIP receptor-antagonists (anti-VPACs), a mast cell stabilizer, doxantrazole (DOX), or NaCl, and submitted to acute water avoidance stress. Ileal segments were mounted in Ussing chambers to assess (51) chromium-edta ((51) Cr-edta) and Escherichia (E.) coli (strain K-12) permeability. Rat ileal and human ileal and colonic segments were exposed to VIP ± anti-VPACs or DOX. An in vitro co-culture model of human FAE was used to study epithelial-VIP effects. VIP/VPACs distribution was assessed by microscopy. KEY RESULTS Stress increased (51) Cr-edta and E. coli permeability in VE and FAE. The increases were abolished by i.p. injection of DOX or anti-VPACs. Ileal VIP-exposure ex vivo increased bacterial passage and this was reduced by DOX. In human FAE ex vivo, VIP treatment doubled bacterial uptake, which was normalized by DOX or anti-VPACs. No barrier effects were observed in human colonic tissue. VPACs were found in rat and human ileal follicles, with partial mast cell co-localization. The co-culture model confirmed VIP-mast cell-epithelial interactions in the regulation of barrier function. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Stress affects the FAE barrier by mechanisms involving VIP and VPACs on mucosal mast cells. We suggest a regulatory role for VIP in the control of ileal permeability that may be relevant to bacterial-epithelial interactions in stress-related intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Keita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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14
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Szanto Z, Sarszegi Z, Reglodi D, Nemeth J, Szabadfi K, Kiss P, Varga A, Banki E, Csanaky K, Gaszner B, Pinter O, Szalai Z, Tamas A. PACAP immunoreactivity in human malignant tumor samples and cardiac diseases. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:667-73. [PMID: 22648511 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic and multifunctional neuropeptide having important roles in various physiological processes. Recent trends in PACAP research point to the clinical introduction of PACAP or its analogs/fragments possibly in the near future. Recently, we have shown the presence of PACAP in human plasma, milk, placenta, and follicular fluid samples. However, relatively few data are available on PACAP in human tissues from patients with different disorders. The aim of the present study was to determine, by radioimmunoassay, the tissue level of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity (LI) and PACAP27-LI in different primary non-small cell lung cancer, colon tumor samples, and in cardiac muscle samples from patients suffering from ischemic heart disease and valvular disorders. We also labeled the PAC1 receptors in human cardiac cells. All samples showed significantly higher PACAP38-LI compared with PACAP27-LI. We found significantly lower levels of PACAP38-LI and PACAP27-LI in tumoral and peripheral samples compared with normal healthy tissue in both lung and colon cancers. Further investigations are necessary to describe the exact function of PACAP in oncogenesis. We showed that PACAP38-LI and PACAP27-LI are significantly higher in ischemic heart diseases compared with valvular abnormalities, suggesting that PACAP might play a role in ischemic heart disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Szanto
- Surgery Clinic, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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15
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Harikrishnan LS, Srivastava N, Kayser LE, Nirschl DS, K K, Roy A, Gupta A, Karmakar S, Karatt T, Mathur A, Burford NT, Chen J, Kong Y, Cvijic M, Cooper CB, Poss MA, Trainor GL, Wong TW. Identification and optimization of small molecule antagonists of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-1 (VIPR1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2287-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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VIP, from gene to behavior and back: summarizing my 25 years of research. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 36:115-24. [PMID: 18607776 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an interesting example of a 28-amino acid neuropeptide that is abundantly expressed in discrete brain regions/neurons and hence may contribute to brain function. This short review summarizes my own point of view and encompasses 25 years of work and over 100 publications targeting the understanding of VIP production and biological activity. The review starts with our original cloning of the VIP gene, it then continues to discoveries of regulation of VIP synthesis and the establishment of the first VIP transgenic mice. The review ends with the identification of novel VIP analogs that helped decipher VIP's important role during development, in regulation of the biological clock(s) and diurnal rhythms, sexual activity, learning and memory as well as social behavior, and cancer. This review cites only articles that I have coauthored and gives my own perspective of this exciting ever-growing field.
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Sigalet DL, Wallace LE, Holst JJ, Martin GR, Kaji T, Tanaka H, Sharkey KA. Enteric neural pathways mediate the anti-inflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G211-21. [PMID: 17395898 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00530.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is an important regulator of nutritional absorptive capacity with anti-inflammatory actions. We hypothesized that GLP-2 reduces intestinal mucosal inflammation by activation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons of the submucosal plexus. Ileitis or colitis was induced in rats by injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), or colitis was induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water. Subsets of animals received (1-33)-GLP-2 (50 mug/kg sc bid) either immediately or 2 days after the establishment of inflammation and were followed for 3-5 days. The involvement of VIP neurons was assessed by concomitant administration of GLP-2 and the VIP antagonist [Lys(1)-Pro(2,5)-Arg(3,4)-Tyr(6)]VIP and by immunohistochemical labeling of GLP-2-activated neurons. In all models, GLP-2 treatment, whether given immediately or delayed until inflammation was established, resulted in significant improvements in animal weights, mucosal inflammation indices (myeloperoxidase levels, histological mucosal scores), and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta) and inducible nitric oxide synthase, with increased levels of IL-10 in TNBS ileitis and DSS colitis. Reduced rates of crypt cell proliferation and of apoptosis within crypts in inflamed tissues were also noted with GLP-2 treatment. These effects were abolished with coadministration of GLP-2 and the VIP antagonist. GLP-2 was shown to activate neurons and to increase the number of cells expressing VIP in the submucosal plexus of the ileum. These findings suggest that GLP-2 acts as an anti-inflammatory agent through activation of enteric VIP neurons, independent of proliferative effects. They support further studies to examine the role of neural signaling in the regulation of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Sigalet
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Science Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Schulz S, Röcken C, Mawrin C, Weise W, Höllt V, Schulz S. Immunocytochemical identification of VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors in normal and neoplastic human tissues with subtype-specific antibodies. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:8235-42. [PMID: 15623599 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human tumors frequently overexpress receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). However, none of the VIP/PACAP receptor proteins has been visualized individually in human tumors. Here, we developed and characterized a panel of antipeptide antibodies to the carboxyl-terminal regions of the VIP/PACAP receptor subtypes vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor (VPAC)1, VPAC2, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor (PAC)1. Specificity of the antisera was shown by the following: (1) detection of broad bands migrating at Mr 50,000 to 70,000 in Western blots of membranes from receptor-expressing tumors and receptor-transfected cells; (2) cell surface staining of VIP/PACAP receptor-transfected cells; (3) translocation of VIP/PACAP receptor immunostaining in transfected cells after agonist exposure; and (4) abolition of tissue immunostaining by preadsorbtion of the antibodies with their immunizing peptides. The distribution of VIP/PACAP receptors was investigated in 98 human tumors and their tissues of origin. VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors were clearly located at the plasma membrane of the tumor cells in a variety of human neoplasms. In the gastrointestinal tract, VPAC1 receptor immunoreactivity was abundant in the mucosa and myenteric neurons; VPAC2 receptor immunoreactivity was detected in neuroendocrine cells, blood vessels, and smooth muscle; and PAC1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in myenteric neurons. This is the first localization of all of the VIP/PACAP receptor subtypes in human formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. VIP/PACAP receptor visualization with this simple and rapid immunohistochemical method will facilitate identification of tumors with a sufficient receptor overexpression for diagnostic or therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neurosecretory Systems/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Prasad S, Mathur A, Jaggi M, Sharma R, Gupta N, Reddy VR, Sudhakar G, Kumar SU, Kumar SK, Kunwar AC, Chakraborty TK. Furanoid sugar amino acids as dipeptide mimics in design of analogs of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor binding inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:75-84. [PMID: 16000121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe the development of peptidomimetic analogs of the potent vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor binding inhibitor, Leu(1) -Met(2) -Tyr(3) -Pro(4) -Thr(5) -Tyr(6) -Leu(7) -Lys(8) -OH 1, by incorporating furanoid sugar amino acids (SAAs) 2-4 into the molecule. The furanoid SAAs 2-4 were used as dipeptide isosteres to replace Tyr(3) -Pro(4) or Pro(4) -Thr(5) in sequence 1. The resulting analogs 5-9 were tested for their anti-cancer activities in vitro, following the standard MTT assay on a panel of human cancer cell lines. One of the potent analogs, 6a was tested in vivo for tumor regression on primary colon tumor xenografted nude mice. Our experimental results suggest that many of these analogs show either retention or enhancement of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prasad
- Dabur Research Foundation, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, India.
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Gozes I, Furman S. Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Potential clinical applications of vasoactive intestinal peptide: a selected update. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 18:623-40. [PMID: 15533779 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are expressed in neurons innervating endocrine cells or in endocrine cells and cancer cells, and are released on site to act as hormones and growth factors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was first discovered in the early 1970s and has since become the area of research for many laboratories. VIP has a neuroendocrine role as it is intimately involved with the synthesis, secretion and action of other neuroendocrine hormones as well as cytokines and chemokines. Major outcomes of VIP downregulation encompass developmental and behavioral dysfunctions, including impaired diurnal rhythms. Overexpression of VIP has been associated with diarrhea and cancer, and overexpression of VIP receptors is associated with cancerous growth. This short review outlines some of the recent progress made in VIP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illana Gozes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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