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Tapia Contreras C, Hoyer-Fender S. The Transformation of the Centrosome into the Basal Body: Similarities and Dissimilarities between Somatic and Male Germ Cells and Their Relevance for Male Fertility. Cells 2021; 10:2266. [PMID: 34571916 PMCID: PMC8471410 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sperm flagellum is essential for the transport of the genetic material toward the oocyte and thus the transmission of the genetic information to the next generation. During the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, i.e., spermiogenesis, a morphological and molecular restructuring of the male germ cell, the round spermatid, takes place that includes the silencing and compaction of the nucleus, the formation of the acrosomal vesicle from the Golgi apparatus, the formation of the sperm tail, and, finally, the shedding of excessive cytoplasm. Sperm tail formation starts in the round spermatid stage when the pair of centrioles moves toward the posterior pole of the nucleus. The sperm tail, eventually, becomes located opposed to the acrosomal vesicle, which develops at the anterior pole of the nucleus. The centriole pair tightly attaches to the nucleus, forming a nuclear membrane indentation. An articular structure is formed around the centriole pair known as the connecting piece, situated in the neck region and linking the sperm head to the tail, also named the head-to-tail coupling apparatus or, in short, HTCA. Finally, the sperm tail grows out from the distal centriole that is now transformed into the basal body of the flagellum. However, a centriole pair is found in nearly all cells of the body. In somatic cells, it accumulates a large mass of proteins, the pericentriolar material (PCM), that together constitute the centrosome, which is the main microtubule-organizing center of the cell, essential not only for the structuring of the cytoskeleton and the overall cellular organization but also for mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation. However, in post-mitotic (G1 or G0) cells, the centrosome is transformed into the basal body. In this case, one of the centrioles, which is always the oldest or mother centriole, grows the axoneme of a cilium. Most cells of the body carry a single cilium known as the primary cilium that serves as an antenna sensing the cell's environment. Besides, specialized cells develop multiple motile cilia differing in substructure from the immotile primary cilia that are essential in moving fluids or cargos over the cellular surface. Impairment of cilia formation causes numerous severe syndromes that are collectively subsumed as ciliopathies. This comparative overview serves to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of basal body formation, their similarities, and dissimilarities, in somatic versus male germ cells, by discussing the involved proteins/genes and their expression, localization, and function. The review, thus, aimed to provide a deeper knowledge of the molecular players that is essential for the expansion of clinical diagnostics and treatment of male fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology-Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
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2
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GSK3 as a Regulator of Cytoskeleton Architecture: Consequences for Health and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082092. [PMID: 34440861 PMCID: PMC8393567 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) was initially isolated as a critical protein in energy metabolism. However, subsequent studies indicate that GSK-3 is a multi-tasking kinase that links numerous signaling pathways in a cell and plays a vital role in the regulation of many aspects of cellular physiology. As a regulator of actin and tubulin cytoskeleton, GSK3 influences processes of cell polarization, interaction with the extracellular matrix, and directional migration of cells and their organelles during the growth and development of an animal organism. In this review, the roles of GSK3–cytoskeleton interactions in brain development and pathology, migration of healthy and cancer cells, and in cellular trafficking of mitochondria will be discussed.
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Cao Z, Ge S, Xu Z, Ma YQ. β3-Endonexin interacts with ninein in vascular endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 566:75-79. [PMID: 34118594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis serves as an effective tumor therapy approach. In a previous study, we found that β3-endonexin expressed in vascular endothelial cells was involved in promoting proliferation and angiogenesis partially by facilitating VEGF expression. However, it still remains unclear if β3-endonexin in vascular endothelial cells also employs other mechanisms in regulating angiogenesis. In this study, we utilized a β3-endonexin mutant (M2) carrying a defective nuclear localization sequence to disrupt its nuclear localization and evaluated its ability to promote HUVEC proliferation and formation of tube-like vascular structures. In addition, we performed yeast 2-hybrid assay to identify potential functional effectors of β3-endonexin. We found that both wild type β3-endonexin and the M2 mutant could localize to centrosomes in HUVECs and both were able to promote HUVEC proliferation and formation of vascular structures. However, the M2 mutant failed to promote VEGF expression in HUVECs. Further, we found that both wild type β3-endonexin and the M2 mutant were capable of binding to ninein, a centrosomal protein with a proangiogenic effect. Knockdown of ninein in HUVECs impeded centrosome localization of wild type β3-endonexin and the M2 mutant and inhibited HUVEC proliferation and formation of vascular structures. Taken together, these findings suggest that β3-endonexin interacts with centrosome ninein and contributes to HUVEC proliferation and formation of vascular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Cao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushu Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yan-Qing Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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4
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Genome-wide signatures of mammalian skin covering evolution. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1765-1780. [PMID: 33481165 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal body coverings provide protection and allow for adaptation to environmental pressures such as heat, ultraviolet radiation, water loss, and mechanical forces. Here, using a comparative genomics analysis of 39 mammal species spanning three skin covering types (hairless, scaly and spiny), we found some genes (e.g., UVRAG, POLH, and XPC) involved in skin inflammation, skin innate immunity, and ultraviolet radiation damage repair were under selection in hairless ocean mammals (e.g., whales and manatees). These signatures might be associated with a high risk of skin diseases from pathogens and ultraviolet radiation. Moreover, the genomes from three spiny mammal species shared convergent genomic regions (EPHB2, EPHA4, and NIN) and unique positively selected genes (FZD6, INVS, and CDC42) involved in skin cell polarity, which might be related to the development of spines. In scaly mammals, the shared convergent genomic regions (e.g., FREM2) were associated with the integrity of the skin epithelium and epidermal adhesion. This study identifies potential convergent genomic features among distantly related mammals with the same skin covering type.
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Yasuda Y, Sakai A, Ito S, Sasai K, Ishizaki A, Okano Y, Kawahara S, Jitsumori Y, Yamamoto H, Matsubara N, Shimizu K, Katayama H. Human NINEIN polymorphism at codon 1111 is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Biomed Rep 2020; 13:45. [PMID: 32934817 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NINEIN serves an essential role in centrosome function as a microtubule organizing center, and in the reformation of the interphase centrosome architecture following mitosis. In the present study, the association between NINEIN Pro1111Ala (rs2236316), a missense single nucleotide polymorphism, and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), related to smoking and alcohol consumption habits in 200 patients with CRC and 1,141 cancer-free control participants were assessed in a case-control study performed in Japan. The results showed that the NINEIN Ala/Ala genotype compared with the Pro/Pro genotype was significantly more associated with an increased risk of CRC, and the males with the Ala/Ala genotype exhibited a significantly increased risk of CRC compared with those with Pro/Pro and Pro/Ala genotypes. Stratified analyses of the Ala/Ala genotype with CRC risk further showed an increased association in never/light drinkers (<23 g of ethanol/day), in male never/light drinkers and in male patients with rectal cancer. These findings suggest that the genetic variant of the NINEIN Pro1111Ala polymorphism has a significant effect on CRC susceptibility in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasuda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sachio Ito
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kaori Sasai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akisada Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Okano
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Seito Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Jitsumori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nagahide Matsubara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katayama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Salva-Pastor N, Chávez-Tapia NC, Uribe M, Nuño-Lámbarri N. Understanding the association of polycystic ovary syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105445. [PMID: 31381969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women. Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) often suffer from metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and extrahepatic tumors, conferring a lower survival than the general population; therefore it is crucial to study the association between NAFLD and PCOS since it remains poorly understood. Insulin resistance (IR) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and PCOS; also, hyperandrogenism enhances IR in these patients. IR, present in the NAFLD-PCOS association could decrease the hepatic production of sex hormone-binding globulin through a possible regulation mediated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha. On the other hand, apoptotic processes initiated by androgens actively contribute to the progression of NAFLD. Considering the association between the two conditions, the screening of women with PCOS for the presence of NAFLD appears reasonable. The pathophysiological mechanisms of PCOS-NAFLD association and the initial approach will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Salva-Pastor
- Traslational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico; School of Medicine, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 13 Sur 2702, Los Volcanes, Z.C. 72420, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Norberto C Chávez-Tapia
- Traslational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico; Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Misael Uribe
- Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Natalia Nuño-Lámbarri
- Traslational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Huang N, Xia Y, Zhang D, Wang S, Bao Y, He R, Teng J, Chen J. Hierarchical assembly of centriole subdistal appendages via centrosome binding proteins CCDC120 and CCDC68. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15057. [PMID: 28422092 PMCID: PMC5399293 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal cells, the centrosome is the main microtubule-organizing centre where microtubules are nucleated and anchored. The centriole subdistal appendages (SDAs) are the key structures that anchor microtubules in interphase cells, but the composition and assembly mechanisms of SDAs are not well understood. Here, we reveal that centrosome-binding proteins, coiled-coil domain containing (CCDC) 120 and CCDC68 are two novel SDA components required for hierarchical SDA assembly in human cells. CCDC120 is anchored to SDAs by ODF2 and recruits CEP170 and Ninein to the centrosome through different coiled-coil domains at its N terminus. CCDC68 is a CEP170-interacting protein that competes with CCDC120 in recruiting CEP170 to SDAs. Furthermore, CCDC120 and CCDC68 are required for centrosome microtubule anchoring. Our findings elucidate the molecular basis for centriole SDA hierarchical assembly and microtubule anchoring in human interphase cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitian Bao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Runsheng He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Putman AH, Wolen AR, Harenza JL, Yordanova RK, Webb BT, Chesler EJ, Miles MF. Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for an anxiolytic-like response to ethanol in BXD recombinant inbred strains. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 15:367-81. [PMID: 26948279 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic differences in acute behavioral responses to ethanol contribute to the susceptibility to alcohol use disorder and the reduction of anxiety is a commonly reported motive underlying ethanol consumption among alcoholics. Therefore, we studied the genetic variance in anxiolytic-like responses to ethanol across the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) mouse panel using the light-dark transition model of anxiety. Strain-mean genetic mapping and a mixed-model quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis replicated several previously published QTL for locomotor activity and identified several novel anxiety-related loci. Significant loci included a chromosome 11 saline anxiety-like QTL (Salanq1) and a chromosome 12 locus (Etanq1) influencing the anxiolytic-like response to ethanol. Etanq1 was successfully validated by studies with BXD advanced intercross strains and fine-mapped to a region comprising less than 3.5 Mb. Through integration of genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit (prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and ventral midbrain) across the BXD RI panel, we identified high priority candidate genes within Etanq1, the strongest of which was Ninein (Nin), a Gsk3β-interacting protein that is highly expressed in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Putman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A R Wolen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J L Harenza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - R K Yordanova
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B T Webb
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - M F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Center for Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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9
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Cheang TY, Zhou HY, Chen W, Zhang B, Liu L, Yang J, Wang S, Li H. C14orf166 overexpression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis of breast cancer. J Transl Med 2016; 14:54. [PMID: 26883017 PMCID: PMC4756411 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 14 open reading frame 166 (C14orf166) is upregulated in various tumors, but its role in breast cancer has not been reported. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were used to determine C14orf166 expression in normal breast epithelial cells (NBEC), breast cancer cells, and four matched pairs of breast cancer tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. Using immunohistochemistry, we determined C14orf166 expression in paraffin-embedded tissues from 121 breast cancer patients. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the associations among C14or166 expression, clinicopathological parameters and prognosis outcome of breast cancer. MTT and colony formation assay were used to determine the effect of C14orf166 on cell proliferation by overexpression or knockdown of C14orf166 level. RESULTS C14orf166 was upregulated in breast cancer cell lines and tissues compared with the normal cells and adjacent normal breast tissues, high C14orf166 expression was positively with advancing clinical stage. The correlation analysis between C14orf166 expression and clinicopathological characteristics suggested C14orf166 expression was significantly correlated with clinical stages, T classification, N classification and PR expression, Kaplan-Meier curves with log rank tests showed patients with low C14orf166 expression had better survival, Cox-regression analysis suggested C14orf166 was an unfavorable prognostic factor for breast cancer patients. C14orf166 overexpression promoted breast cancer cell proliferation, whereas knockdown of C14orf166 inhibited this effect. Further analysis found C14orf166 overexpression inhibited cell cycle inhibitors P21 and P27 expression, and increased the levels of Cyclin D1 and phosphorylation of Rb, suggesting C14orf166 contributed to cell proliferation by regulating G1/S transition. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested C14orf166 could be a novel prognostic biomarker of breast cancer, it also contributes to cell proliferation by regulating G1/S transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck-yun Cheang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangshuai Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianyong Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shenming Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heping Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Hegarty SV, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Zeb2: A multifunctional regulator of nervous system development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:81-95. [PMID: 26193487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (Zeb) 2 is a transcription factor, identified due its ability to bind Smad proteins, and consists of multiple functional domains which interact with a variety of transcriptional co-effectors. The complex nature of the Zeb2, both at its genetic and protein levels, underlie its multifunctional properties, with Zeb2 capable of acting individually or as part of a transcriptional complex to repress, and occasionally activate, target gene expression. This review introduces Zeb2 as an essential regulator of nervous system development. Zeb2 is expressed in the nervous system throughout its development, indicating its importance in neurogenic and gliogenic processes. Indeed, mutation of Zeb2 has dramatic neurological consequences both in animal models, and in humans with Mowat-Wilson syndrome, which results from heterozygous ZEB2 mutations. The mechanisms by which Zeb2 regulates the induction of the neuroectoderm (CNS primordium) and the neural crest (PNS primordium) are reviewed herein. We then describe how Zeb2 acts to direct the formation, delamination, migration and specification of neural crest cells. Zeb2 regulation of the development of a number of cerebral regions, including the neocortex and hippocampus, are then described. The diverse molecular mechanisms mediating Zeb2-directed development of various neuronal and glial populations are reviewed. The role of Zeb2 in spinal cord and enteric nervous system development is outlined, while its essential function in CNS myelination is also described. Finally, this review discusses how the neurodevelopmental defects of Zeb2 mutant mice delineate the developmental dysfunctions underpinning the multiple neurological defects observed in Mowat-Wilson syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Chou CH, Loh JK, Yang MC, Lin CC, Hong MC, Cho CL, Chou AK, Wang CH, Lieu AS, Howng SL, Hsu CM, Hong YR. AIBp regulates mitotic entry and mitotic spindle assembly by controlling activation of both Aurora-A and Plk1. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2764-76. [PMID: 26114227 PMCID: PMC4614063 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1066536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that Aurora-A and the hNinein binding protein AIBp facilitate centrosomal structure maintenance and contribute to spindle formation. Here, we report that AIBp also interacts with Plk1, raising the possibility of functional similarity to Bora, which subsequently promotes Aurora-A-mediated Plk1 activation at Thr210 as well as Aurora-A activation at Thr288. In kinase assays, AIBp acts not only as a substrate but also as a positive regulator of both Aurora-A and Plk1. However, AIBp functions as a negative regulator to block phosphorylation of hNinein mediated by Aurora-A and Plk1. These findings suggest a novel AIBp-dependent regulatory machinery that controls mitotic entry. Additionally, knockdown of hNinein caused failure of AIBp to target the centrosome, whereas depletion of AIBp did not affect the localization of hNinein and microtubule nucleation. Notably, knockdown of AIBp in HeLa cells impaired both Aurora-A and Plk1 kinase, resulting in phenotypes with multiple spindle pole formation and chromosome misalignment. Our data show that depletion of AIBp results in the mis-localization of TACC3 and ch-TOG, but not CEP192 and CEP215, suggesting that loss of AIBp dominantly affects the Aurora-A substrate to cause mitotic aberrations. Collectively, our data demonstrate that AIBp contributes to mitotic entry and bipolar spindle assembly and may partially control localization, phosphorylation, and activation of both Aurora-A and Plk1 via hNinein during mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Chou
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Medical Research; Center of Education and Faculty Development; Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Lin
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Hong
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - An-Kuo Chou
- Department of Anesthesiology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shung Lieu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Long Howng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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12
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Atkins RJ, Stylli SS, Luwor RB, Kaye AH, Hovens CM. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and its dysregulation in glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:1185-92. [PMID: 23768967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring and devastating human brain malignancy, retaining almost universal mortality and a median survival of only 14 months, even with recent advances in multimodal treatments. Gliomas are characterised as being both highly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy and highly invasive, rendering conventional interventions palliative. The continual dismal prognosis for GBM patients identifies an urgent need for the evolutionary development of new treatment modalities. This includes molecular targeted therapies as many signaling molecules and associated pathways have been implicated in the development and survival of malignant gliomas including the protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β). Here we review the activity and function of GSK-3β in a number of signaling pathways and its role in gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Atkins
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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13
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Loh JK, Lieu AS, Chou CH, Lin CC, Yang MC, Lin FY, Hong YR, Howng SL. Differential expression of centrosome-associated proteins in human brain tumors: a possible role of hNinein isoform 6 in cell differentiation. Biofactors 2012; 38:470-7. [PMID: 23047184 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated centrosomal expression has been observed in high grade gliomas. Thus, this study aimed to examine the expression of Aurora family kinase and various centrosomal proteins, including centrin, γ-tubulin, and hNinein isoforms, in human brain tumors, including 29 meningiomas, 34 astrocytomas, 6 pituitary adenomas, and 6 metastatic tumors. mRNA expression was evaluated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The role of hNinein isoform 6 expression in cell differentiation was assessed in BrdU-treated IMR-32 cells. Differential expression of centrosomal proteins of brain tumors and cell lines was observed. Specifically, centrin 2 and centrin 3 expression levels were classified as moderate or abundant in >97% of samples in the meningioma group, 63% of astrocytomas, >83% of metastatic and pituitary tumors. Alternatively, hNinein isoform 6 expression was only detected in normal brain and astrocytoma tumors (17/34); however, it was not expressed in meningioma (0/29), metastatic tumors (0/6) (P < 0.001). Of the six neuroblastoma cell lines analyzed only IMR-32 cells expressed hNinein isoform 6. Furthermore, downregulated expression of hNinein isoform 6 and upregulation of γ-tubulin was correlated to astrocytoma tumor grade (P < 0.001). Increased hNinein isoform 6 mRNA expression was observed in response to BrdU treatment, and its expression was greater in teratomas as compared to embryonic stem cells. Further studies are necessary to determine if hNinein isoform 6 functions as a tumor-suppressor gene in brain tumors. Differential centrosomal protein expression may result in altered centrosome function that is observed the in progression of various brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Khim Loh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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14
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Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Woodgett JR. GSK-3: Functional Insights from Cell Biology and Animal Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:40. [PMID: 22110425 PMCID: PMC3217193 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase encoded in mammals by two genes that generate two related proteins: GSK-3α and GSK-3β. GSK-3 is active in cells under resting conditions and is primarily regulated through inhibition or diversion of its activity. While GSK-3 is one of the few protein kinases that can be inactivated by phosphorylation, the mechanisms of GSK-3 regulation are more varied and not fully understood. Precise control appears to be achieved by a combination of phosphorylation, localization, and sequestration by a number of GSK-3-binding proteins. GSK-3 lies downstream of several major signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase pathway, the Wnt pathway, Hedgehog signaling and Notch. Specific pools of GSK-3, which differ in intracellular localization, binding partner affinity, and relative amount are differentially sensitized to several distinct signaling pathways and these sequestration mechanisms contribute to pathway insulation and signal specificity. Dysregulation of signaling pathways involving GSK-3 is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders and there are data suggesting GSK-3 isoform-selective roles in several of these. Here, we review the current knowledge of GSK-3 regulation and targets and discuss the various animal models that have been employed to dissect the functions of GSK-3 in brain development and function through the use of conventional or conditional knockout mice as well as transgenic mice. These studies have revealed fundamental roles for these protein kinases in memory, behavior, and neuronal fate determination and provide insights into possible therapeutic interventions.
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15
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Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins and their upstream and downstream regulators have key roles in many fundamental processes during neurodevelopment. Disruption of GSK3 signalling adversely affects brain development and is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which GSK3 activity is regulated in the nervous system and provide an overview of the recent advances in the understanding of how GSK3 signalling controls neurogenesis, neuronal polarization and axon growth during brain development. These recent advances suggest that GSK3 is a crucial node that mediates various cellular processes that are controlled by multiple signalling molecules--for example, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), partitioning defective homologue 3 (PAR3), PAR6 and Wnt proteins--that regulate neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Address all correspondence to: Feng-Quan Zhou, Ph.D., 215 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21287. (Phone: 443-2875649, Fax: 410-5026414, )
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16
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Involvement of the residues of GSKIP, AxinGID, and FRATtide in their binding with GSK3β to unravel a novel C-terminal scaffold-binding region. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 339:23-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Xu C, Kim NG, Gumbiner BM. Regulation of protein stability by GSK3 mediated phosphorylation. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:4032-9. [PMID: 19923896 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.24.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) plays important roles in numerous signaling pathways that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and embryonic development. In the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, GSK3 phosphorylation mediates proteasomal targeting and degradation of beta-catenin via the destruction complex. We recently reported a biochemical screen that discovered multiple additional protein substrates whose stability is regulated by Wnt signaling and/or GSK3 and these have important implications for Wnt/GSK3 regulation of different cellular processes.(1) In this article, we also present a bio-informatics based screen for proteins whose stability may be controlled by GSK3 and beta-Trcp, the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase that is responsible for beta-catenin degradation in the Wnt signaling pathway. Furthermore, we review various GSK3 regulated proteolysis substrates described in the literature. We propose that GSK3 phosphorylation dependent proteolysis is a widespread mechanism that the cell employs to regulate a variety of cell processes in response to signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Xu
- Graduate Program of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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18
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Buckingham SD, Jones AK, Brown LA, Sattelle DB. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling: roles in Alzheimer's disease and amyloid neuroprotection. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:39-61. [PMID: 19293145 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major contributor to dementia in the elderly, involves accumulation in the brain of extracellular plaques containing the beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. AD is also characterized by a loss of neurons, particularly those expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), thereby leading to a reduction in nAChR numbers. The Abeta(1-42) protein, which is toxic to neurons, is critical to the onset and progression of AD. The discovery of new drug therapies for AD is likely to be accelerated by an improved understanding of the mechanisms whereby Abeta causes neuronal death. We examine the evidence for a role in Abeta(1-42) toxicity of nAChRs; paradoxically, nAChRs can also protect neurons when activated by nicotinic ligands. Abeta peptides and nicotine differentially activate several intracellular signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog pathway, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and JAK-2/STAT-3 pathways. These pathways control cell death or survival and the secretion of Abeta peptides. We propose that understanding the differential activation of these pathways by nicotine and/or Abeta(1-42) may offer the prospect of new routes to therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Buckingham
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
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19
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Kannoji A, Phukan S, Sudher Babu V, Balaji VN. GSK3beta: a master switch and a promising target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 12:1443-55. [PMID: 18851699 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.11.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase, which plays a major role in various signaling pathways. More than two decades after its discovery, various pharmaceutical companies are focusing on this protein as a target of interest for various therapeutic conditions. OBJECTIVE To discuss the major developments in the area of GSK3beta as a therapeutic target globally and its role in disease physiology and give an overview of the classes of compounds designed for its inhibition. RESULTS Data generated by various workers has helped the pharmaceutical players to put GSK3beta in their portfolio. Since it is involved in various pathways of disease physiologies, understanding of the full spectrum of the role of GSK3beta in relation to its structure and function is necessary to put successful modulators into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Kannoji
- Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Structure Directed Molecular Design, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
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20
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Matsumoto T, Schiller P, Dieterich LC, Bahram F, Iribe Y, Hellman U, Wikner C, Chan G, Claesson-Welsh L, Dimberg A. Ninein is expressed in the cytoplasm of angiogenic tip-cells and regulates tubular morphogenesis of endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2123-30. [PMID: 18772498 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.169128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis is an integral part of many physiological processes but may also aggravate pathological conditions such as cancer. Development of effective angiogenesis inhibitors requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating vessel formation. The aim of this project was to identify proteins that regulate tubular morphogenesis of endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Phosphotyrosine-dependent affinity-purification and mass spectrometry showed tyrosine phosphorylation of ninein during tubular morphogenesis of endothelial cells. Ninein was recently identified as a centrosomal microtubule-anchoring protein. Our results show that ninein is localized in the cytoplasm in endothelial cells, and that it is highly expressed in the vasculature in normal and pathological human tissues. Using embryoid bodies as a model of vascular development, we found that ninein is abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells during sprouting angiogenesis, in particular in the sprouting tip-cell. In accordance, siRNA-dependent silencing of ninein in endothelial cells inhibited tubular morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that ninein is expressed in developing vessels and in endothelial tip cells, and that ninein is critical for formation of the vascular tube. These data strongly implicate ninein as an important new regulator of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Matsumoto
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Xu B, Hao Z, Jha KN, Zhang Z, Urekar C, Digilio L, Pulido S, Strauss JF, Flickinger CJ, Herr JC. TSKS concentrates in spermatid centrioles during flagellogenesis. Dev Biol 2008; 319:201-10. [PMID: 18495105 PMCID: PMC2670488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomal coiled-coil proteins paired with kinases play critical roles in centrosomal functions within somatic cells, however knowledge regarding gamete centriolar proteins is limited. In this study, the substrate of TSSK1 and 2, TSKS, was localized during spermiogenesis to the centrioles of post-meiotic spermatids, where it reached its greatest concentration during the period of flagellogenesis. This centriolar localization persisted in ejaculated human spermatozoa, while centriolar TSKS diminished in mouse sperm, where centrioles are known to undergo complete degeneration. In addition to the centriolar localization during flagellogenesis, mouse TSKS and the TSSK2 kinase localized in the tail and acrosomal regions of mouse epididymal sperm, while TSSK2 was found in the equatorial segment, neck and the midpiece of human spermatozoa. TSSK2/TSKS is the first kinase/substrate pair localized to the centrioles of spermatids and spermatozoa. Coupled with the infertility due to haploinsufficiency noted in chimeric mice with deletion of Tssk1 and 2 (companion paper) this centriolar kinase/substrate pair is predicted to play an indispensable role during spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfang Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research in Contraceptive and Reproductive Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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22
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Alieva IB, Uzbekov RE. The centrosome is a polyfunctional multiprotein cell complex. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:626-43. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Cheng TS, Hsiao YL, Lin CC, Yu CTR, Hsu CM, Chang MS, Lee CI, Huang CYF, Howng SL, Hong YR. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta interacts with and phosphorylates the spindle-associated protein astrin. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2454-64. [PMID: 18055457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706794200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) is involved in mitotic division and that inhibiting of GSK3beta kinase activity causes defects in spindle microtubule length and chromosome alignment. However, the purpose of GSK3beta involvement in spindle microtubule assembly and accurate chromosome segregation remains obscure. Here, we report that GSK3beta interacts with the spindle-associated protein Astrin both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, Astrin acts as a substrate for GSK3beta and is phosphorylated at Thr-111, Thr-937 ((S/T)P motif) and Ser-974/Thr-978 ((S/T)XXX(S/T)-p motif; p is a phosphorylatable residue). Inhibition of GSK3beta impairs spindle and kinetochore accumulation of Astrin and spindle formation at mitosis, suggesting that Astrin association with the spindle microtubule and kinetochore may be dependent on phosphorylation by GSK3beta. Conversely, depletion of Astrin by small interfering RNA has no detectable influence on the localization of GSK3beta. Interestingly, in vitro assays demonstrated that Astrin enhances GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation of other substrates. Moreover, we showed that coexpression of Astrin and GSK3beta differentially increases GSK3beta-mediated Tau phosphorylation on an unprimed site. Collectively, these data indicate that GSK3beta interacts with and phosphorylates the spindle-associated protein Astrin, resulting in targeting Astrin to the spindle microtubules and kinetochores. In turn, the GSK3beta-Astrin complex may also facilitate further physiological and pathological phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Shan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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24
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Moss DK, Bellett G, Carter JM, Liovic M, Keynton J, Prescott AR, Lane EB, Mogensen MM. Ninein is released from the centrosome and moves bi-directionally along microtubules. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:3064-74. [PMID: 17698918 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.010322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell contact and polarisation of epithelial cells involve a major reorganisation of the microtubules and centrosomal components. The radial microtubule organisation is lost and an apico-basal array develops that is no longer anchored at the centrosome. This involves not only the relocation of microtubules but also of centrosomal anchoring proteins to apical non-centrosomal sites. The relocation of microtubule minus-end-anchoring proteins such as ninein to the apical sites is likely to be essential for the assembly and stabilisation of the apico-basal arrays in polarised epithelial cells. In this study, we establish that ninein is highly dynamic and that, in epithelial cells, it is present not only at the centrosome but also in the cytoplasm as distinct speckles. Live-cell imaging reveals that GFP-ninein speckles are released from the centrosome and move in a microtubule-dependent manner within the cytoplasm and thus establishes that epithelial cells possess the mechanical means for relocation of ninein to non-centrosomal anchoring sites. We also provide evidence for the deployment of ninein speckles to apical anchoring sites during epithelial differentiation in both an in situ tissue and an in vitro culture system. In addition, the findings suggest that the non-centrosomal microtubule anchoring sites associate with adherens junctions in polarised epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Moss
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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25
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Cheng TS, Hsiao YL, Lin CC, Hsu CM, Chang MS, Lee CI, Yu RCT, Huang CYF, Howng SL, Hong YR. hNinein is required for targeting spindle-associated protein Astrin to the centrosome during the S and G2 phases. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1710-21. [PMID: 17383637 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human Ninein (hNinein) is implicated in centrosomal microtubule nucleation and microtubule anchoring in interphase cells and may act as a scaffold protein, but its direct interaction partners remain unexplored in the centrosome. In this report, we show clearly that a spindle-associated protein, Astrin, interacts and co-localizes with hNinein at the centrosome during the S and G2 phases, and this complex may dissociate in the M phase. We also demonstrate that the truncated forms of hNinein, which could interfere with gamma-tubulin and function as dominant-negative mutants, are able to affect Astrin localization to the centrosome. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of hNinein in HeLa cells causes Astrin to fail to target to the centrosome, whereas hNinein can localize at the centrosome in the absence of Astrin. In addition, reduction in hNinein protein levels causes mislocalization of Astrin with the spindle apparatus and results in the formation of an aberrant mitotic spindle. Collectively, these data suggest that hNinein is required for targeting Astrin to the centrosome during the S and G2 phases. We therefore propose a model wherein hNinein regulates the dynamic movement of Astrin throughout the cell cycle and this interaction, in turn, is required for maintenance of centrosome/spindle pole integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Shan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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26
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Cheng TS, Chang LK, Howng SL, Lu PJ, Lee CI, Hong YR. SUMO-1 modification of centrosomal protein hNinein promotes hNinein nuclear localization. Life Sci 2006; 78:1114-20. [PMID: 16154161 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A centrosomal-associated protein, ninein is a microtubules minus end capping, centrosome position, and anchoring protein, but the underlying structure and physiological functions are still unknown. To identify the molecules that regulate the function of human ninein in centrosome, we performed yeast two-hybrid screen and isolated the SUMO-conjugating E2 enzyme, Ubc9, and SUMOylation enhancing enzymes, including PIAS1 and PIASxalpha, as binding partners of hNinein. These interactions as well as the interaction between hNinein and SUMO-1 are also confirmed by a glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down experiment. Furthermore, the C-terminal region of hNinein can be SUMOylated in vitro and in HeLa cells transfected with a plasmid expressing GFP-hNinein. Our findings firstly place SUMOylation target on the centrosome structure protein, hNinein, which results in the switch localization from centrosome to nucleus, suggesting the importance of the SUMOylation of hNinein and probably other centrosomal proteins may also be involved in the centrosome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Shan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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27
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Delgehyr N, Sillibourne J, Bornens M. Microtubule nucleation and anchoring at the centrosome are independent processes linked by ninein function. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:1565-75. [PMID: 15784680 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome organizes microtubules by controlling nucleation and anchoring processes. In mammalian cells, subdistal appendages of the mother centriole are major microtubule-anchoring structures of the centrosome. It is not known how newly nucleated microtubules are anchored to these appendages. We show here that ninein, a component of subdistal appendages, localizes to the centriole via its C-terminus and interacts with gamma-tubulin-containing complexes via its N-terminus. Expression of a construct encoding the ninein C-terminus displaced endogenous ninein and the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC) from the centrosome, leading to microtubule nucleation and anchoring defects. By contrast, expression of a fusion consisting of the N- and C-terminal domains (lacking the central coiled-coil region) displaced endogenous ninein without perturbing gamma-TuRC localization. Accordingly, only anchoring defects were observed in this case. Therefore, expression of this fusion appeared to uncouple microtubule nucleation and anchorage activities at the centrosome. Our results suggest that ninein has a role not only in microtubule anchoring but also in promoting microtubule nucleation by docking the gamma-TuRC at the centrosome. In addition, we show that the gamma-TuRC might not be sufficient to anchor microtubules at the centrosome in the absence of ninein. We therefore propose that ninein constitutes a molecular link between microtubule-nucleation and -anchoring activities at the centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Delgehyr
- Institut Curie, Research Section/UMR144 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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28
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Howng SL, Hsu HC, Cheng TS, Lee YL, Chang LK, Lu PJ, Hong YR. A novel ninein-interaction protein, CGI-99, blocks ninein phosphorylation by GSK3beta and is highly expressed in brain tumors. FEBS Lett 2004; 566:162-8. [PMID: 15147888 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To explore more hNinein interacting proteins, the yeast two-hybrid screening using ninein C-terminal domain as bait protein was performed. One novel gene, CGI-99, was demonstrated to associate with hNinein in the yeast two-hybrid method and in vitro GST pull-down assay. Molecular characterization also showed that CGI-99 possessed a transcriptional activity at the N-terminal. In addition, CGI-99 formed a dimer with the C-terminal, which overlapped with hNinein binding site. In kinase assay, CGI-99 binds to hNinein and completely blocks the phosphorylation of hNinein by GSK3beta. Moreover, CGI-99 was highly expressed in all brain tumors which is in agreement with the Northern blot analysis. Taken together, we have isolated a novel protein CGI-99, which may be involved in the functional regulation of human ninein in the centrosome structure and may also be important in brain development and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Long Howng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Ou Y, Rattner JB. The Centrosome in Higher Organisms: Structure, Composition, and Duplication. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 238:119-82. [PMID: 15364198 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)38003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome found in higher organisms is an organelle with a complex and dynamic architecture and composition. This organelle not only functions as a microtubule-organizing center, but also is integrated with or impacts a number of cellular processes. Defects associated with this organelle have been linked to a variety of human diseases including several forms of cancer. Here we review the emerging picture of how the structure, composition, duplication, and function of the centrosome found in higher organisms are interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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30
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Chen CH, Howng SL, Cheng TS, Chou MH, Huang CY, Hong YR. Molecular characterization of human ninein protein: two distinct subdomains required for centrosomal targeting and regulating signals in cell cycle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:975-83. [PMID: 12927815 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The centrosomal protein ninein has been identified as a microtubules minus end capping, centriole position, and anchoring protein, but the true physiological function remains to be determined. In this report, using immunofluorescence analysis and GFP-fusions we show that coiled-coil II domain (CCII domain, 1303-2096) co-localized with gamma-tubulin and centrin at the centrosome. We further narrow down within 83 amino acids and classify a new centrosomal targeting signal. Interestingly, antibodies raised against CCII domain reveal that ninein protein declines from spindle poles during mitosis, but reaccumulates at centrosomes at the end of cell division. Moreover, the data also suggest that fragment 1783-1866 may be attributed to declined signal of ninein. In kinase assay, we show that CCII domain could readily be phosphorylated by AIK and PKA. Taken together, our results suggest that ninein protein contains two distinct subdomains which are required for targeting and regulating asymmetry centrosomes. Importantly, the decline of ninein during mitosis implies that this centrosomal protein may play a role to regulate the process of chromosome segregation without discrimination. The model we propose here will foster a clearer picture of how two asymmetric centrosomes could direct and ensure the correct segregation of chromosomes during the mitotic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Han Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
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31
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Casenghi M, Meraldi P, Weinhart U, Duncan PI, Körner R, Nigg EA. Polo-like kinase 1 regulates Nlp, a centrosome protein involved in microtubule nucleation. Dev Cell 2003; 5:113-25. [PMID: 12852856 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In animal cells, most microtubules are nucleated at centrosomes. At the onset of mitosis, centrosomes undergo a structural reorganization, termed maturation, which leads to increased microtubule nucleation activity. Centrosome maturation is regulated by several kinases, including Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Here, we identify a centrosomal Plk1 substrate, termed Nlp (ninein-like protein), whose properties suggest an important role in microtubule organization. Nlp interacts with two components of the gamma-tubulin ring complex and stimulates microtubule nucleation. Plk1 phosphorylates Nlp and disrupts both its centrosome association and its gamma-tubulin interaction. Overexpression of an Nlp mutant lacking Plk1 phosphorylation sites severely disturbs mitotic spindle formation. We propose that Nlp plays an important role in microtubule organization during interphase, and that the activation of Plk1 at the onset of mitosis triggers the displacement of Nlp from the centrosome, allowing the establishment of a mitotic scaffold with enhanced microtubule nucleation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Casenghi
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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32
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Fraser E, Young N, Dajani R, Franca-Koh J, Ryves J, Williams RSB, Yeo M, Webster MT, Richardson C, Smalley MJ, Pearl LH, Harwood A, Dale TC. Identification of the Axin and Frat binding region of glycogen synthase kinase-3. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:2176-85. [PMID: 11707456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109462200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a key component of several signaling pathways including those regulated by Wnt and insulin ligands. Specificity in GSK-3 signaling is thought to involve interactions with scaffold proteins that localize GSK-3 regulators and substrates. This report shows that GSK-3 forms a low affinity homodimer that is disrupted by binding to Axin and Frat. Based on the crystal structure of GSK-3, we have used surface-scanning mutagenesis to identify residues that differentially affect GSK-3 interactions. Mutations that disrupt Frat and Axin cluster at the dimer interface explaining their effect on homodimer formation. Loss of the Axin binding site blocks the ability of dominant negative GSK-3 to cause axis duplication in Xenopus embryos. The Axin binding site is conserved within all GSK-3 proteins, and its loss affects both cell motility and gene expression in the nonmetazoan, Dictyostelium. Surprisingly, we find no genetic interaction between a non-Axin-binding GSK-3 mutant and T-cell factor activity, arguing that Axin interactions alone cannot explain the regulation of T-cell factor-mediated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fraser
- Cancer Research Campaign Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Rd., London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) is a fascinating enzyme with an astoundingly diverse number of actions in intracellular signaling systems. GSK3beta activity is regulated by serine (inhibitory) and tyrosine (stimulatory) phosphorylation, by protein complex formation, and by its intracellular localization. GSK3beta phosphorylates and thereby regulates the functions of many metabolic, signaling, and structural proteins. Notable among the signaling proteins regulated by GSK3beta are the many transcription factors, including activator protein-1, cyclic AMP response element binding protein, heat shock factor-1, nuclear factor of activated T cells, Myc, beta-catenin, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, and NFkappaB. Lithium, the primary therapeutic agent for bipolar mood disorder, is a selective inhibitor of GSK3beta. This raises the possibility that dysregulation of GSK3beta and its inhibition by lithium may contribute to the disorder and its treatment, respectively. GSK3beta has been linked to all of the primary abnormalities associated with Alzheimer's disease. These include interactions between GSK3beta and components of the plaque-producing amyloid system, the participation of GSK3beta in phosphorylating the microtubule-binding protein tau that may contribute to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and interactions of GSK3beta with presenilin and other Alzheimer's disease-associated proteins. GSK3beta also regulates cell survival, as it facilitates a variety of apoptotic mechanisms, and lithium provides protection from many insults. Thus, GSK3beta has a central role regulating neuronal plasticity, gene expression, and cell survival, and may be a key component of certain psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Grimes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 1057, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
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Hong YR, Chen CH, Chuo MH, Liou SY, Howng SL. Genomic organization and molecular characterization of the human ninein gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279:989-95. [PMID: 11162463 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome plays a key role in the formation of the mitotic spindle, cell polarity, and cell locomotion. Previously we identified a novel centrosomal associated protein hNinein using GSK-3beta as a bait in the yeast two-hybrid assay. In this report, the hNinein genome was found to correspond to 29 exons of genomic sequence on human chromosome 14q22. Promoter analysis predicts that hNinein contains a TATA, two CCAAT, and three GC boxes. The promoter exhibits the following potential transcription factor binding sites: Sp1, p300, and AP-1. In addition, an alternatively spliced isoform, encoded a 2041-amino-acid protein of 237,900 Da, which was designated hNinein-Lm (GenBank AF302773). The hNinein-Lm genome was found to correspond to 28 exons (2'-29). Amino acid sequence comparison with hNinein showed that hNinein-Lm exhibited an EF-hand Ca2+ binding domain in the N-terminus which similar to mouse ninein. Northern blot showed that this hNinein-Lm isoform was expressed more than hNinein in tissues examined. Differential RT-PCR combining Southern blotting also showed that hNinein-Lm is much more abundant compared to hNinein. Two forms of ninein may also imply the status of ninein associated with a pair of the centrioles in the centrosome structure. Furthermore, molecular characterization shows that human ninein is oligomerized at the C-terminal end which overlapped with GSK-3beta binding site, suggesting that oligomerization of ninein may be regulated by GSK-3beta phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Hong
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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