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Morales J, Ehret G, Poschmann G, Reinicke T, Maurya AK, Kröninger L, Zanini D, Wolters R, Kalyanaraman D, Krakovka M, Bäumers M, Stühler K, Nowack ECM. Host-symbiont interactions in Angomonas deanei include the evolution of a host-derived dynamin ring around the endosymbiont division site. Curr Biol 2023; 33:28-40.e7. [PMID: 36480982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The trypanosomatid Angomonas deanei is a model to study endosymbiosis. Each cell contains a single β-proteobacterial endosymbiont that divides at a defined point in the host cell cycle and contributes essential metabolites to the host metabolism. Additionally, one endosymbiont gene, encoding an ornithine cyclodeaminase (OCD), was transferred by endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT) to the nucleus. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating the intricate host/symbiont interactions are largely unexplored. Here, we used protein mass spectrometry to identify nucleus-encoded proteins that co-purify with the endosymbiont. Expression of fluorescent fusion constructs of these proteins in A. deanei confirmed seven host proteins to be recruited to specific sites within the endosymbiont. These endosymbiont-targeted proteins (ETPs) include two proteins annotated as dynamin-like protein and peptidoglycan hydrolase that form a ring-shaped structure around the endosymbiont division site that remarkably resembles organellar division machineries. The EGT-derived OCD was not among the ETPs, but instead localizes to the glycosome, likely enabling proline production in the glycosome. We hypothesize that recalibration of the metabolic capacity of the glycosomes that are closely associated with the endosymbiont helps to supply the endosymbiont with metabolites it is auxotrophic for and thus supports the integration of host and endosymbiont metabolic networks. Hence, scrutiny of endosymbiosis-induced protein re-localization patterns in A. deanei yielded profound insights into how an endosymbiotic relationship can stabilize and deepen over time far beyond the level of metabolite exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Morales
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Ehret
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Reinicke
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anay K Maurya
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Kröninger
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Davide Zanini
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca Wolters
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dhevi Kalyanaraman
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Krakovka
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miriam Bäumers
- Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva C M Nowack
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Salari S, Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Almani PGN. Global distribution of treatment resistance gene markers for leishmaniasis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24599. [PMID: 35808933 PMCID: PMC9396204 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pentavalent antimonials (Sb(V)) such as meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) are used as first‐line treatments for leishmaniasis, either alone or in combination with second‐line drugs such as amphotericin B (Amp B), miltefosine (MIL), methotrexate (MTX), or cryotherapy. Therapeutic aspects of these drugs are now challenged because of clinical resistance worldwide. Methods We reviewedthe recent original studies were assessed by searching in electronic databases such as Scopus, Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science. Results Studies on molecular biomarkers involved in drug resistance are essential for monitoring the disease. We reviewed genes and mechanisms of resistance to leishmaniasis, and the geographical distribution of these biomarkers in each country has also been thoroughly investigated. Conclusion Due to the emergence of resistant genes mainly in anthroponotic Leishmania species such as L. donovani and L. tropica, as the causative agents of ACL and AVL, respectively, selection of an appropriate treatment modality is essential. Physicians should be aware of the presence of such resistance for the selection of proper treatment modalities in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salari
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Humoral Responses and Ex Vivo IFN-γ Production after Canine Whole Blood Stimulation with Leishmania infantum Antigen or KMP11 Recombinant Protein. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030116. [PMID: 35324844 PMCID: PMC8954708 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Leishmania infantum soluble antigen (LSA) and recombinant Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein 11 (rKMP11) on the induction of ex vivo specific IFN-γ (n = 69) and antibody responses (n = 108) was determined in dogs. All dogs were tested for serological response to both antigens and divided into Group 1: healthy (Asturias, Spain, n = 26), Group 2: sick (n = 46), Group 3: healthy Ibizan hounds (Mallorca, Spain, n = 22) and Group 4: healthy (Bari, Italy, n = 14). Antibody levels were higher for LSA when compared to rKMP11 (p = 0.001). Ibizan hounds were all seronegative to rKMP11 and 18% were low seropositive to LSA. Sick dogs presented higher antibody response to both antigens compared to the rest of the groups (p < 0.0001). All groups showed higher IFN-γ levels after LSA compared to rKMP11 responses (p < 0.05). The highest response to LSA was found in Ibizan hounds (p < 0.05). IFN-γ to LSA and rKMP11 stimulation was observed in 34% and in 2.8% of the sick dogs, respectively. Here, we demonstrated that anti-rKMP11 antibodies are mainly present in dogs with moderate to severe disease. Furthermore, cellular immune response measured by specific ex vivo IFN-γ production was more intense to LSA than stimulated to rKMP11.
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Stiles JK, Hicock PI, Shah PH, Meade JC. Genomic organization, transcription, splicing and gene regulation inLeishmania. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1999.11813485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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de Mendonça SCF, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Matos DCDS. Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein-11 as a Vaccine Candidate and a Virulence Factor in Leishmania. Front Immunol 2015; 6:524. [PMID: 26528287 PMCID: PMC4602152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11), a protein present in all kinetoplastid protozoa, is considered a potential candidate for a leishmaniasis vaccine. In Leishmania amazonensis, KMP-11 is expressed in promastigotes and amastigotes. In both stages, the protein was found in association with membrane structures at the cell surface, flagellar pocket, and intracellular vesicles. More importantly, its surface expression is higher in amastigotes than in promastigotes and increases during metacyclogenesis. The increased expression of KMP-11 in metacyclic promastigotes, and especially in amastigotes, indicates a role for this molecule in the parasite relationship with the mammalian host. In this connection, we have shown that addition of KMP-11 exacerbates L. amazonensis infection in peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice by increasing interleukin (IL)-10 secretion and arginase activity while reducing nitric oxide production. The doses of KMP-11, the IL-10 levels, and the intracellular amastigote loads were strongly, positively, and significantly correlated. The increase in parasite load induced by KMP-11 was inhibited by anti-KMP-11 or anti-IL-10-neutralizing antibodies, but not by isotype controls. The neutralizing antibodies, but not the isotype controls, were also able to significantly decrease the parasite load in macrophages cultured without the addition of KMP-11, demonstrating that KMP-11-induced exacerbation of the infection is not dependent on the addition of exogenous KMP-11 and that the protein naturally expressed by the parasite is able to promote it. All these data indicate that KMP-11 acts as a virulence factor in L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Léa Cysne-Finkelstein
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Denise Cristina de Souza Matos
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Pawar H, Renuse S, Khobragade SN, Chavan S, Sathe G, Kumar P, Mahale KN, Gore K, Kulkarni A, Dixit T, Raju R, Prasad TSK, Harsha HC, Patole MS, Pandey A. Neglected Tropical Diseases and Omics Science: Proteogenomics Analysis of the Promastigote Stage ofLeishmania majorParasite. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:499-512. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Pawar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | | | - Sandip Chavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Tanwi Dixit
- National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - H. C. Harsha
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Diniz MC, Pacheco ACL, Farias KM, de Oliveira DM. The eukaryotic flagellum makes the day: novel and unforeseen roles uncovered after post-genomics and proteomics data. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2013; 13:524-46. [PMID: 22708495 PMCID: PMC3499766 DOI: 10.2174/138920312803582951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review will summarize and discuss the current biological understanding of the motile eukaryotic flagellum,
as posed out by recent advances enabled by post-genomics and proteomics approaches. The organelle, which is crucial
for motility, survival, differentiation, reproduction, division and feeding, among other activities, of many eukaryotes,
is a great example of a natural nanomachine assembled mostly by proteins (around 350-650 of them) that have been conserved
throughout eukaryotic evolution. Flagellar proteins are discussed in terms of their arrangement on to the axoneme,
the canonical “9+2” microtubule pattern, and also motor and sensorial elements that have been detected by recent proteomic
analyses in organisms such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, sea urchin, and trypanosomatids. Such findings can be
remarkably matched up to important discoveries in vertebrate and mammalian types as diverse as sperm cells, ciliated
kidney epithelia, respiratory and oviductal cilia, and neuro-epithelia, among others. Here we will focus on some exciting
work regarding eukaryotic flagellar proteins, particularly using the flagellar proteome of C. reinhardtii as a reference map
for exploring motility in function, dysfunction and pathogenic flagellates. The reference map for the eukaryotic flagellar
proteome consists of 652 proteins that include known structural and intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins, less well-characterized
signal transduction proteins and flagellar associated proteins (FAPs), besides almost two hundred unannotated
conserved proteins, which lately have been the subject of intense investigation and of our present examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michely C Diniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia-RENORBIO-Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Ceará-UECE, Av. Paranjana, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60740-000 Brasil
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8
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Molecular Cloning and Expression of the Leishmania infantum KMP-11 Gene. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.4798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular vaccination with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with a peptide of Leishmania infantum KMP-11 and CpG oligonucleotides induces protection in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2011; 29:5053-64. [PMID: 21569815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with defined Leishmania antigens could be a potential immune intervention tool for the induction of protection against infection. In the present study, bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) pulsed ex vivo with the peptide 12-31aa portion of kinetoplastid membrane protein (KMP)-11 (KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide) acquired a semimature phenotype expressing IL-12 and IL-10, whereas pulsing with the combination of the peptide and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) resulted in their functional maturation expressing mainly IL-12. Vaccination of genetically susceptible to parasite BALB/c mice with both peptide-pulsed BM-DCs elicited a peptide-specific mixed Th1/Th2 immune response, characterized by the production of IFNγ, IL-10 and IgG1 and IgG2a isotype antibodies. However, only BM-DCs pulsed with the combination of KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide and CpG ODNs induced the differentiation of peptide-specific Th17 cells, indicating the adjuvanticity of CpG ODNs. When BALB/c mice were vaccinated with KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide-pulsed BM-DCs, they exhibited only partial protection against Leishmania infantum challenge, whereas (KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide+CpG ODNs)-pulsed BM-DCs reduced efficiently the parasite load in visceral organs. Protective immunity was correlated with restoration of lymphoproliferative responses and a modulation of parasite-specific cellular responses towards Th1 and Th17 profile, confirmed by the isotype switching towards IgG2a, the enhanced production of IFNγ against IL-10, the absence of TGF-β and the overproduction of IL-17. Thus, ex vivo antigen-pulsed BM-DCs represent a powerful tool for the study of protective immune responses against leishmanial infection. Moreover, these findings suggest the use of BM-DCs as effective tools in antigen and adjuvant screening in the design of a protective vaccine against leishmaniasis and other pathogen-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 115 21 Athens, Greece
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Todolí F, Solano-Gallego L, de Juan R, Morell P, Núñez MDC, Lasa R, Gómez-Sebastián S, Escribano JM, Alberola J, Rodríguez-Cortés A. Humoral and in vivo cellular immunity against the raw insect-derived recombinant Leishmania infantum antigens KMPII, TRYP, LACK, and papLe22 in dogs from an endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 83:1287-94. [PMID: 21118936 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum causes visceral leishmaniasis, a severe zoonotic and systemic disease that is fatal if left untreated. Identification of the antigens involved in Leishmania-specific protective immune response is a research priority for the development of effective control measures. For this purpose, we evaluated, in 27 dogs from an enzootic zone, specific humoral and cellular immune response by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test both against total L. infantum antigen and the raw Trichoplusia ni insect-derived kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (rKMPII), tryparedoxin peroxidase (rTRYP), Leishmania homologue of receptors for activated C kinase (rLACK), and 22-kDa potentially aggravating protein of Leishmania (rpapLe22) antigens from this parasite. rTRYP induced the highest number of positive DTH responses (55% of leishmanin skin test [LST]-positive dogs), showing that TRYP antigen is an important T cell immunogen, and it could be a promising vaccine candidate against this disease. When TRYP-DTH and KMPII-DTH tests were evaluated in parallel, 82% of LST-positive dogs were detected, suggesting that both antigens could be considered as components of a standardized DTH immunodiagnostic tool for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitat Todolí
- Unitat de Farmacologia Veterinària and LeishLAB-Servei d'Anàlisi de Fàrmacs, Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Matos DCS, Faccioli LAP, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Luca PMD, Corte-Real S, Armôa GRG, Lemes EMB, Decote-Ricardo D, Mendonça SCF. Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 is present in promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and its surface expression increases during metacyclogenesis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:341-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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El Fadili K, Drummelsmith J, Roy G, Jardim A, Ouellette M. Down regulation of KMP-11 in Leishmania infantum axenic antimony resistant amastigotes as revealed by a proteomic screen. Exp Parasitol 2009; 123:51-7. [PMID: 19500579 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic mainstay against the protozoan parasite Leishmania is still based on the antiquated pentavalent antimonials, but resistance is increasing in several parts of the world. Resistance is now partly understood in laboratory promastigote isolates, but the mechanism leading to drug resistance in amastigote isolates is lagging behind. Here we describe a comparative proteomic analysis of a genetically related pair of antimonial-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania infantum axenic amastigote strains. The proteomics screen has highlighted a number of proteins differentially expressed in the resistant parasite. The expression of the protein argininosuccinate synthetase (ARGG) was increased in the drug resistant mutant while a decrease in the expression of the kinetoplastid membrane protein (KMP-11) correlated with the drug resistance phenotype. This proteomic screen highlighted several novel proteins that are putatively involved in resistance to antimonials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima El Fadili
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUQ and Division de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Que., Canada G1V 4G2
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13
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Portman N, Lacomble S, Thomas B, McKean PG, Gull K. Combining RNA interference mutants and comparative proteomics to identify protein components and dependences in a eukaryotic flagellum. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:5610-9. [PMID: 19074134 PMCID: PMC2645819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808859200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic flagella from organisms such as Trypanosoma brucei can be isolated and their protein components identified by mass spectrometry. Here we used a comparative approach utilizing two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation to reveal protein components of flagellar structures via ablation by inducible RNA interference mutation. By this approach we identified 20 novel components of the paraflagellar rod (PFR). Using epitope tagging we validated a subset of these as being present within the PFR by immunofluorescence. Bioinformatic analysis of the PFR cohort reveals a likely calcium/calmodulin regulatory/signaling linkage between some components. We extended the RNA interference mutant/comparative proteomic analysis to individual novel components of our PFR proteome, showing that the approach has the power to reveal dependences between subgroups within the cohort.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatography, Liquid
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Protozoan/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Flagella/genetics
- Flagella/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Proteomics
- Protozoan Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Protozoan/genetics
- RNA, Protozoan/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei/genetics
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Portman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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KMP-11, a basal body and flagellar protein, is required for cell division in Trypanosoma brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1941-50. [PMID: 18820079 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00249-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid membrane protein 11 (KMP-11) has been identified as a flagellar protein and is conserved among kinetoplastid parasites, but its potential function remains unknown. In a recent study, we identified KMP-11 as a microtubule-bound protein localizing to the flagellum as well as the basal body in both procyclic and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei (Z. Li, J. H. Lee, F. Chu, A. L. Burlingame, A. Gunzl, and C. C. Wang, PLoS One 3:e2354, 2008). Silencing of KMP-11 by RNA interference inhibited basal body segregation and cytokinesis in both forms and resulted in multiple nuclei of various sizes, indicating a continuous, albeit somewhat defective, nuclear division while cell division was blocked. KMP-11 knockdown in the procyclic form led to severely compromised formation of the new flagellum attachment zone (FAZ) and detachment of the newly synthesized flagellum. However, a similar phenotype was not observed in the bloodstream form depleted of KMP-11. Thus, KMP-11 is a flagellar protein playing critical roles in regulating cytokinesis in both forms of the trypanosomes. Its distinct roles in regulating FAZ formation in the two forms may provide a clue to the different mechanisms of cytokinetic initiation in procyclic and bloodstream trypanosomes.
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Diez H, Sarmiento L, Caldas ML, Montilla M, Thomas MDC, Lopez MC, Puerta C. Cellular location of KMP-11 protein in Trypanosoma rangeli. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:93-6. [PMID: 18171105 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the localization of the KMP-11 protein in the Trypanosoma rangeli parasite determined by immunoelectron microscopy using a monoclonal antibody generated against the Trypanosoma cruzi KMP-11 protein. The data reported herein show that the T. rangeli KMP-11 protein is mainly accumulated in the parasite cytoplasm, the coat, the flagellum, and the flagellar pocket. The high degree of sequence homology between the KMP-11 proteins from both parasites suggests that the KMP-11 protein from T. rangeli, like that of T. cruzi, could also be associated with the parasite cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Diez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Li Z, Lee JH, Chu F, Burlingame AL, Günzl A, Wang CC. Identification of a novel chromosomal passenger complex and its unique localization during cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2354. [PMID: 18545648 PMCID: PMC2396291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora B kinase is a key component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), which regulates chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. An ortholog of Aurora B was characterized in Trypanosoma brucei (TbAUK1), but other conserved components of the complex have not been found. Here we identified four novel TbAUK1 associated proteins by tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry. Among these four proteins, TbKIN-A and TbKIN-B are novel kinesin homologs, whereas TbCPC1 and TbCPC2 are hypothetical proteins without any sequence similarity to those known CPC components from yeasts and metazoans. RNAi-mediated silencing of each of the four genes led to loss of spindle assembly, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. TbKIN-A localizes to the mitotic spindle and TbKIN-B to the spindle midzone during mitosis, whereas TbCPC1, TbCPC2 and TbAUK1 display the dynamic localization pattern of a CPC. After mitosis, the CPC disappears from the central spindle and re-localizes at a dorsal mid-point of the mother cell, where the anterior tip of the daughter cell is tethered, to start cell division toward the posterior end, indicating a most unusual CPC-initiated cytokinesis in a eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ju Huck Lee
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alma L. Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur Günzl
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ching C. Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Carrillo E, Crusat M, Nieto J, Chicharro C, Thomas MDC, Martínez E, Valladares B, Cañavate C, Requena JM, López MC, Alvar J, Moreno J. Immunogenicity of HSP-70, KMP-11 and PFR-2 leishmanial antigens in the experimental model of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2008; 26:1902-11. [PMID: 18321614 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum/L. chagasi that is emerging as an important medical and veterinary problem. Dogs are the domestic reservoir for this parasite and, therefore, the main target for controlling the transmission to humans. In the present work, we have evaluated the immunogenicity of the Leishmania infantum heat shock protein (HSP)-70, paraflagellar rod protein (PFR)-2 and kinetoplastida membrane protein (KMP)-11 recombinant proteins in dogs experimentally infected with the parasite. We have shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from experimentally infected dogs proliferated in response to these recombinant antigens and against the soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA). We have also quantified the mRNA expression level of the cytokines induced in PBMC upon stimulation with the HSP-70, PFR-2 and KMP-11 proteins. These recombinant proteins induced an up-regulation of IFN-gamma. HSP-70 and PFR-2 also produced an increase of the TNF-alpha transcripts abundance. No measurable induction of IL-10 was observed and low levels of IL-4 mRNA were produced in response to the three mentioned recombinant antigens. Serum levels of specific antibodies against HSP-70, PFR-2 and KMP-11 recombinant proteins were also determined in these animals. Our study showed that HSP-70, KMP-11 and PFR-2 proteins are recognized by infected canines. Furthermore, these antigens produce a Th1-type immune response, suggesting that they may be involved in protection. The identification as vaccine candidates of Leishmania antigens that elicit appropriate immune responses in the canine model is a key step in the rational approach to generate a vaccine for canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Inst. de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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18
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García-Estrada C, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Ordóñez D, Balaña-Fouce R, Reguera RM. Analysis of genetic elements regulating the methionine adenosyltransferase gene in Leishmania infantum. Gene 2007; 389:163-73. [PMID: 17196769 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) is an important enzyme for metabolic processes, inasmuch as its product, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), plays a key role in trans-methylation, trans-sulphuration and polyamine synthesis. Our prior studies have shown that the Leishmania infantum genome contains two identical copies of the gene encoding MAT (MAT2 gene), arranged in head-to-tail configuration and alternating with another gene, called LORIEN that contains a zinc-finger motif. Both genes are constitutively expressed throughout the promastigote stage of the parasite cell cycle, and their flanking regions were detected by RT-PCR. Luciferase (luc) reporter assays indicated the presence of regulatory elements within the MAT2 3'UTR and intergenic region, and fragments responsible for such regulation were identified by deletional analysis. By site-directed mutagenesis of the wild-type -42 AG recognized in the trans-splicing of the MAT2 gene, the AG slightly downstream (position -36) was observed to be able to generate the same levels of luc expression, thus suggesting that potentially this gene has alternative spliced leader acceptor sites. The stability of MAT2 and LORIEN transcripts was very similar in both logarithmic and stationary phases. However, cycloheximide (CHX) inhibition of protein synthesis increased MAT2 and LORIEN mRNA levels in the logarithmic phase only, an indication that these genes are regulated in promastigotes at the post-transcriptional level by protein factors that targets both transcripts for degradation. However, during the stationary phase, another CHX-independent factor also led to MAT2 and LORIEN mRNAs degradation, indicating the existence of different mechanisms operating on the post-transcriptional regulation of these two genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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19
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Fishman D, Bazarsky E, Sneir R, Klement E, Orr N, Kayouf R, Segal S, El-On J. The flow-cytometry-based evaluation of cellular immunity in cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and healthy controls from the endemic area in southern Israel. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2006; 100:23-31. [PMID: 16417710 DOI: 10.1179/136485906x78481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Only limited data are available on the early immunological events associated with human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In this study, peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 66 individuals (34 patients with cutaneous lesions and 32 apparently healthy controls) who had each spent no more than 3 months in the endemic region of Qetzioth, in southern Israel. These cells' responses to Leishmania major antigen were then explored, by the flow-cytometry-based evaluation of blast transformation (BT). The lymphocytes from 17 (50%) of the patients but only one (3%) of the controls displayed BT. When, in an ELISA, most (52) of the subjects were checked for anti-L. major antibodies, none of the 22 controls investigated but 19 (63%) of the 30 patients were found seropositive. Although 14 (47%) of the 30 patients who were checked for antibodies were BT-positive, the seropositive patients were not significantly more or less likely to be BT-positive than the seronegative patients (P<0.919). These data indicate that, in CL, the hosts' cellular and humoral responses develop independently within the first 3 months post-infection, but further investigation is required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fishman
- National Institute of Biotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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20
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Diez H, Thomas MC, Urueña CP, Santander SP, Cuervo CL, López MC, Puerta CJ. Molecular characterization of the kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 genes from the parasite Trypanosoma rangeli. Parasitology 2005; 130:643-51. [PMID: 15977901 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004006936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are early divergent parasites which include several species of medical interest. Trypanosoma rangeli is not pathogenic for humans but shows a high immunological cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease that affects more than 17 million people throughout the world. Recent studies have suggested that T. cruzi KMP-11 antigen could be a good candidate for the induction of immunoprotective cytotoxic responses against T. cruzi natural infection. In the present paper the genes coding for the T. rangeli kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 have been characterized. The results show that the locus encoding this protein is formed by 4 gene units measuring 550 nucleotides in length, organized in tandem, and located in different chromosomes in KP1(+) and KP1(-) strains. The gene units are transcribed as a single mRNA of 530 nucleotides in length. Alignment of the T. rangeli KMP-11 deduced amino acid sequence with the homologous KMP-11 protein from T. cruzi revealed an identity of 97%. Interestingly, the T and B cell epitopes of the T. cruzi KMP-11 protein are conserved in the T. rangeli KMP-11 amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7a No 43-82, Edificio 50, Laboratorio 113, Bogotá, Colombia
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21
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Basu R, Bhaumik S, Basu JM, Naskar K, De T, Roy S. Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein-11 DNA Vaccination Induces Complete Protection against Both Pentavalent Antimonial-Sensitive and -Resistant Strains ofLeishmania donovaniThat Correlates with Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and IL-4 Generation: Evidence for Mixed Th1- and Th2-Like Responses in Visceral Leishmaniasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7160-71. [PMID: 15905560 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of an increasing number of Leishmania donovani strains resistant to pentavalent antimonials (SbV), the first line of treatment for visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, accounts for decreasing efficacy of chemotherapeutic interventions. A kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11)-encoding construct protected extremely susceptible golden hamsters from both pentavalent antimony responsive (AG83) and antimony resistant (GE1F8R) virulent L. donovani challenge. All the KMP-11 DNA vaccinated hamsters continued to survive beyond 8 mo postinfection, with the majority showing sterile protection. Vaccinated hamsters showed reversal of T cell anergy with functional IL-2 generation along with vigorous specific anti-KMP-11 CTL-like response. Cytokines known to influence Th1- and Th2-like immune responses hinted toward a complex immune modulation in the presence of a mixed Th1/Th2 response in conferring protection against visceral leishmaniasis. KMP-11 DNA vaccinated hamsters were protected by a surge in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 levels along with extreme down-regulation of IL-10. Surprisingly the prototype candidature of IL-4, known as a disease exacerbating cytokine, was found to have a positive correlation to protection. Contrary to some previous reports, inducible NO synthase was actively synthesized by macrophages of the protected hamsters with concomitant high levels of NO production. This is the first report of a vaccine conferring protection to both antimony responsive and resistant Leishmania strains reflecting several aspects of clinical visceral leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antimony/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Leishmania donovani/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmania donovani/pathogenicity
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/prevention & control
- Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Protozoan Proteins/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Reactive Nitrogen Species/biosynthesis
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/parasitology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/parasitology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/parasitology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/parasitology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajatava Basu
- Department of Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata
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22
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Hanke T, Ramiro MJ, Trigueros S, Roca J, Larraga V. Cloning, functional analysis and post-transcriptional regulation of a type II DNA topoisomerase from Leishmania infantum. A new potential target for anti-parasite drugs. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:4917-28. [PMID: 12907735 PMCID: PMC169929 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2003] [Revised: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 05/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a type II topoisomerase enzyme from Leishmania infantum, a parasite protozoon causing disease in humans. This protein, named Li topo II, which displays a variable C-terminal end, is located in the kinetoplast. The cloned gene encoding Li-TOP2 compensates for the slow growth of topo II-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in a catalytically active DNA topoisomerase in yeast. Analysis of the specific mRNA levels of the Li-TOP2 gene showed variations throughout the parasite cell cycle in synchronized cells as well as between the distinct forms of the parasite. Thus, the enzyme had higher levels of mRNA expression in the highly infective intracellular form of the parasite, the amastigote, than in the extracellular promastigote form, suggesting a relation with the distinct developmental and infectious phases of the protozoon. In addition, western blot analysis showed differences in protein expression between the proliferative and non-proliferative forms of L.infantum promastigotes, which displayed similar levels of mRNA. This indicated possible post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms. The data suggest that Li topo II has a part in DNA decatenation and probably at the initial stages of proliferation in the intracellular form of L.infantum, a parasite that has to proliferate into the host macrophage to survive its hostile environment in its first moments of intracellular infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Superhelical/chemistry
- DNA, Superhelical/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Leishmania infantum/enzymology
- Leishmania infantum/genetics
- Leishmania infantum/growth & development
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Phylogeny
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hanke
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas C.S.I.C., Velázquez 144, Madrid 28006, Spain
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23
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Berberich C, Ramírez-Pineda JR, Hambrecht C, Alber G, Skeiky YAW, Moll H. Dendritic cell (DC)-based protection against an intracellular pathogen is dependent upon DC-derived IL-12 and can be induced by molecularly defined antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3171-9. [PMID: 12626575 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon loading with microbial Ag and adoptive transfer, dendritic cells (DC) are able to induce immunity to infections. This offers encouragement for the development of DC-based vaccination strategies. However, the mechanisms underlying the adjuvant effect of DC are not fully understood, and there is a need to identify Ag with which to arm DC. In the present study, we analyzed the role of DC-derived IL-12 in the induction of resistance to Leishmania major, and we evaluated the protective efficacy of DC loaded with individual Leishmania Ag. Using Ag-pulsed Langerhans cells (LC) from IL-12-deficient or wild-type mice for immunization of susceptible animals, we showed that the inability to release IL-12 completely abrogated the capacity of LC to mediate protection against leishmaniasis. This suggests that the availability of donor LC-derived IL-12 is a requirement for the development of protective immunity. In addition, we tested the protective effect of LC loaded with Leishmania homolog of receptor for activated C kinase, gp63, promastigote surface Ag, kinetoplastid membrane protein-11, or Leishmania homolog of eukaryotic ribosomal elongation and initiation factor 4a. The results show that mice vaccinated with LC that had been pulsed with selected molecularly defined parasite proteins are capable of controlling infection with L. major. Moreover, the protective potential of DC pulsed with a given Leishmania Ag correlated with the level of their IL-12 expression. Analysis of the cytokine profile of mice after DC-based vaccination revealed that protection was associated with a shift toward a Th1-type response. Together, these findings emphasize the critical role of IL-12 produced by the sensitizing DC and suggest that the development of a DC-based subunit vaccine is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Berberich
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Thomas MC, García-Pérez JL, Alonso C, López MC. Molecular characterization of KMP11 from Trypanosoma cruzi: a cytoskeleton-associated protein regulated at the translational level. DNA Cell Biol 2000; 19:47-57. [PMID: 10668791 DOI: 10.1089/104454900314708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplasmid membrane protein-11 (KMP11) is present in a wide range of trypanosomatids. In the present paper, we show that the T. cruzi KMP11 gene is organized in a cluster formed by four gene units arranged in a head-to-tail tandem manner located on a chromosome of about 1900 kb. Northern blot analyses indicated that the steady-state level of mature KMP11 transcripts of 0.52 kb is high and similar in the three forms of the parasite. The KMP11 mRNAs have a half-life of about 16 h whose steady-state level is strongly downregulated when the parasites reach the stationary growth phase. The T. cruzi KMP11 sequence presents a significant homology with the amino-terminal third of the cytoskeleton-associated protein CIP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Western blot and immunoelectron microscopy studies showed that KMP11 is present in the cytoskeleton structure. Because the strong downregulation observed in the de novo synthesis of KMP11 protein in parasites treated with vinblastine is not accompanied by a significant fall in the steady-state level of KMP11 mRNAs, regulatory control of the protein at the translational level is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Thomas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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25
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Trujillo C, Ramírez R, Vélez ID, Berberich C. The humoral immune response to the kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 in patients with American leishmaniasis and Chagas disease: prevalence of IgG subclasses and mapping of epitopes. Immunol Lett 1999; 70:203-9. [PMID: 10656675 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(99)00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11) is a major target of the humoral immune response during Leishmania-infections. The majority of sera from visceral leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and even some cutaneous leishmaniasis patients contain detectable IgG antibodies against KMP-11. We also provide evidence that this protein may act as a potent antigen in T. cruzi infections, since most Chagas sera show immunological cross-reactivity. Therefore, KMP-11 cannot be used as a specific diagnostical tool for the serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis in those regions where both, Leishmania and T. cruzi infections overlap geographically. When analyzing the subclass specificity of the antibody response to KMP-11 we observed the following order of reactivity: IgG1 > > IgG3 > IgG2 > IgG4, which is similiar to that seen in crude parasite extract. The mapping of antigenic determinants by using synthetic 20-mer peptides revealed the existence of predominantly conformational epitopes in leishmaniasis, while 50% of sera from Chagas patients reacted with a particular KMP-11 peptide. These results therefore suggest the presence of disease-specific B-cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trujillo
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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