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De S, Banerjee S, Kumar SA, Paira P. Critical Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV: A Therapeutic Target for Diabetes and Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 19:88-97. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180423112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an emerging predator and affecting around 422 million adults worldwide.
Higher levels of circulating insulin and increased pressure on the pancreas to produce insulin
have been inferred as possible etiology for diabetes leading to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer. Out of
several drug targets in hypoglycemic discovery, Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has been considered
an emerging target. It is a protease enzyme which inactivates incretin hormones i.e., Glucagonlike
peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide (GIP). Inhibition of DPP-4
results in the longer action of GLP-1 and GIP, therefore, DPP-4 inhibitors play an important role in
maintaining glucose homeostasis. In comparison to early oral hypoglycemic, DPP-IV inhibitors are
well tolerated and provide a better glycemic control over a longer period. These enzymes are expressed
in a dimeric form on the surface of different cells such as prostate, liver and small intestinal
epithelium cells. Disruption of the local signaling environment is an emerging factor in cancer development.
Till date, not even a single DPP-IV inhibitor as anticancer has been developed. This review
focuses on various features of the enzyme and their suitable inhibitors for target disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav De
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol-713301, West Bengal, India
| | - S.K. Ashok Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Is there a Chance to Promote Arteriogenesis by DPP4 Inhibitors Even in Type 2 Diabetes? A Critical Review. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100181. [PMID: 30360455 PMCID: PMC6210696 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the prevailing cause of death not only in industrialized countries, but even worldwide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and hyperlipidemia, a metabolic disorder that is often associated with diabetes, are major risk factors for developing CVD. Recently, clinical trials proved the safety of gliptins in treating patients with type 2 DM. Gliptins are dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26) inhibitors, which stabilize glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thereby increasing the bioavailability of insulin. Moreover, blocking DPP4 results in increased levels of stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1). SDF-1 has been shown in pre-clinical animal studies to improve heart function and survival after myocardial infarction, and to promote arteriogenesis, the growth of natural bypasses, compensating for the function of an occluded artery. Clinical trials, however, failed to demonstrate a superiority of gliptins compared to placebo treated type 2 DM patients in terms of cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. This review highlights the function of DPP4 inhibitors in type 2 DM, and in treating cardiovascular diseases, with special emphasis on arteriogenesis. It critically addresses the potency of currently available gliptins and gives rise to hope by pointing out the most relevant questions that need to be resolved.
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Tafelmeyer P, Golshayan D. Fibroblast activation protein-α in fibrogenic disorders and cancer: more than a prolyl-specific peptidase? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:977-991. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1370455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- CHUV and UNIL, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Tafelmeyer
- Hybrigenics Services, Laboratories and Headquarters, Paris, France
- Hybrigenics Corporation, Cambridge Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Komiya E, Hatano R, Otsuka H, Itoh T, Yamazaki H, Yamada T, Dang NH, Tominaga M, Suga Y, Kimura U, Takamori K, Morimoto C, Ohnuma K. A possible role for CD26/DPPIV enzyme activity in the regulation of psoriatic pruritus. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 86:212-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Matrasova I, Busek P, Balaziova E, Sedo A. Heterogeneity of molecular forms of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and fibroblast activation protein in human glioblastomas. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017; 161:252-260. [PMID: 28452380 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2017.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proteolytic enzymes contribute to the progression of various cancers. We previously reported increased expression of the proline specific peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and its closest paralogue fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in human glioblastomas. Here we analyze the molecular heterogeneity of DPP-IV and FAP in glioblastomas. METHODS ELISA, isoelectric focusing, 1D and 2D electrophoresis followed by WB or enzyme overlay assay were utilized to analyze DPP-IV and FAP isoforms. Cell fractionation using a Percoll gradient and deglycosylation with PNGase F were performed to analyze the possible basis of DPP-IV and FAP microheterogeneity. RESULTS Molecular forms of DPP-IV with an estimated molecular weight of 140-160 kDa and a pI predominantly 5.8 were detected in human glioblastoma; in some tumors additional isoforms with a more acidic (3.5-5.5) as well as alkaline (8.1) pI were revealed. Using 2D electrophoresis, two to three molecular forms of FAP with an alkaline (7.0-8.5) pI and an estimated MW of 120-140 kDa were identified in glioblastoma tissues. In glioma cell lines in vitro, several isoforms of both enzymes were expressed, however the alkalic forms present in glioblastoma tissues were not detected. Removal of N-linked oligosaccharides decreased the estimated molecular weight of both enzymes; the overall pattern of molecular forms nevertheless remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Several isoforms of DPP-IV and FAP are present in glioblastoma tissue. The absence of alkaline isoforms of both enzymes in glioma cell lines however suggests that isoforms from other, most likely stromal, cell types contribute to the overall pattern seen in glioblastoma tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Matrasova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Busek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Balaziova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Gabrilovac J, Čupić B, Zapletal E, Kraus O, Jakić-Razumović J. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) in human skin cells. Immunobiology 2017; 222:327-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hoffmann P, Martin L, Keselica M, Gunson D, Skuba E, Lapadula D, Hayes M, Bentley P, Busch S. Acute Toxicity of Vildagliptin. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:76-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316672944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article describes acute toxicity data in cynomolgus monkeys following oral treatment with vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Acute toxicity symptoms in cynomolgus monkeys include edema formation of the extremities, tails, and face associated with skeletal muscle necrosis, and elevations of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities in the serum; hypothermia; hypotension; tachycardia; moribundity; and death in a few isolated instances. In surviving animals, symptoms were reversible even if treatment was continued. Cynomolgus monkeys from Mauritius appear more sensitive than monkeys of Asian origin. The underlying mechanism(s) of these symptoms in cynomolgus monkeys is currently not well understood, although a vascular mechanism including initial vasoconstriction and subsequent vascular leakage in distal extremities may play a role. The monkey data are reviewed and discussed in the context of other preclinical and clinical data, and it is concluded that acute toxicity following vildagliptin treatment is a monkey-specific phenomenon without relevance for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lori Martin
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Diane Gunson
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth Skuba
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dan Lapadula
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Hayes
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Phil Bentley
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steve Busch
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Sromova L, Busek P, Posova H, Potockova J, Skrha P, Andel M, Sedo A. The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition on circulating T cell subpopulations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 118:183-92. [PMID: 27388675 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess intraindividually the effects of DPP-IV inhibition on the subpopulations of immune cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients during the course of treatment with sitagliptin. METHODS In this open label non-randomized observational study with a control group DM2 patients were examined before the initiation of the DPP-IV inhibitor administration (sitagliptin 100mg once daily) and then after 4weeks and 12months. Inhibition of the blood plasma DPP-IV enzymatic activity was determined by a chromogenic assay, the immunophenotyping of the blood cell subpopulations was performed using flow cytometry and blood plasma cytokine concentrations were quantified using an array-based multiplex ELISA. All parameters were evaluated in relation to the entry values in individual patients. RESULTS The blood plasma DPP-IV enzymatic activity was effectively inhibited during the sitagliptin treatment. A significant decrease of the proportion of Treg cells (to 86±31% (median±SD) of entry values, p=0.001) and an increase of Th1 cells (to 120±103% (median±SD) of entry values, p=0.004) were observed after 4weeks but not after one year of the sitagliptin treatment. No changes were observed in the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) cells, in the quantity of NK and Th2 cells and blood plasma cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS Sitagliptin treatment may cause temporary changes of the proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with DM2. The consequent deregulation of the immune system should be considered as a possible cause of the eventual side effects of long term DPP-IV inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Sromova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Busek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Posova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Studnickova 7, 12000 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Potockova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University in Prague, Srobarova 1150, 10034 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Skrha
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University in Prague, Srobarova 1150, 10034 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Andel
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University in Prague, Srobarova 1150, 10034 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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The discovery of novel 5,6,5- and 5,5,6-tricyclic pyrrolidines as potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2622-6. [PMID: 27106708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel potent and selective 5,6,5- and 5,5,6-tricyclic pyrrolidine dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors were identified. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) efforts focused on improving the intrinsic DPP-4 inhibition potency, increasing protease selectivity, and demonstrating clean ion channel and cytochrome P450 profiles while trying to achieve a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once weekly dosing in humans.
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Wagner L, Klemann C, Stephan M, von Hörsten S. Unravelling the immunological roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:265-83. [PMID: 26671446 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 (CD26, DPP4) is a multi-functional protein involved in T cell activation by co-stimulation via its association with adenosine deaminase (ADA), caveolin-1, CARMA-1, CD45, mannose-6-phosphate/insulin growth factor-II receptor (M6P/IGFII-R) and C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXC-R4). The proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase also modulates the bioactivity of several chemokines. However, a number of enzymes displaying either DPP4-like activities or representing structural homologues have been discovered in the past two decades and are referred to as DPP4 activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Apart from DPP4, DASH proteins include fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), DPP8, DPP9, DPP4-like protein 1 (DPL1, DPP6, DPPX L, DPPX S), DPP4-like protein 2 (DPL2, DPP10) from the DPP4-gene family S9b and structurally unrelated enzyme DPP2, displaying DPP4-like activity. In contrast, DPP6 and DPP10 lack enzymatic DPP4-like activity. These DASH proteins play important roles in the immune system involving quiescence (DPP2), proliferation (DPP8/DPP9), antigen-presenting (DPP9), co-stimulation (DPP4), T cell activation (DPP4), signal transduction (DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9), differentiation (DPP4, DPP8) and tissue remodelling (DPP4, FAP). Thus, they are involved in many pathophysiological processes and have therefore been proposed for potential biomarkers or even drug targets in various cancers (DPP4 and FAP) and inflammatory diseases (DPP4, DPP8/DPP9). However, they also pose the challenge of drug selectivity concerning other DASH members for better efficacy and/or avoidance of unwanted side effects. Therefore, this review unravels the complex roles of DASH proteins in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V, Stuttgart.,Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Klemann
- Centre of Paediatric Surgery.,Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
| | - M Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - S von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Hetmańczyk K, Bednarska-Makaruk M, Kierus K, Murawska-Izdebska S, Piekutowska-Abramczuk D, Pilch B, Tylki-Szymańska A, Ługowska A. Monitoring of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) activity in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses types I and II on enzyme replacement therapy - Results of a pilot study. Clin Biochem 2015; 49:458-462. [PMID: 26592960 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of rare, inherited metabolic disorders which result from the lack of one of the lysosomal enzymes responsible for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Early recognition of MPS is important as it enables prompt implementation of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is a ubiquitous ectopeptidase which activity has been associated with the cell surface protein CD26. Our aims were to investigate plasma DPP-IV activity in untreated patients with MPS type II in comparison to control individuals and to evaluate changes of DPP-IV during ERT in MPS I or II patients. DESIGN AND METHODS One MPS I and five MPS II patients were treated with ERT for up to 19 months. DPP-IV activity was measured in plasma with a colorimetric method using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as a substrate. The reference intervals were observed in 17 healthy donors and in 9 MPS II individuals before ERT implementation. RESULTS DPP-IV activity ranged from 557 to 1959 nmol/ml/h (median and interquartile range: 1453 [955– 1554], n = 17) in plasma of control samples. In 9 untreated MPS II individuals, DPP-IV activity was higher and ranged from 2565 to 5968 nmol/ml/h (median and interquartile range: 4458 [4031–5161]). In 6 MPS patients receiving ERT, DPP-IV activity ranged from 2984 to 8628 nmol/ml/h. No declining tendency was observed during the treatment. CONCLUSIONS DPP-IV activity is a good, newa nd valuable biomarker distinguishing between MPS and healthy individuals. However, it is not a useful marker of treatment efficacy and is unsuitable for monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karolina Kierus
- The Children's Teaching Hospital in Białystok, The Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Disorders of Children and Adolescents, Poland
| | - Sylwia Murawska-Izdebska
- Provincial United Hospital in Toruń, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Neurology, Poland
| | | | - Bożena Pilch
- Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Department of Pediatrics, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymańska
- The Children's Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw, Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ługowska
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Genetics, Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Yakovleva AA, Zolotov NN, Sokolov OY, Kost NV, Kolyasnikova KN, Micheeva IG. Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4, CD26) activity in the blood serum of term and preterm neonates with cerebral ischemia. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:113-7. [PMID: 26051627 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the mechanisms of inflammation in neonates after cerebral ischemia (CI), we evaluated the DPP4 activity in their blood sera and compared these values with clinical indicators. METHODS The activity of DPP4 was determined in blood serum by a fluorescent method. We studied the correlation between the blood serum DPP4 activity and clinical, neurological and biochemical parameters in neonates with CI. RESULTS No correlation between the DPP4 activity in umbilical blood and the venous blood of mothers was discovered. Increased blood serum DPP4 activity in full-term and pre-term newborns with CI is demonstrated. The interrelation between serum DPP4 activity and the functional disturbances of CNS (such as depression or excitement) was found in mature but not in premature newborns. Enzyme activity was still elevated at 2-3weeks after birth. CONCLUSION It is possible that in neonates this enzymatic system operates independently from mothers. It is assumed that increased DPP4 activity in newborns with CI is apparently connected with immune system activation in response to hypoxic stress. The obtained data support the participation of DPP4 in adaptive reactions of newborns and its regulating influence during hypoxemic damage of the CNS due to inflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N N Zolotov
- Institute of Pharmacology RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - O Yu Sokolov
- Mental Health Research Center RAMS, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N V Kost
- Mental Health Research Center RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - I G Micheeva
- Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Nassar NN, Al-Shorbagy MY, Arab HH, Abdallah DM. Saxagliptin: a novel antiparkinsonian approach. Neuropharmacology 2015; 89:308-17. [PMID: 25446674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of glucagon-like peptide-1 as a crucial contender in modifying neurodegenerative diseases in the preclinical studies has instigated interest in investigating the antiparkinsonian effect of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibition. Notably, saxagliptin (SAX), the DPP-4 inhibitor, recently showed efficacy in ameliorating streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease; however, its effect on Parkinson's disease (PD) has not yet been elucidated. In a rat rotenone (ROT) model, SAX prominently improved motor performance as well as muscle coordination and corrected akinesia. Moreover, SAX preserved substantia nigra pars compacta tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity while halting the reduction in the striatal TH, dopamine (DA) and complex I. Meanwhile, SAX prevented the ROT-induced increment of striatal DPP-4 and the decline in cAMP, ATP/ADP and brain-derived neurotropic factor levels. Improvement in striatal energy level was associated with partial hindrance of ROT-induced body weight reduction. In addition, through its anti-inflammatory potential, SAX decreased the ROT-induced nuclear factor-κΒ, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and myeloperoxidase. The antiapoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma-2 was enhanced by SAX, versus reduction in caspase-3 and its intrinsic apoptotic activator cytochrome C. Furthermore, SAX amended alterations induced by ROT in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the transcriptional factor Nrf-2 level. In conclusion, SAX can be introduced as a novel approach for the management of PD based on the remarkable improvement in motor functions denoting antiparkinsonian efficacy via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, neuroprotective and neurorestorative mechanisms. These effects were linked to DPP-4 inhibition, reduced neurodegeneration and enhanced DA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha N Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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14
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Abdelsalam RM, Safar MM. Neuroprotective effects of vildagliptin in rat rotenone Parkinson's disease model: role of RAGE-NFκB and Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathways. J Neurochem 2015; 133:700-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rania M. Abdelsalam
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Safar
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
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15
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Tykvart J, Bařinka C, Svoboda M, Navrátil V, Souček R, Hubálek M, Hradilek M, Šácha P, Lubkowski J, Konvalinka J. Structural and biochemical characterization of a novel aminopeptidase from human intestine. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11321-36. [PMID: 25752612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase-like protein (NAALADase L), encoded by the NAALADL1 gene, is a close homolog of glutamate carboxypeptidase II, a metallopeptidase that has been intensively studied as a target for imaging and therapy of solid malignancies and neuropathologies. However, neither the physiological functions nor structural features of NAALADase L are known at present. Here, we report a thorough characterization of the protein product of the human NAALADL1 gene, including heterologous overexpression and purification, structural and biochemical characterization, and analysis of its expression profile. By solving the NAALADase L x-ray structure, we provide the first experimental evidence that it is a zinc-dependent metallopeptidase with a catalytic mechanism similar to that of glutamate carboxypeptidase II yet distinct substrate specificity. A proteome-based assay revealed that the NAALADL1 gene product possesses previously unrecognized aminopeptidase activity but no carboxy- or endopeptidase activity. These findings were corroborated by site-directed mutagenesis and identification of bestatin as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. Analysis of NAALADL1 gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels revealed the small intestine as the major site of protein expression and points toward extensive alternative splicing of the NAALADL1 gene transcript. Taken together, our data imply that the NAALADL1 gene product's primary physiological function is associated with the final stages of protein/peptide digestion and absorption in the human digestive system. Based on these results, we suggest a new name for this enzyme: human ileal aminopeptidase (HILAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tykvart
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- the Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic, and
| | - Michal Svoboda
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Navrátil
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Radko Souček
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hubálek
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hradilek
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Jacek Lubkowski
- the Center for Cancer Research, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- From the Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic, the Departments of Biochemistry and
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Zi F, He J, He D, Li Y, Yang L, Cai Z. Fibroblast activation protein α in tumor microenvironment: recent progression and implications (review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3203-11. [PMID: 25593080 PMCID: PMC4368076 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that the microenvironment of a given tumor is important in determining its drug resistance, tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. These microenvironments, like tumor cells, are vital targets for cancer therapy. The cross-talk between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs, alternatively termed activated fibroblasts) is crucial in regulating the drug resistance, tumorigenesis, neoplastic progression, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of a tumor. Fibroblast activation protein α (FAPα) is a transmembrane serine protease and is highly expressed on CAFs present in >90% of human epithelial neoplasms. FAPα activity, alongside that of gelatinase and type I collagenase, has become increasingly important in cancer therapy due to its effectiveness in modulating tumor behavior. In this review, recent progression in the knowledge of the role of FAPα in tumor microenvironments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zi
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jingsong He
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Donghua He
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Co-expression of the homologous proteases fibroblast activation protein and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV in the adult human Langerhans islets. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:497-504. [PMID: 25361590 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP, seprase, EC 3.4.21.B28) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV, CD26, EC 3.4.14.5) are homologous serine proteases implicated in the modulation of the bioavailability and thus the function of a number of biologically active peptides. In spite of their generally nonoverlapping expression patterns, DPP-IV and FAP are co-expressed and probably co-regulated in certain cell types suggesting that for some biological processes their functional synergy is essential. By an in situ enzymatic activity assay, we show an abundant DPP-IV-like enzymatic activity sensitive to a highly specific DPP-IV inhibitor sitagliptin and corresponding DPP-IV immunoreactivity in the adult human islets of Langerhans. Moreover, the homologous protease FAP was present in the human endocrine pancreas and was co-expressed with DPP-IV. DPP-IV and FAP were found in the pancreatic alpha cells as determined by the co-localization with glucagon immunoreactivity. In summary, we show abundant enzymatic activity of the canonical DPP-IV (CD26) in Langerhans islets in the natural tissue context and demonstrate for the first time the co-expression of FAP and DPP-IV in pancreatic alpha cells in adult humans. Given their ability to proteolytically modify several biologically active peptides, both proteases have the potential to modulate the paracrine signaling in the human Langerhans islets.
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A pan inhibitor of DASH family enzymes induces immunogenic modulation and sensitizes murine and human carcinoma cells to antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing: implications for combination therapy with cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:3223-31. [PMID: 24731809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that pan inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity and/or structure homologs (DASH), including ARI-4175, can mediate tumor regression by immune-mediated mechanisms. This study assessed the potential of combining ARI-4175 with cancer vaccines. We evaluated ARI-4175's effect on immunogenic modulation, ability to sensitize tumor cells to antigen-specific CTL killing, effect on immune-cell subsets and function, and antitumor activity in 2 tumor models, both as a monotherapy and in combination with a recombinant viral or dendritic cell (DC)-based tumor-cell vaccine. ARI-4175's effects on the growth, surface phenotype, and antigen-specific CTL-mediated lysis of murine and human carcinoma cell lines were assessed in vitro. In vivo, C57BL-6 mice were treated orally with ARI-4175, after which splenocytes were assessed by flow cytometry and functional assays. Antitumor studies were performed in murine models of colon carcinoma (MC38-CEA(+) in CEA-transgenic C57BL-6 mice) and rhabdomyosarcoma (M3-9-M in C57BL-6 mice). Mice received oral ARI-4175 alone or in combination with a vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox CEA-TRICOM (colon model) or a DC-based tumor-cell vaccine (rhabdomyosarcoma model). Exposure to ARI-4175 had no effect on the proliferation or viability of carcinoma cells in vitro; however, it did alter tumor phenotype, making murine and human tumor cells more sensitive to antigen-specific CTL killing. Assessment of immune-cell subsets and function indicated that ARI-4175 increased levels of natural killer cells and DCs. Detrimental immune effects, including reduced T effector cells and increased immunosuppressive cells (Tregs, MDSCs), were normalized when treatment stopped, suggesting that scheduling is critical when combining this agent with vaccine. As a monotherapy, ARI-4175 had potent antitumor activity in both tumor models, and had even greater effects when combined with a vaccine (either DC-based or poxviral vector based). These findings provide the rationale for the combined use of cancer immunotherapy with DASH enzyme inhibitors such as ARI-4175.
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A pan-inhibitor of DASH family enzymes induces immune-mediated regression of murine sarcoma and is a potent adjuvant to dendritic cell vaccination and adoptive T-cell therapy. J Immunother 2014; 36:400-11. [PMID: 23994886 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182a80213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multimodality therapy consisting of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation will fail in approximately 40% of patients with pediatric sarcomas and result in substantial long-term morbidity in those who are cured. Immunotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of solid tumors typically generate antigen-specific responses too weak to overcome considerable tumor burden and tumor suppressive mechanisms and are in need of adjuvant assistance. Previous work suggests that inhibitors of DASH (dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and/or structural homologs) enzymes can mediate tumor regression by immune-mediated mechanisms. Herein, we demonstrate that the DASH inhibitor, ARI-4175, can induce regression and eradication of well-established solid tumors, both as a single agent and as an adjuvant to a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in mice implanted with the M3-9-M rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Treatment with effective doses of ARI-4175 correlated with recruitment of myeloid (CD11b) cells, particularly myeloid DCs, to secondary lymphoid tissues and with reduced frequency of intratumoral monocytic (CD11bLy6-CLy6-G) myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In immunocompetent mice, combining ARI-4175 with a DC vaccine or ACT with tumor-primed T cells produced significant improvements in tumor responses against well-established M3-9-M tumors. In M3-9-M-bearing immunodeficient (Rag1) mice, ACT combined with ARI-4175 produced greater tumor responses and significantly improved survival compared with either treatment alone. These studies warrant the clinical investigation of ARI-4175 for treatment of sarcomas and other malignancies, particularly as an adjuvant to tumor vaccines and ACT.
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Ohnuma K, Saito T, Hatano R, Hosono O, Iwata S, Dang NH, Ninomiya H, Morimoto C. Comparison of two commercial ELISAs against an in-house ELISA for measuring soluble CD26 in human serum. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:106-11. [PMID: 24687574 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD26 is a T-cell costimulatory molecule with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity in its extracellular region. The relevance of sCD26 levels and disease activity has been reported in rheumatic or infectious disease. For certain metabolic and endocrine conditions, DPPIV inhibitors were recently developed as a new class of antidiabetic drugs that act by inhibiting DPPIV, the enzyme that inactivates incretin hormone. Higher levels of sCD26 in diabetic patients have been shown to be associated with a poor clinical response to DPPIV inhibitors, with sCD26/DPPIV being an adipokine that may impair insulin sensitivity. With the increasing use of serum sCD26 and DPPIV enzyme activity as biomarkers with potential clinical implications, accurate measurements of serum sCD26 levels and DPPIV enzyme activity are needed. METHODS We compare two commercially widely available and an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for measurement of serum sCD26 in healthy or diabetic human sera. RESULTS The significant discrepancies among the results obtained from commercially available and the in-house sCD26 assays were found. We also observed that a linear correlation between serum sCD26 level and DPPIV enzyme activity exists with the in-house ELISA, while the commercial ELISAs demonstrate a lack of consistency between serum sCD26 level and DPPIV enzyme activity. CONCLUSION These data strongly suggest that new commercial assays for sCD26 plasma levels need detailed evaluation and validation with samples from clinically well-characterized patients, and results obtained from these newer assays should be compared to those obtained from well-established in-house assays such as our assay or other validated sCD26 ELISA assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohnuma
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Hoffmann P, Bentley P, Sahota P, Schoenfeld H, Martin L, Longo L, Spaet R, Moulin P, Pantano S, Dubost V, Lapadula D, Burkey B, Kaushik V, Zhou W, Hayes M, Flavahan N, Chibout SD, Busch S. Vascular origin of vildagliptin-induced skin effects in Cynomolgus monkeys: pathomechanistic role of peripheral sympathetic system and neuropeptide Y. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:684-95. [PMID: 24448599 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313516828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to characterize skin lesions in cynomolgus monkeys following vildagliptin (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor) treatment. Oral vildagliptin administration caused dose-dependent and reversible blister formation, peeling and flaking skin, erosions, ulcerations, scabs, and sores involving the extremities at ≥5 mg/kg/day and necrosis of the tail and the pinnae at ≥80 mg/kg/day after 3 weeks of treatment. At the affected sites, the media and the endothelium of dermal arterioles showed hypertrophy/hyperplasia. Skin lesion formation was prevented by elevating ambient temperature. Vildagliptin treatment also produced an increase in blood pressure and heart rate likely via increased sympathetic tone. Following treatment with vildagliptin at 80 mg/kg/day, the recovery time after lowering the temperature in the feet of monkeys and inducing cold stress was prolonged. Ex vivo investigations showed that small digital arteries from skin biopsies of vildagliptin-treated monkeys exhibited an increase in neuropeptide Y-induced vasoconstriction. This finding correlated with a specific increase in NPY and in NPY1 receptors observed in the skin of vildagliptin-treated monkeys. Present data provide evidence that skin effects in monkeys are of vascular origin and that the effects on the NPY system in combination with increased peripheral sympathetic tone play an important pathomechanistic role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Phil Bentley
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pritam Sahota
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Heidi Schoenfeld
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lori Martin
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Linda Longo
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Spaet
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dan Lapadula
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bryan Burkey
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virendar Kaushik
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Hayes
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nick Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Steve Busch
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Sharoyan S, Antonyan A, Mardanyan S, Harutyunyan H, Movsisyan N, Hovnanyan N, Hovnanyan K. Interaction of dipeptydil peptidase IV with amyloid peptides. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Tarantola E, Bertone V, Milanesi G, Capelli E, Ferrigno A, Neri D, Vairetti M, Barni S, Freitas I. Dipeptidylpeptidase--IV, a key enzyme for the degradation of incretins and neuropeptides: activity and expression in the liver of lean and obese rats. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e41. [PMID: 23361237 PMCID: PMC3567760 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.e41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the scarcity of donors, moderately fatty livers (FLs) are currently being considered as possible grafts for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), notwithstanding their poor tolerance to conventional cold preservation. The behaviour of parenchymal and sinusoidal liver cells during transplantation is being studied worldwide. Much less attention has been paid to the biliary tree, although this is considered the Achille's heel even of normal liver transplantation. To evaluate the response of the biliary compartment of FLs to the various phases of OLT reliable markers are necessary. Previously we demonstrated that Alkaline Phosphatase was scarcely active in bile canaliculi of FLs and thus ruled it out as a marker. As an alternative, dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV), was investigated. This ecto-peptidase plays an important role in glucose metabolism, rapidly inactivating insulin secreting hormones (incretins) that are important regulators of glucose metabolism. DPP-IV inhibitors are indeed used to treat Type II diabetes. Neuropeptides regulating bile transport and composition are further important substrates of DPP-IV in the enterohepatic axis. DPP-IV activity was investigated with an azo-coupling method in the liver of fatty Zucker rats (fa/fa), using as controls lean Zucker (fa/+) and normal Wistar rats. Protein expression was studied by immunofluorescence with the monoclonal antibody (clone 5E8). In Wistar rat liver, DPP-IV activity and expression were high in the whole biliary tree, and moderate in sinusoid endothelial cells, in agreement with the literature. Main substrates of DPP-IV in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes could be incretins GLP-1 and GIP, and neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P, suggesting that these substances are inactivated or modified through the biliary route. In lean Zucker rat liver the enzyme reaction and protein expression patterns were similar to those of Wistar rat. In obese rat liver the patterns of DPP-IV activity and expression in hepatocytes reflected the morphological alterations induced by steatosis as lipid-rich hepatocytes had scarce activity, located either in deformed bile canaliculi or in the sinusoidal and lateral domains of the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that bile canaliculi in steatotic cells have an impaired capacity to inactivate incretins and neuropeptides. Incretin and/or neuropeptide deregulation is indeed thought to play important roles in obesity and insulin-resistance. No alteration in enzyme activity and expression was found in the upper segments of the biliary tree of obese respect to lean Zucker and Wistar rats. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that DPP-IV is a promising in situ marker of biliary functionality not only of normal but also of fatty rats. The approach, initially devised to investigate the behaviour of the liver during the various phases of transplantation, appears to have a much higher potentiality as it could be further exploited to investigate any pathological or stressful conditions involving the biliary tract (i.e., metabolic syndrome and cholestasis) and the response of the biliary tract to therapy and/or to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tarantola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, undetermined colitis) are a group of chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases distinguished by recurrent inflammation of various parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) system and presenting a significant public health problem. Despite large basic and clinical research, the aetiology of these diseases and the pathogenesis of inflammation itself remain elusive. Previous studies have confirmed a causal relationship between mediators of inflammatory response and molecules involved in the regulation of their biological activity, especially proteases. The aim of this review is to summarise earlier findings on different aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases, paying particular attention to the involvement of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26 molecule, DPP IV/CD26) in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory processes in the GI tract. Animal studies of colitis have significantly contributed to the understanding and treatment of these diseases, investigations of ulcerative colitis (DSS-colitis) and Crohn's disease (TNBS-colitis) on the murine model in particular.
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Busek P, Stremenova J, Sromova L, Hilser M, Balaziova E, Kosek D, Trylcova J, Strnad H, Krepela E, Sedo A. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibits glioma cell growth independent of its enzymatic activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:738-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Röhnert P, Schmidt W, Emmerlich P, Goihl A, Wrenger S, Bank U, Nordhoff K, Täger M, Ansorge S, Reinhold D, Striggow F. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, aminopeptidase N and DPIV/APN-like proteases in cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:44. [PMID: 22373413 PMCID: PMC3359160 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral inflammation is a hallmark of neuronal degeneration. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, aminopeptidase N as well as the dipeptidyl peptidases II, 8 and 9 and cytosolic alanyl-aminopeptidase are involved in the regulation of autoimmunity and inflammation. We studied the expression, localisation and activity patterns of these proteases after endothelin-induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats, a model of transient and unilateral cerebral ischemia. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and protease activity assays were performed at different time points, lasting from 2 h to 7 days after cerebral ischemia. The effect of protease inhibitors on ischemia-dependent infarct volumes was quantified 7 days post middle cerebral artery occlusion. Statistical analysis was conducted using the t-test. Results Qualitative RT-PCR revealed these proteases in ipsilateral and contralateral cortices. Dipeptidyl peptidase II and aminopeptidase N were up-regulated ipsilaterally from 6 h to 7 days post ischemia, whereas dipeptidyl peptidase 9 and cytosolic alanyl-aminopeptidase were transiently down-regulated at day 3. Dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and aminopeptidase N immunoreactivities were detected in cortical neurons of the contralateral hemisphere. At the same time point, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, 8 and aminopeptidase N were identified in activated microglia and macrophages in the ipsilateral cortex. Seven days post artery occlusion, dipeptidyl peptidase IV immunoreactivity was found in the perikarya of surviving cortical neurons of the ipsilateral hemisphere, whereas their nuclei were dipeptidyl peptidase 8- and amino peptidase N-positive. At the same time point, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, 8 and aminopeptidase N were targeted in astroglial cells. Total dipeptidyl peptidase IV, 8 and 9 activities remained constant in both hemispheres until day 3 post experimental ischemia, but were increased (+165%) in the ipsilateral cortex at day 7. In parallel, aminopeptidase N and cytosolic alanyl-aminopeptidase activities remained unchanged. Conclusions Distinct expression, localization and activity patterns of proline- and alanine-specific proteases indicate their involvement in ischemia-triggered inflammation and neurodegeneration. Consistently, IPC1755, a non-selective protease inhibitor, revealed a significant reduction of cortical lesions after transient cerebral ischemia and may suggest dipeptidyl peptidase IV, aminopeptidase N and proteases with similar substrate specificity as potentially therapy-relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Röhnert
- KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Divergent actions by inhibitors of DP IV and APN family enzymes on CD4+ Teff cell motility and functions. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Zhao S, Song M, Fan Y, Chang Q, Yi W, Li P, Hu C. Elevation of plasma soluble CD26 levels during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 38:272-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kato N, Oka M, Murase T, Yoshida M, Sakairi M, Yakufu M, Yamashita S, Yasuda Y, Yoshikawa A, Hayashi Y, Shirai M, Mizuno Y, Takeuchi M, Makino M, Takeda M, Kakigami T. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable isoindoline class dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Org Med Chem Lett 2011; 1:7. [PMID: 22373386 PMCID: PMC3305890 DOI: 10.1186/2191-2858-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused structure-activity relationships of isoindoline class DPP-IV inhibitors have led to the discovery of 4b as a highly selective, potent inhibitor of DPP-IV. In vivo studies in Wistar/ST rats showed that 4b was converted into the strongly active metabolite 4l in high yield, resulting in good in vivo efficacy for antihyperglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Kato
- Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co,, Ltd,, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-city, Mie 511-0406, Japan.
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Van Goethem S, Matheeussen V, Joossens J, Lambeir AM, Chen X, De Meester I, Haemers A, Augustyns K, Van der Veken P. Structure-activity relationship studies on isoindoline inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8, DPP9): is DPP8-selectivity an attainable goal? J Med Chem 2011; 54:5737-46. [PMID: 21711053 DOI: 10.1021/jm200383j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work represents the first directed study to identify modification points in the topology of a representative DPP8/9-inhibitor, capable of rendering selectivity for DPP8 over DPP9. The availability of a DPP8-selective compound would be highly instrumental for studying and untwining the biological roles of DPP8 and DPP9 and for the disambiguation of biological effects of nonselective DPP-inhibitors that have mainly been ascribed to blocking of DPPIV's action. The cell-permeable DPP8/9-inhibitor 7 was selected as a lead and dissected into several substructures that were modified separately for evaluating their potential to contribute to selectivity. The obtained results, together with earlier work from our group, clearly narrow down the most probable DPP8-selectivity imparting modification points in DPP8/9 inhibitors to parts of space that are topologically equivalent to the piperazine ring system in 7. This information can be considered of high value for future design of compounds with maximal DPP8 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Van Goethem
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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Motoshima K, Sugita K, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. Non-competitive and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors with phenethylphenylphthalimide skeleton derived from thalidomide-related α-glucosidase inhibitors and liver X receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3041-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Balaziova E, Busek P, Stremenova J, Sromova L, Krepela E, Lizcova L, Sedo A. Coupled expression of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and fibroblast activation protein-α in transformed astrocytic cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:283-9. [PMID: 21526345 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) are speculated to participate in the regulation of multiple biological processes, because of their unique enzymatic activity, as well as by non-hydrolytic molecular interactions. At present, the role of DPP-IV and FAP in the development and progression of various types of tumors, including glioblastoma, is intensively studied, and their functional crosstalk is hypothesized. In this article, we describe the correlative expression of DPP-IV and FAP mRNA in primary cell cultures derived from human glioblastoma and associated expression dynamics of both molecules in astrocytoma cell lines depending on culture conditions. Although the molecular mechanisms of DPP-IV and FAP co-regulations remain unclear, uncoupled expression of transgenic DPP-IV and the endogenous FAP suggests that it occurs rather at the transcriptional than at the posttranscriptional level. Understanding of the expressional and functional coordinations of DPP-IV and FAP may help clarify the mechanisms of biological roles of both molecules in transformed astrocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Balaziova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology of the 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, Prague 2, 12853, Czech Republic
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Reinhold D, Bank U, Entz D, Goihl A, Stoye D, Wrenger S, Brocke S, Thielitz A, Stefin S, Nordhoff K, Heimburg A, Täger M, Ansorge S. PETIR-001, a dual inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) and aminopeptidase N (APN), ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice. Biol Chem 2011; 392:233-7. [PMID: 21194377 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and amino-peptidase N (APN, CD13) play regulatory roles in T cell activation and represent potential targets for treatment of inflammatory disorders. We have developed a novel therapeutic strategy, 'peptidase-targeted Immunoregulation' (PETIR™), which simultaneously targets both cellular DP IV and APN via selective binding sites different from the active sites with a single inhibitor. To prove the therapeutic concept of PETIR™ in autoimmunity of the central nervous system (CNS), we evaluated the effect of a single substance, PETIR-001, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice. Administration of PETIR-001 significantly delayed and decreased clinical signs of active EAE, when given in a therapeutic manner intraperitoneally from day 15 to day 24 after induction of EAE. Both the acute phase and the first relapse of EAE were markedly inhibited. Importantly, a similar therapeutic benefit was obtained after oral administration of PETIR-001 from day 12 to day 21 after disease induction. Our results demonstrate that PETIR-001 exhibits a therapeutic effect on EAE in SJL/J mice. Thus, PETIR™ represents a novel and efficient therapeutic approach for immunotherapy of CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Lawandi J, Gerber-Lemaire S, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidases for the therapy of human diseases: defining diseases and inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3423-38. [PMID: 20058865 DOI: 10.1021/jm901104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lawandi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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Stulc T, Sedo A. Inhibition of multifunctional dipeptidyl peptidase-IV: is there a risk of oncological and immunological adverse effects? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 88:125-31. [PMID: 20303610 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) are a novel class of anti-diabetes drugs; inhibiting the breakdown of incretins, they increase their biological availability and decrease thus blood glucose levels. However, in addition to regulating glucose homeostasis, DPP-IV has many diverse functions, such as modulating cell growth, differentiation and transformation and immune function. Within the immune system, DPP-IV exerts mainly stimulating effects, while its relation to malignancies is highly variable. Therefore, long-term inhibition of this enzyme could have serious side effects including immune dysregulation or increased risk of cancer. Although the data on the effects of DPP-IV inhibitors in humans are scarce, the increased risk of infections and the tendency towards a higher incidence of some tumours fall in line with experimental evidence suggesting the possibility of their adverse immunological and oncological effects. Further research is obviously needed to clarify the effector mechanisms of DPP-IV inhibitors on immune function and tumour biology. Most important, however, is obtaining reassuring safety data from adequately powered, long-term trials of DPP-IV inhibitors in humans. In the meantime, all the potential risks of DPP-IV inhibitors should be kept in mind, and this class of drugs needs to be regarded with some degree of caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Stulc
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV in synovial fluid and in synovial fluid mononuclear cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1046-50. [PMID: 20361950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzymatic activity controls biological halftime of multiple local mediators. Its deregulation is associated with pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although DPP-IV is the canonical representative of the group, a number of other proteins have been shown to have similar enzymatic activity. This study was aimed to identify the molecular source of DPP-IV activity in synovial fluid (SF) and fluid mononuclear cells (FMNC) in patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA). In addition, the association of DPP-IV and the concentration of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF), DPP-IV substrate, were evaluated. METHODS DPP-IV activity was measured by the kinetic fluorimetric method. The expression of studied molecules in FMNC and their concentrations in SF were assayed using flow cytometry and ELISA respectively. RESULTS DPP-IV activity in SF, dominantly derived from the canonical DPP-IV, does not significantly differ between RA and OA. However, a significantly lower DPP-IV activity and expression in FMNC was found in RA as opposed to OA patients. Negative correlation between SDF concentration in SF and the relative amount of CD3+CD26+ cells was observed. CONCLUSIONS We report decreased presence of DPP-IV/CD26 in CD3+ FMNC in RA, which also may participate on impaired balance of SDF concentration in SF.
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Merchant M, Mead S, McAdon C, McFatter J, Wasilewski J. Identification and characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity in the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:28-33. [PMID: 20227771 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum from the American crocodile was assayed for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) activity. We measured the DPP4-mediated hydrolysis of Ala-Pro-AFC. The generation of AFC was dependent on the titer of serum, with significant DPP4 activity (0.20 + or - 0.03 nmol product formed) measured using only 2 microL of crocodile serum, with maximum activity measured using 500 microL of serum. The hydrolysis of substrate was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by diprotin A, a specific inhibitor of DPP4 activity, indicating that this activity was due to the presence of DPP4. The crocodile serum DPP4 exhibited classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with K(m) and V(max) extrapolated, by double-reciprocal plot, to be 14.7 + or - 1.3 microM and 75.5 + or - 4.3 nmol/min, respectively. Crocodile DPP4 catalyzed the hydrolysis of Ala-Pro-AFC rapidly, with substantial activity measured within 5 min of the addition of substrate. After an initial rapid increase in activity, near maximal activity (7.43 + or - 0.24 nmol product formed) measured at 180 min. Crocodile serum DPP4 activity was temperature-dependent, with steadily increased activity from 5 to 40 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Merchant
- Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, 450 Beauregard, 225 Kirkman Hall, Lake Charles, LA 70609, USA.
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Ansorge S, Bank U, Heimburg A, Helmuth M, Koch G, Tadje J, Lendeckel U, Wolke C, Neubert K, Faust J, Fuchs P, Reinhold D, Thielitz A, Täger M. Recent insights into the role of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPIV) and aminopeptidase N (APN) families in immune functions. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:253-61. [PMID: 19327105 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, different research groups could show that treatment of immune cells with inhibitors of post-proline splitting dipeptidyl aminopeptidases leads to functional changes in the immune system consistent with immunosuppression. This is due to the inhibition of proliferation of lymphocytes and the production of inflammatory cytokines of the TH1, TH2, and TH17, cells as well as the induction of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and interleukin (IL)-1RA. Until recently, most of the effects of these inhibitors on immune functions were attributed to the inhibition of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPIV/CD26). With the identification of new peptidases of the DPIV family (DASH) with the same or similar substrate specificity [fibroblast activation protein (FAP), DP8/9], the question arose whether and to what extent the inhibition of intracellularly localized enzymes, DP8 and DP9, contribute to the observed immunosuppression. In addition, members of the aminopeptidase N (APN) family are also involved in the regulation of immune functions. Hence, the concept of a combined targeting of both families of peptidases for treatment of inflammatory diseases is a promising strategy. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Summarizing data obtained from the usage of different non-selective and selective inhibitors of DPIV, DP8/9, FAP, and DPII, this review provides evidence that in addition to DPIV, DP8/9 also regulate the immune response via modulation of cell cycle progression and cytokine production. The strongest and most consistent effects in vitro were, however, observed with non-selective inhibitors for the suppression of DNA synthesis and cytokine production. Similar effects were provoked by APN inhibitors, which were also found to suppress DNA synthesis and the production of inflammatory cytokines in vitro. However, different mechanisms and signaling pathways appear to mediate the cellular effects resulting from the inhibition of either APN or DPIV family members. In particular, members of the APN family uniquely influence the function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. Consequently, the concomitant inhibition of both APN and DPIV enzyme families by means of two separate inhibitors or by binary inhibitors with specificity for both enzyme families (PETIR, peptidase targeted immunoregulation) synergistically affects immune cells on the level of cell cycle regulation, suppression of TH1, TH2, and TH17 cytokines as well as the activation of regulatory T-cells. Besides leukocytes, dermal cells as sebocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts are also targeted by these inhibitors. This strongly suggests a broad potential of the multiple anti-inflammatory effects of PETIR in treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, allergies, and transplant rejections, as well as of inflammatory skin diseases, such as acne, psoriasis, rosacea or atopic dermatitis. The first active dual inhibitor, IP10.C8, has been developed by IMTM for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases and has just entered the first phase II study.
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Reinhold D, Goihl A, Wrenger S, Reinhold A, Kühlmann UC, Faust J, Neubert K, Thielitz A, Brocke S, Täger M, Ansorge S, Bank U. Role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV)-like enzymes in T lymphocyte activation: investigations in DP IV/CD26-knockout mice. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:268-74. [PMID: 19676138 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and DP IV-like enzymes, such as dipeptidyl peptidase II (DP II), dipeptidyl peptidase 8 (DP8), and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DP9), have been recognized to regulate T lymphocyte activation. Lys[Z(NO2)]-thiazolidide (LZNT) and Lys[Z(NO2)]-pyrrolidide (LZNP), non-selective inhibitors of DP IV-like activity known to target DP IV as well as DP II, DP8, and DP9, suppress T lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Moreover, these inhibitors are capable of attenuating the severity of autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of multiple sclerosis, and experimental arthritis, a model of human rheumatoid arthritis, in vivo, particularly in combination with inhibitors of aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) enzymatic activity. METHODS Here, we studied the influence of non-selective and selective inhibitors of DP IV-like enzymes on DNA synthesis in mitogen-stimulated splenocytes from wild-type C57BL/6 mice and DP IV/CD26-knockout (DP IV/CD26-KO) mice. RESULTS LZNT and LZNP, the non-selective inhibitors of DP IV-like activity, suppressed the DNA synthesis in stimulated splenocytes from wild-type and DP IV/ CD26-KO mice to a comparable extent. Further, a selective inhibitor of DP8/DP9 activity was capable of suppressing DNA synthesis in mitogen-stimulated splenocytes of both wild-type and knockout mice to the same extent. In contrast, selective inhibitors of DP IV and DP II lacked this suppressive activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that DP8 and/or DP9 represent additional pharmacological targets for the suppression of T cell proliferation and for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Betancort JM, Winn DT, Liu R, Xu Q, Liu J, Liao W, Chen SH, Carney D, Hanway D, Schmeits J, Li X, Gordon E, Campbell DA. Bicyclic cyanothiazolidines as novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4437-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thornberry NA, Gallwitz B. Mechanism of action of inhibitors of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23:479-86. [PMID: 19748065 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors inhibit the degradation of the incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). The first available DPP-4 inhibitors are sitagliptin and vildagliptin. These compounds are orally active and have been shown to be efficacious and well tolerated. Two additional DPP-4 inhibitors are under review, and there are several others in clinical development. This article gives an overview on the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors and focuses on their development and their important physiological actions with regard to the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Thornberry
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Antonyan AA, Sharoyan SG, Harutyunyan AA, Mardanyan SS. Influence of aluminum toxicosis on the activity of adenosine deaminase and dipeptidyl peptidases II and IV. NEUROCHEM J+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971240902007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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de Andrade CFCG, Bigni R, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Alves G, Pereira DA. CD26/DPPIV cell membrane expression and DPPIV activity in plasma of patients with acute leukemia. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:708-14. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802334800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla F. C. G. de Andrade
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital do Câncer I, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23CEP 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bigni
- Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital do Câncer I, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23CEP 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria S. Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37CEP 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilda Alves
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital do Câncer I, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23CEP 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise A. Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital do Câncer I, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23CEP 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Burkey BF, Hoffmann PK, Hassiepen U, Trappe J, Juedes M, Foley JE. Adverse effects of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 inhibition in rodents revisited. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:1057-61. [PMID: 18422675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association between inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-8 and/or DPP-9 organ toxicities and mortality in rodents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The relative selectivity of the DPP-4 inhibitor, vildagliptin, was determined by comparing its K(I) (concentration of compound yielding 50% inhibition of the enzyme) values for inhibition of recombinant human DPP-4, DPP-8 and DPP-9 assessed in vitro. In experiments performed in vivo, vildagliptin was administered by gavage for 13 weeks, at doses up to 1500 mg/kg/day in CD-1 mice and at doses up to 900 mg/kg/day in Wistar rats. Plasma concentrations of vildagliptin were assessed at week 12, and toxicities previously ascribed to inhibition of DPP-8 and/or DPP-9 were assessed at week 13. RESULTS The K(I) values for vildagliptin-induced inhibition of DPP-4, DPP-8 and DPP-9 were 3, 810 and 95 nM respectively. The mean plasma concentration 24 h after dose after 12-week daily dosing with 1500 mg/kg/day in mice was 2279 nM. The mean plasma drug level 24 h after dose after 12-week daily dosing with 900 mg/kg/day in rats was 5729 nM. These high doses maintained plasma drug levels well above the K(I) values for DPP-8 and DPP-9 throughout a 24-h period. At these high doses, the toxicities of a selective DPP-8/DPP-9 inhibitor that were reported previously (100% mortality in mice, alopecia, thrombocytopenia, reticulocytopenia, enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly and 20% mortality in rats) were not observed. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of DPP-8 and DPP-9 per se does not lead to organ toxicities and mortality in rodents. Thus, a mechanism other than DPP-8/DPP-9 inhibition likely underlies the toxicity previously reported to be associated with a selective DPP-8/DPP-9 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Burkey
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research Basel, Cambridge, MA, USA
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GOSCINSKI MARIUSZADAM, SUO ZHENHE, NESLAND JAHNMARTHIN, FLØRENES VIVIANN, GIERCKSKY KARLERIK. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV expression in cancer and stromal cells of human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. APMIS 2008; 116:823-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Šedo A, Stremenová J, Bušek P, Duke-Cohan JS. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and related molecules: markers of malignancy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:677-89. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.6.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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47
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Edmondson SD, Kim D. Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: The Discovery of JANUVIA
(™)
(Sitagliptin). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527621460.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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48
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Distribution of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV on keratinocytes in the margin zone of a psoriatic lesion: a comparison with hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation markers. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:561-7. [PMID: 18496701 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The inflammation process in psoriatic skin is characterized by influx of leukocytes, hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes regulated via cytokines. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPPIV) is known to be upregulated on keratinocytes in the psoriatic lesion. The objective was to gain insight into dynamics of DPPIV expression and enzyme activity together with keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation markers during development of a psoriatic lesion, in order to investigate coherence in mechanisms behind the upregulation of DPPIV in psoriatic skin. The expression of DPPIV, Ki-67 antigen and keratin-16 (K16) was studied in the dynamic margin zone of the psoriatic lesion, examining skin sections of the clinically uninvolved skin, the early lesion and the chronic lesion of psoriatic patients compared to healthy volunteers using immunohistochemical and enzymehistochemical staining methods. DPPIV-expression and enzyme activity, Ki-67 antigen and K16 are significantly upregulated in the centre and inner margin of the lesion compared to clinically uninvolved skin and the healthy volunteers skin. Mutually between the centre and inner margin, this upregulation did not differ significantly. The clinical symptomless skin proved to have significantly elevated DPPIV enzyme activity compared to the skin of healthy volunteers. We demonstrate that DPPIV is expressed and enzymatically active well before the development of an overt psoriatic lesion. The abnormal DPPIV distribution in psoriatic skin does not coincide with known markers of aberrant growth and differentiation of keratinocytes, which makes DPPIV (expression and enzyme activity) a marker standing on its own.
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Ohnuma K, Dang NH, Morimoto C. Revisiting an old acquaintance: CD26 and its molecular mechanisms in T cell function. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:295-301. [PMID: 18456553 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD26 in human T cell biology is puzzling. Despite being extensively characterized, it has been called 'a moonlighting protein' since it has multifunctional effects, but a definitive native ligand has not been identified. We summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of CD26-mediated T cell costimulation and immune regulation. Work identifying a ligand for CD26 and elucidating the proximal signaling events associated with CD26-mediated T cell costimulation is also described. Finally, we discuss the involvement of CD26 in various pathophysiologic states as well as its suitability as a potential therapeutic target in selected immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohnuma
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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50
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Reinhold D, Biton A, Goihl A, Pieper S, Lendeckel U, Faust J, Neubert K, Bank U, Täger M, Ansorge S, Brocke S. Dual inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and aminopeptidase N suppresses inflammatory immune responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1110:402-9. [PMID: 17911455 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1423.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ectopeptidases dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) are known to regulate T cell activation. Since selective inhibitors of DP IV and APN suppress DNA synthesis and cytokine production of stimulated T cells in a TGF-beta1-dependent manner, we tested whether combined application of DP IV and APN inhibitors enhances this immunomodulatory effect. The results show that simultaneous application of DP IV and APN inhibitors significantly suppressed DNA synthesis in mitogen- or anti-CD3-stimulated human T cells in vitro when compared to the use of a single DP IV or APN inhibitor. Moreover, the combined action of DP IV and APN inhibitors markedly increased TGF-beta1 production associated with the observed immunosuppressive effects. In vivo, targeting both DP IV and APN led to a potent treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes the evidence for the role of both enzymes in T cell activation in vitro and in vivo and provides a rationale for using combined and dual peptidase inhibitors to treat autoimmune diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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