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Mahomoodally MF, Atalay A, Nancy Picot MC, Bender O, Celebi E, Mollica A, Zengin G. Chemical, biological and molecular modelling analyses to probe into the pharmacological potential of Antidesma madagascariense Lam.: A multifunctional agent for developing novel therapeutic formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:425-435. [PMID: 30216791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antidesma madagascariense Lam. (AM), an indigenous medicinal plant to the Mascarene Islands, is used for the treatment of several diseases. We endeavoured to validate its use via evaluating the kinetics of inhibition of crude aqueous extract (CAE) and crude methanol extract (CME) of AM against key metabolic enzymes (pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase [CEase], acetylcholinesterase [AChE], and urease). In vitro antiglycation, antioxidant, cytotoxicity using iCELLigence real time cell analysis system and WST-1 methods, were used. LC-ESI-MS/MS was employed to determine the phenolic composition of the extracts and interaction of selected compounds to the studied enzymes was determined using in silico docking. AChE was inhibited by the CME of AM and CEase by the CAE. Both extracts were active inhibitors of urease and pancreatic lipase. Hyperoside (271.97 μg/g extract), present in large amount in the CME, docked to the enzymatic pocket of urease and CEase. The extracts showed competitive and mixed inhibition of urease and pancreatic lipase, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the CME (6.61 μg GAE/mg crude extract) was higher compared to CAE (2.20 μg GAE/mg crude extract). AM extracts were significantly (p < 0.05) less potent than aminoguanidine in preventing advanced glycation end products formation. Toxicological screening revealed that both extracts were non-toxic on HEK-293 cells. AM crude extracts at concentrations ranging from 78 to 312 μg/ml did not cause a visible change in cell morphology compared to control. This study supports the safe use of AM as a biomedicine for the management and/or treatment of common non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arzu Atalay
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marie Carene Nancy Picot
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Onur Bender
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evrim Celebi
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
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2
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Dato FM, Sheikh M, Uhl RZ, Schüller AW, Steinkrüger M, Koch P, Neudörfl JM, Gütschow M, Goldfuss B, Pietsch M. ω-Phthalimidoalkyl Aryl Ureas as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cholesterol Esterase. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1833-1847. [PMID: 30004170 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterase (CEase), a serine hydrolase thought to be involved in atherogenesis and thus coronary heart disease, is considered as a target for inhibitor development. We investigated recombinant human and murine CEases with a new fluorometric assay in a structure-activity relationship study of a small library of ω-phthalimidoalkyl aryl ureas. The urea motif with an attached 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group and the aromatic character of the ω-phthalimide residue were most important for inhibitory activity. In addition, an alkyl chain composed of three or four methylene groups, connecting the urea and phthalimide moieties, was found to be an optimal spacer for inhibitors. The so-optimized compounds 2 [1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)urea] and 21 [1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)butyl)urea] exhibited dissociation constants (Ki ) of 1-19 μm on the two CEases and showed either a competitive (2 on the human enzyme and 21 on the murine enzyme) or a noncompetitive mode of inhibition. Two related serine hydrolases-monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase-were inhibited by ω-phthalimidoalkyl aryl ureas to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Dato
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Sheikh
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rocky Z Uhl
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra W Schüller
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Steinkrüger
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Koch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Singh JV, Kaur A, Bhagat K, Gupta MK, Singh M, Singh H, Bedi PMS. 5,6-Benzoflavones as cholesterol esterase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:490-502. [PMID: 30108939 PMCID: PMC6072486 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00565b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a continued effort to develop potent cholesterol esterase (CEase) inhibitors, a series of 5,6-benzoflavone derivatives was rationally designed and synthesized by changing the position of the benzene ring attached to the flavone skeleton in previously reported 7,8-benzoflavones. All the synthesized compounds were checked for their inhibitory potential against cholesterol esterase (CEase) using a spectrophotometric assay. Among the series of forty compounds, seven derivatives (B-10 to B-16) exhibited above 90 percent inhibition against CEase in an in vitro enzymatic assay. Compound B-16 showed the most promising activity with an IC50 value of 0.73 nM against cholesterol esterase. To determine the type of inhibition, enzyme kinetic studies were carried out for B-16, which revealed its mixed-type inhibition approach. Moreover, to figure out the key binding interactions of B-16 with the amino acid residues of the enzyme's active site, molecular protein-ligand docking studies were also performed. B-16 completely blocks the catalytic assembly of CEase and prevents it from participating in the ester hydrolysis mechanism. The favorable binding conformation of B-16 suggests its prevailing role as a CEase inhibitor. Overall, the study showed that the cis-orientation of ring A with respect to the carbonyl group of ring C is responsible for the potent CEase inhibitory activity of the newly synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; Tel: +919463148367 ; Tel: +919815698249
| | - Anumeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; Tel: +919463148367 ; Tel: +919815698249
| | - Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; Tel: +919463148367 ; Tel: +919815698249
| | - Manish K Gupta
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre , The Energy and Resources Institute , TERI Gram , Gual Pahari , Gurugram , Haryana 122001 , India
| | - Manwinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lovely Professional University , Phagwara , Punjab 144411 , India
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; Tel: +919463148367 ; Tel: +919815698249
| | - Preet Mohinder S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab 143005 , India . ; Tel: +919463148367 ; Tel: +919815698249
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4
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Benzoflavones as cholesterol esterase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:850-854. [PMID: 28117203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A library of forty 7,8-benzoflavone derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory potential against cholesterol esterase (CEase). Among all the synthesized compounds seven benzoflavone derivatives (A-7, A-8, A-10, A-11, A-12, A-13, A-15) exhibited significant inhibition against CEase in in vitro enzymatic assay. Compound A-12 showed the most promising activity with IC50 value of 0.78nM against cholesterol esterase. Enzyme kinetic studies carried out for A-12, revealed its mixed-type inhibition approach. Molecular protein-ligand docking studies were also performed to figure out the key binding interactions of A-12 with the amino acid residues of the enzyme's active site. The A-12 fits well at the catalytic site and is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. It completely blocks the catalytic assembly of CEase and prevents it to participate in ester hydrolysis mechanism. The favorable binding conformation of A-12 suggests its prevailing role as CEase inhibitor.
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Su J, Wang H, Ma C, Liu C, Gao C, Nie R, Tanver Rahman MR. Hypocholesterolaemic mechanism of bitter melon aqueous extracts via inhibition of pancreatic cholesterol esterase and reduction of cholesterol micellar solubility. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 67:20-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1121470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wei Y, Peng AY, Wang B, Ma L, Peng G, Du Y, Tang J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphorylated flavonoids as potent and selective inhibitors of cholesterol esterase. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 74:751-8. [PMID: 23601990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphorylated flavonoids were synthesized and investigated in vitro as inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The results showed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited nanomolar potency against CEase, much better than the parent flavonoids. Furthermore, these phosphorylated flavonoids demonstrated good to high selectivity for CEase over AChE, which only showed micromolar potency inhibition of AChE. The most selective and potent inhibitor of CEase (3e) had IC₅₀ value of 0.72 nM and 11800-fold selectivity for CEase over AChE. The structure-activity relationships revealed that the free hydroxyl group at position 5 and phosphate group at position 7 of the phosphorylated flavonoids are favorable to the inhibition of CEase. The inhibition mechanism and kinetic characterization studies indicated that they are irreversible competitive inhibitors of CEase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Wei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ai-Yun Peng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha 410428, China
| | - Yidan Du
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingming Tang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
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7
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Peng G, Du Y, Wei Y, Tang J, Peng AY, Rao L. A new synthesis of fully phosphorylated flavones as potent pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2530-4. [PMID: 21340062 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00640h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five flavones possessing one to four phenolic groups were fully phosphorylated efficiently and the obtained compounds showed excellent pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) inhibitory activities with IC(50) in the nanomolar range, which were much more potent than their parent compounds. The inhibition mechanism and kinetic characterization studies indicate that they are irreversible competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Peng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha 410428, China
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Calero-Rueda O, Barba V, Rodríguez E, Plou F, Martínez ÁT, Martínez MJ. Study of a sterol esterase secreted by Ophiostoma piceae: Sequence, model and biochemical properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1099-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Heynekamp JJ, Hunsaker LA, Vander Jagt TA, Royer RE, Deck LM, Vander Jagt DL. Isocoumarin-based inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5285-94. [PMID: 18353652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase), which is secreted from the exocrine pancreas, is a serine hydrolase that aids in the bile salt-dependent hydrolysis of dietary cholesteryl esters and contributes to the hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids. Additional roles for CEase in intestinal micelle formation and in transport of free cholesterol to the enterocyte have been suggested. There also are studies that point to a pathological role(s) for CEase in the circulation where CEase accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions and triggers proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Thus, there is interest in CEase as a potential drug target. 4-Chloro-3-alkoxyisocoumarins are a class of haloenol lactones that inhibit serine hydrolases and serine proteases and have the potential to be suicide inhibitors. In the present study, we have developed 3-alkoxychloroisocoumarins that are potent inhibitors of CEase. These inhibitors were designed to have a saturated cycloalkane ring incorporated into a 3-alkoxy substituent. The size of the ring as well as the length of the tether holding the ring was found to be important contributors to binding to CEase. 4-Chloro-3-(4-cyclohexylbutoxy)isocoumarin and 4-chloro-3-(3-cyclopentylpropoxy)isocoumarin were demonstrated to be potent reversible inhibitors of CEase, with dissociation constants of 11nM and 19nM, respectively. The kinetic results are consistent with predictions from molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Heynekamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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10
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Code JE, Perko KE, Yourtee DM, Holder AJ, Kostoryz E. A semi-empirical computational model for the inhibition of porcine cholesterol esterase. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2007; 18:1457-74. [PMID: 17961327 DOI: 10.1163/156856207782246849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterase significantly contributes to cell membrane structure. It also facilitates transfer of cholesterol and phospholipids across membranes. Inhibition of this enzyme by a number of xenobiotics has been reported. This research sought to confirm if a widely used methacrylate monomer, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, inhibits porcine cholesterol esterase since this and other methacrylates are known to leach from various biomaterial preparations. A quantum mechanically developed computational chemistry model is presented. Specific chemical information linking potential mechanisms of cholesterol esterase inhibition to chemical structure is shown. Model chemical descriptors identified the importance of maximum oxygen valency and molecular shape/size to cholesterol esterase inhibition. A porcine cholesterol esterase inhibition mechanism is inherent in bisphenol A dimethacrylate which mimics chemical properties of reported cholesterol esterase inhibitors. This predictive semiempirical quantum mechanical model can be used to design new cholesterol esterase non-inhibitors for biocompatible biomaterials used in an aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Code
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Xiang H, Masuo S, Hoshino T, Takaya N. Novel family of cholesterol esterases produced by actinomycetes bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:112-20. [PMID: 17161031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although cholesterol esterase (CHE; EC 3.1.1.13) is widespread in nature, CHEs from Streptomyces lavendulae and Streptomyces sp. X9 are the only known CHEs produced by actinomycetes. We purified CHEs from S. avermitilis JCM5070, and S. griseus IFO13350 and identified four new CHEs from actinomycetes. The enzymic properties of the CHEs from Streptomyces sp. X9, S. avermitilis, and S. griseus including substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors and optimal conditions for catalysis were similar. We identified genes for the CHEs from Streptomyces sp. X9 and S. avermitilis and the encoded predicted sequences comprised 217 and 214 amino acid residues, respectively, with 64% similarity. The CHEs from Streptomyces sp. X9 and S. avermitilis were also 54 and 57% similar, respectively, to S. lavendulae CHE, indicating that these CHEs are orthologs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they are distantly related to the conventional lipase/esterase type CHEs from mammals, yeasts and other bacteria. The actinomycetes CHEs did not have the Gly-Xaa-Ser-Xaa-Gly sequence that is conserved in the lipase/esterase family. A database search showed that orthologs of this type of CHE were restricted to actinomycetes. These findings imply that the actinomycetes CHEs constitute a novel family of cholesterol esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xiang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM, Moulton BE, Taylor IE, Duhme-Klair AK, Sawle P, Motterlini R. η1-2-Pyrone metal carbonyl complexes as CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs): A delicate balance between stability and CO liberation. Dalton Trans 2007:3603-5. [PMID: 17700821 DOI: 10.1039/b707377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of the CO releasing ability of iron(II) and molybdenum(II) complexes has facilitated the discovery of the most rapid CO releaser, namely [Mo(CO)(3)(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(eta(1)-{O}-C{=O}-O-CMe=CH-COMe=CBr)]BF(4) (CORM-F10), reported to date. The rate of CO release is related to the overall solution phase stability of the transition metal carbonyl complex. The cytotoxicity and vasodilatory properties of CORM-F10 have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK, YO10 5DD.
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Fairlamb IJS, Duhme-Klair AK, Lynam JM, Moulton BE, O'Brien CT, Sawle P, Hammad J, Motterlini R. η4-Pyrone iron(0)carbonyl complexes as effective CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:995-8. [PMID: 16289810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The CO-releasing properties of iron(0)tricarbonyl complexes bearing a 2-pyrone ligand have been evaluated. In this report, we demonstrate that the intrinsic stability of the (eta4-2-pyrone)Fe(CO)3 complex influences the extent and rate of CO release, which is affected by the presence of a halogen substituent on the 2-pyrone ring. The cell viability index has been highlighted for the active carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), demonstrating that these complexes and related derivatives are a promising new class of compounds with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Pietsch M, Gütschow M. Synthesis of tricyclic 1,3-oxazin-4-ones and kinetic analysis of cholesterol esterase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. J Med Chem 2006; 48:8270-88. [PMID: 16366609 DOI: 10.1021/jm0508639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of thieno[1,3]oxazin-4-ones and thieno[1,3]thiazin-4-ones were synthesized and investigated as inhibitors of the alpha/beta hydrolases cholesterol esterase (CEase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The introduction of a cycloaliphatic five- or six-membered ring fused at the thiophene was favorable for CEase inhibition. Such compounds were analyzed as true alternate substrate inhibitors. 6,7-Dihydro-2-(dimethylamino)-4H,5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-one (33) exhibited a K(i) value of 630 nM and excelled in its low susceptibility to CEase-catalyzed degradation. Compound 33 and its analogues did not inhibit AChE. The introduction of a tetrahydropyrido ring with bulky hydrophobic substituents at the basic nitrogen provided inhibitors of AChE which were completely inactive toward CEase. 7-Benzyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(N-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-N-methylamino)-4H-pyrido[4',3':4,5]thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-one (21) had the IC(50) value of 330 nM for AChE inhibition. A residual enzymatic activity at an infinite inhibitor concentration and thus a catalytically active ternary enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex was concluded. To specify kinetic parameters of inhibition, a new method was derived to characterize selected thieno[1,3]oxazin-4-ones as hyperbolic mixed-type inhibitors of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pietsch
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Kreuzbergweg 26, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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15
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Acyl transfer strategy for the biocatalytical characterisation of Candida rugosa lipases in organic solvents. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Domínguez de María P, Sánchez-Montero JM, Sinisterra JV, Alcántara AR. Understanding Candida rugosa lipases: an overview. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 24:180-96. [PMID: 16288844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is one of the enzymes most frequently used in biotransformations. However, there are some irreproducibility problems inherent to this biocatalyst, attributed either to differences in lipase loading and isoenzymatic profile or to other medium-engineering effects (temperature, a(w), choice of solvent, etc.). In addition, some other properties (influence of substrate and reaction conditions on the lid movement, differences in the glycosylation degree, post-translational modifications) should not be ruled out. In the present paper the recent developments published in the CRL field are overviewed, focusing on: (a) comparison of structural and biochemical data among isoenzymes (Lip1-Lip5), and their influence in the biocatalytical performance; (b) developments in fermentation technology to achieve new crude C. rugosa lipases; (c) biocatalytical reactivity of each isoenzyme, and methods for characterising them in crude CRL; (d) state-of-the-art of new applications performed with recombinant CRLs, both in CRL-second generation (wild-type recombinant enzymes), as well as in CRL-third generation, (mutants of the wt-CRL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Domínguez de María
- Biotransformations Group, Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n. E-28040, Madrid, Spain
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17
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McGlacken GP, Fairlamb IJS. 2-Pyrone natural products and mimetics: isolation, characterisation and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 22:369-85. [PMID: 16010346 DOI: 10.1039/b416651p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The review summarises natural products containing the 2-pyrone moiety. An emphasis has been placed upon the biological activity associated with 2-pyrones, particularly with respect to potential therapeutic or anti-microbial agents. Where appropriate, non-natural 2-pyrone analogues are discussed, particularly those derived from natural product lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK YO10 5DD
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Kaphalia BS, Mericle KA, Ansari GAS. Mechanism of differential inhibition of hepatic and pancreatic fatty acid ethyl ester synthase by inhibitors of serine-esterases: in vitro and cell culture studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 200:7-15. [PMID: 15451303 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Earlier, we have shown that rat hepatic and pancreatic fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) synthases are structurally and functionally similar to rat liver carboxylesterase (CE) and pancreatic cholesterol esterase (ChE), respectively. We have also reported that only hepatic FAEE synthase is inhibited by tri-o-tolylphosphate (TOTP) in vivo and in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The metabolism of TOTP is a prerequisite for the inhibition of hepatic FAEE synthase as well as esterase activity. To further elucidate the mechanism of such differential inhibition by inhibitors of serine esterases, we synthesized two metabolites of TOTP, 2-(o-cresyl)-4H-1:3:2-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one (CBDP; cyclic saligenin phosphate) and di-o-tolyl-o-( proportional, variant -hydroxy)tolylphosphate (HO-TOTP), and one ChE inhibitor, 3-benzyl-6-chloro-2-pyrone (3-BCP). The inhibitory effect of CBDP, HO-TOTP, and 3-BCP on FAEE synthase and esterase activity was studied using rat hepatic and pancreatic postnuclear (PN) fractions, commercial porcine hepatic CE and pancreatic ChE, and in HepG2 and rat pancreatic tumor (AR42J) cell lines. Only HO-TOTP and CBDP inhibited FAEE synthase as well as esterase activity of hepatic PN fraction and commercial CE and ChE in a concentration-dependent manner, and the inhibition was found to be irreversible. However, no inhibition was found in pancreatic PN fraction by both TOTP metabolites and 3-BCP. Although 3-BCP inhibited only the esterase activity of commercial ChE in a concentration-dependent manner, the activity was reversible within 30 min of incubation. Studies with HepG2 cells also showed a significant inhibition of FAEE synthase-esterase activity by CBDP and HO-TOTP within 15 min of incubation, while no inhibition was observed in AR42J cells. 3-BCP did not inhibit FAEE synthase-esterase activity either in HepG2 or AR42J cells. Such differential inhibitory effect of the TOTP metabolites on hepatic and pancreatic FAEE synthase-esterase is supported by our earlier in vivo and in vitro studies. Further investigations are needed to understand the biochemical mechanism(s) of inactivation of TOTP metabolites and 3-BCP in the pancreas and AR42J cells towards FAEE synthase-esterase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra S Kaphalia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2002; 19:1183-90. [PMID: 12371408 DOI: 10.1002/yea.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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