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Yang J, Dong X, Wen H, Li Y, Wang X, Yan S, Zuo C, Lyu L, Zhang K, Qi X. FGFs function in regulating myoblasts differentiation in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 347:114426. [PMID: 38103843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of structurally related peptides that regulate processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and damage repair. In our previous study, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (fgfr4) was detected in the most significant quantitative trait loci (QTL), when identified of QTLs and genetic markers for growth-related traits in spotted sea bass. However, knowledge of the function of fgfr4 is lacking, even the legends to activate the receptor is unknown in fish. To remedy this problem, in the present study, a total of 33 fgfs were identified from the genomic and transcriptomic databases of spotted sea bass, of which 10 were expressed in the myoblasts. According to the expression pattern during myoblasts proliferation and differentiation, fgf6a, fgf6b and fgf18 were selected for further prokaryotic expression and purification. The recombinant proteins FGF6a, FGF6b and FGF18 were found to inhibit myoblast differentiation. Overall, our results provide a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanisms of growth regulation in economic fish such as spotted sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Ximeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Shaojing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Chenpeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Likang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Kaiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003.
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Wang Y, Lu J, Liu Y. Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113380. [PMID: 36362166 PMCID: PMC9657523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries occur frequently in daily life and exercise. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration is critical for accelerating the repair and regeneration of muscle. Therefore, this article reviews knowledge on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. The process of regeneration is similar in different mouse strains and is inhibited by aging, obesity, and diabetes. Exercise, microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation, and mechanical loading improve regeneration. The mechanisms of regeneration are complex and strain-dependent, and changes in functional proteins involved in the processes of necrotic fiber debris clearance, M1 to M2 macrophage conversion, SC activation, myoblast proliferation, differentiation and fusion, and fibrosis and calcification influence the final outcome of the regenerative activity.
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3
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Waldemer-Streyer RJ, Kim D, Chen J. Muscle cell-derived cytokines in skeletal muscle regeneration. FEBS J 2022; 289:6463-6483. [PMID: 35073461 PMCID: PMC9308828 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of the mammalian adult skeletal muscle is a well-orchestrated process regulated by multiple proteins and signalling pathways. Cytokines constitute a major class of regulators of skeletal myogenesis. It is well established that infiltrating immune cells at the site of muscle injury secrete cytokines, which play critical roles in the myofibre repair and regeneration process. In the past 10-15 years, skeletal muscle itself has emerged as a prolific producer of cytokines. Much attention in the field has been focused on the endocrine effects of muscle-secreted cytokines (myokines) on metabolic regulation. However, ample evidence suggests that muscle-derived cytokines also regulate myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration in an autocrine manner. In this review, we survey cytokines that meet two criteria: (a) evidence of expression by muscle cells; (b) evidence demonstrating a myogenic function. Dozens of cytokines representing several major classes make up this group, and together they regulate all steps of the myogenic process. How such a large array of cytokines coordinate their signalling to form a regulatory network is a fascinating, pressing question. Functional studies that can distinguish the source of the cytokines in vivo are also much needed in order to facilitate exploration of their full therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
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Abouel Azm FR, Kong F, Wang X, Zhu W, Yu H, Long X, Tan Q. The Interaction of Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles (DDGS) Type and Level on Growth Performance, Health, Texture, and Muscle-Related Gene Expression in Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Front Nutr 2022; 9:832651. [PMID: 35571945 PMCID: PMC9097502 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.832651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the possible synergetic effects of the two levels of dietary dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) from different sources (US-imported and native) on the growth, health status, muscle texture, and muscle growth-related gene expression of juvenile grass carp. Four treatments of fish were fed with 4 isonitrogenous diets, namely, native DDGS20, native DDGS30, US-imported DDGS20, and US-imported DDGS30 for 60 days. The US-imported DDGS30 group showed the better growth and feed efficiency. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in hepatopancreatic total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in native DDGS groups. Moreover, raw muscle collagen increases considerably in the US-imported DDGS30 compared with the native DDGS30 group. In comparison with the native DDGS groups, the US-imported DDGS groups showed significantly decrease in all textural properties and fiber density, while increased fiber diameter. Dietary native DDGS inclusion significantly showed the upregulation of myog, myhc, and fgf6a expression in muscle, while the downregulation of the expression of myod and myf5. Overall, US-imported DDGS30 had a beneficial influence on growth via regulating genes involved in myogenesis and hypertrophy, the formation of collagen, but had negative impacts on antioxidant capacity and cooked muscle texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ragab Abouel Azm
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Fanshuang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhuan Zhu
- Fisheries Technology Extension and Guidance Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Haojie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianmei Long
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingsong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
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5
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Hu Z, Chen P, Wang L, Zhu Y, Chen G, Chen Y, Hu Z, Mei L, You W, Cong W, Jin L, Wang X, Wang Y, Guan X. FGF6 promotes cardiac repair after myocardial infarction by inhibiting the Hippo pathway. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13221. [PMID: 35355356 PMCID: PMC9136516 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Myocardial infarction (MI) commonly occurs in patients with coronary artery disease and have high mortality. Current clinical strategies for MI still limited to reducing the death of myocardial cells but failed to replace these cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6) in enhancing the proliferative potential of cardiomyocytes (CMs) after ischemic injury via the Hippo pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of FGF6 protein was analysed in mice with MI induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Activation of the Hippo pathway and the proliferation potential were examined in ischemic CMs, treated with FGF6 protein or transfected with an adeno-virus carrying FGF6 sh-RNA. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed to assess the relationship between FGF6 and the Hippo pathway. RESULTS We found that FGF6 expression was significantly increased in the MI mouse model. Knockdown of FGF6 synthesis resulted in poorer heart function after MI. By contrast, treatment with recombinant human FGF6 protein improved heart function, reduced infarct size, and promoted cardiac repair. Additionally, FGF6 restrains the activation of the Hippo pathway and subsequently promotes nuclear accumulation of YAP. This was largely counteracted by treatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor U0126. CONCLUSION FGF6 inhibits the Hippo pathway via ERK1/2, and facilitates nuclear translocation of YAP, and thereby promotes cardiac repair after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Gen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yunjie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo first Hospital, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weijing You
- School of Medical Technology, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Weitao Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Litai Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xueqiang Guan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
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6
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Cai Q, Wu G, Zhu M, Ge H, Xue C, Zhang Q, Cheng B, Xu S, Wu P. FGF6 enhances muscle regeneration after nerve injury by relying on ERK1/2 mechanism. Life Sci 2020; 248:117465. [PMID: 32105707 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe peripheral nerve injury leads to skeletal muscle atrophy and impaired limb function that is not sufficiently improved by existing treatments. Fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6) is involved in tissue regeneration and is dysregulated in denervated rat muscles. However, the way that FGF6 affects skeletal muscle repair after peripheral nerve injury has not been fully elucidated. METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of FGF6 in the regeneration of denervated muscles using myoblast cells and an in vivo model of peripheral nerve injury. RESULTS FGF6 promoted the viability and migration of C2C12 and primary myoblasts in a dose-dependent manner through FGFR1-mediated upregulation of cyclin D1. Low concentrations of FGF6 promoted myoblast differentiation through FGFR4-mediated activation of ERK1/2, which upregulated expression of MyHC, MyoD, and myogenin. FGFR-1, FGFR4, MyoD, and myogenin were not upregulated when FGF6 expression was inhibited in myoblasts by shRNA-mediated knockdown. Injection of FGF6 into denervated rat muscles enhanced the MyHC-IIb muscle fiber phenotype and prevented muscular atrophy. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that FGF6 reduces skeletal muscle atrophy by relying on the ERK1/2 mechanism and enhances the conversion of slow muscle to fast muscle fibers, thereby promoting functional recovery of regenerated skeletal muscle after innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Genbin Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Heng''an Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qing''gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Sudan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
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7
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Yang Y, Zhou H, Hou L, Xing K, Shu H. Transcriptional profiling of skeletal muscle reveals starvation response and compensatory growth in Spinibarbus hollandi. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:938. [PMID: 31805873 PMCID: PMC6896686 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinibarbus hollandi is an economically important fish species in southern China. This fish is known to have nutritional and medicinal properties; however, its farming is limited by its slow growth rate. In the present study, we observed that a compensatory growth phenomenon could be induced by adequate refeeding following 7 days of fasting in S. hollandi. To understand the starvation response and compensatory growth mechanisms in this fish, the muscle transcriptomes of S. hollandi under control, fasting, and refeeding conditions were profiled using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. RESULTS More than 4.45 × 108 quality-filtered 150-base-pair Illumina reads were obtained from all nine muscle samples. De novo assemblies yielded a total of 156,735 unigenes, among which 142,918 (91.18%) could be annotated in at least one available database. After 7 days of fasting, 2422 differentially expressed genes were detected, including 1510 up-regulated genes and 912 down-regulated genes. Genes involved in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly up-regulated, and genes associated with the cell cycle, DNA replication, and immune and cellular structures were inhibited during fasting. After refeeding, 84 up-regulated genes and 16 down-regulated genes were identified. Many genes encoding the components of myofibers were significantly up-regulated. Histological analysis of muscle verified the important role of muscle hypertrophy in compensatory growth. CONCLUSION In the present work, we reported the transcriptome profiles of S. hollandi muscle under different conditions. During fasting, the genes involved in the mobilization of stored energy were up-regulated, while the genes associated with growth were down-regulated. After refeeding, muscle hypertrophy contributed to the recovery of growth. The results of this study may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the starvation response and compensatory growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Huiqiang Zhou
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Ke Xing
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Hu Shu
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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8
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Xu Y, Tan Q, Hu P, Yao J. Characterization and expression analysis of FGF6 (fibroblast growth factor 6) genes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) reveal their regulation on muscle growth. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1649-1662. [PMID: 31140072 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the regulative function of FGF6 in the muscle growth of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by the bioinformatics analysis and expression pattern analyses of FGF6 genes in different developmental stages and tissues, as well as the correlation analysis between muscle growth and FGF6 expression after fish were fed with different levels of dietary lotus leaf flavonoids (LLF) (0, 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09%). Results showed that the FGF6a and FGF6b genes are two homologs of the FGF6 family, encoding 205 and 209 amino acids, respectively. Alignment of amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that FGF6a and FGF6b are highly conserved with other vertebrates. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed both FGF6a and FGF6b expressions were high in brain and muscle but low in other examined tissues. During embryonic development, FGF6a and FGF6b mRNA expressions could be detected as early as at fertilized egg stage and displayed the highest value at cleavage stage. Dietary LLF affected the gene expression of FGF6 in white muscle. The relative expression of FGF6a of 0.06% LLF group was significantly higher than that of 0.09% LLF group, while FGF6b expression of 0.06% LLF group was higher than those of other groups (P < 0.05). The muscle fiber diameter was significantly higher in 0.06% LLF group in comparison with other groups, while the fiber density in this group was lower (P < 0.05). Both FGF6a and FGF6b expressions were positively correlated with fiber diameter but negatively correlated with fiber density. These results collectively suggest that FGF6a and FGF6b play an important role in muscle growth regulation in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyan Xu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingsong Tan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, China.
| | - Pengcheng Hu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Junpeng Yao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, China
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9
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Hayes MN, McCarthy K, Jin A, Oliveira ML, Iyer S, Garcia SP, Sindiri S, Gryder B, Motala Z, Nielsen GP, Borg JP, van de Rijn M, Malkin D, Khan J, Ignatius MS, Langenau DM. Vangl2/RhoA Signaling Pathway Regulates Stem Cell Self-Renewal Programs and Growth in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:414-427.e6. [PMID: 29499154 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth and relapse are driven by tumor propagating cells (TPCs). However, mechanisms regulating TPC fate choices, maintenance, and self-renewal are not fully understood. Here, we show that Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2), a core regulator of the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway, affects TPC self-renewal in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)-a pediatric cancer of muscle. VANGL2 is expressed in a majority of human RMS and within early mononuclear progenitor cells. VANGL2 depletion inhibited cell proliferation, reduced TPC numbers, and induced differentiation of human RMS in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Using a zebrafish model of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), we determined that Vangl2 expression enriches for TPCs and promotes their self-renewal. Expression of constitutively active and dominant-negative isoforms of RHOA revealed that it acts downstream of VANGL2 to regulate proliferation and maintenance of TPCs in human RMS. Our studies offer insights into pathways that control TPCs and identify new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline N Hayes
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karin McCarthy
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Jin
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mariana L Oliveira
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sara P Garcia
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Berkley Gryder
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zainab Motala
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ UM105, Inst Paoli Calmettes, UMR7258 CNRS, U1068 INSERM, "Cell Polarity, Cell signalling and Cancer - Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer," Marseille, France
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Myron S Ignatius
- Molecular Medicine and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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10
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Zheng J, Wang S, Yang H, Chen Z, Huang S, Zhao T, Pan X, Fernig DG, Jiang C, Li X, Tian H. Large-Scale Expression, Purification of Bioactive Recombinant Human FGF6 in E. coli and the Mechanisms of Its Myocardial Protection. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Lopes G, Castro LFC, Valente LMP. Total substitution of dietary fish oil by vegetable oils stimulates muscle hypertrophic growth in Senegalese sole and the upregulation of fgf6. Food Funct 2017; 8:1869-1879. [PMID: 28426081 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The long term effects of fish oil (FO) substitution by increasing the levels of vegetable oils (VO), 0% (CTR), 50% (VO50) and 100% (VO100), in diets for Senegalese sole were evaluated in terms of skeletal muscle cellularity and expression of related genes. After 140 days of feeding, all fish had similar body weight and length. The inclusion of 50% VO did not result in differences in muscle cellularity, but dorsal muscle cross-sectional area and fast-twitch fibre diameter increased in fish fed total FO substitution, whilst fibre density was reduced (P < 0.05) in relation to CTR. The total number of fibres was similar in all treatments. FO substitution did not affect the transcript levels of myogenic genes (myf5, mrf4, myog, myod1, myod2), but resulted in a two-fold increase of fgf6 transcript levels compared to CTR (P < 0.05). The relative expression of igf-I was higher in VO100 than in VO50, but was similar to CTR. FO substitution resulted in cellularity changes related to the stimulation of muscle hypertrophic growth, but not hyperplastic growth, and associated with a nutritional modulation of fgf6 by dietary VO. This study indicates that 50% VO does not affect the muscle phenotype, but total FO substitution stimulates muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciliana Lopes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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12
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Bioinductive Scaffolds—Powerhouses of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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El Agha E, Kosanovic D, Schermuly RT, Bellusci S. Role of fibroblast growth factors in organ regeneration and repair. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 53:76-84. [PMID: 26459973 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In its broad sense, regeneration refers to the renewal of lost cells, tissues or organs as part of the normal life cycle (skin, hair, endometrium etc.) or as part of an adaptive mechanism that organisms have developed throughout evolution. For example, worms, starfish and amphibians have developed remarkable regenerative capabilities allowing them to voluntarily shed body parts, in a process called autotomy, only to replace the lost parts afterwards. The bizarre myth of the fireproof homicidal salamander that can survive fire and poison apple trees has persisted until the 20th century. Salamanders possess one of the most robust regenerative machineries in vertebrates and attempting to draw lessons from limb regeneration in these animals and extrapolate the knowledge to mammals is a never-ending endeavor. Fibroblast growth factors are potent morphogens and mitogens that are highly conserved among the animal kingdom. These growth factors play key roles in organogenesis during embryonic development as well as homeostatic balance during postnatal life. In this review, we provide a summary about the current knowledge regarding the involvement of fibroblast growth factor signaling in organ regeneration and repair. We also shed light on the use of these growth factors in previous and current clinical trials in a wide array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
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Heinzle C, Erdem Z, Paur J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Holzmann K, Grusch M, Berger W, Marian B. Is fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 a suitable target of cancer therapy? Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:2881-98. [PMID: 23944363 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR) support cell proliferation, survival and migration during embryonic development, organogenesis and tissue maintenance and their deregulation is frequently observed in cancer development and progression. Consequently, increasing efforts are focusing on the development of strategies to target FGF/FGFR signaling for cancer therapy. Among the FGFRs the family member FGFR4 is least well understood and differs from FGFRs1-3 in several aspects. Importantly, FGFR4 deletion does not lead to an embryonic lethal phenotype suggesting the possibility that its inhibition in cancer therapy might not cause grave adverse effects. In addition, the FGFR4 kinase domain differs sufficiently from those of FGFRs1-3 to permit development of highly specific inhibitors. The oncogenic impact of FGFR4, however, is not undisputed, as the FGFR4-mediated hormonal effects of several FGF ligands may also constitute a tissue-protective tumor suppressor activity especially in the liver. Therefore it is the purpose of this review to summarize all relevant aspects of FGFR4 physiology and pathophysiology and discuss the options of targeting this receptor for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brigitte Marian
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Baoge L, Van Den Steen E, Rimbaut S, Philips N, Witvrouw E, Almqvist KF, Vanderstraeten G, Vanden Bossche LC. Treatment of skeletal muscle injury: a review. ISRN ORTHOPEDICS 2012; 2012:689012. [PMID: 24977084 PMCID: PMC4063193 DOI: 10.5402/2012/689012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries are the most common sports-related injuries and present a challenge in primary care and sports medicine. Most types of muscle injuries would follow three stages: the acute inflammatory and degenerative phase, the repair phase and the remodeling phase. Present conservative treatment includes RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physical therapy. However, if use improper, NSAIDs may suppress an essential inflammatory phase in the healing of injured skeletal muscle. Furthermore, it remains controversial whether or not they have adverse effects on the healing process or on the tensile strength. However, several growth factors might promote the regeneration of injured skeletal muscle, many novel treatments have involved on enhancing complete functional recovery. Exogenous growth factors have been shown to regulate satellite cell proliferation, differentiation and fusion in myotubes in vivo and in vitro, TGF-β1 antagonists behave as inhibitors of TGF-β1. They prevent collagen deposition and block formation of muscle fibrosis, so that a complete functional recovery can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baoge
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Xili 6, Beijing 100050, China
| | - E Van Den Steen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Rimbaut
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Philips
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Witvrouw
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K F Almqvist
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Vanderstraeten
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L C Vanden Bossche
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Conceição LEC, Aragão C, Dias J, Costas B, Terova G, Martins C, Tort L. Dietary nitrogen and fish welfare. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:119-41. [PMID: 22212981 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Little research has been done in optimizing the nitrogenous fraction of the fish diets in order to minimize welfare problems. The purpose of this review is to give an overview on how amino acid (AA) metabolism may be affected when fish are under stress and the possible effects on fish welfare when sub-optimal dietary nitrogen formulations are used to feed fish. In addition, it intends to evaluate the current possibilities, and future prospects, of using improved dietary nitrogen formulations to help fish coping with predictable stressful periods. Both metabolomic and genomic evidence show that stressful husbandry conditions affect AA metabolism in fish and may bring an increase in the requirement of indispensable AA. Supplementation in arginine and leucine, but also eventually in lysine, methionine, threonine and glutamine, may have an important role in enhancing the innate immune system. Tryptophan, as precursor for serotonin, modulates aggressive behaviour and feed intake in fish. Bioactive peptides may bring important advances in immunocompetence, disease control and other aspects of welfare of cultured fish. Fishmeal replacement may reduce immune competence, and the full nutritional potential of plant-protein ingredients is attained only after the removal or inactivation of some antinutritional factors. This review shows that AA metabolism is affected when fish are under stress, and this together with sub-optimal dietary nitrogen formulations may affect fish welfare. Furthermore, improved dietary nitrogen formulations may help fish coping with predictable stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E C Conceição
- CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal,
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17
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Brzoska E, Ciemerych MA, Przewozniak M, Zimowska M. Regulation of Muscle Stem Cells Activation. STEM CELL REGULATORS 2011; 87:239-76. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386015-6.00031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Tanaka Y, Yamaguchi A, Fujikawa T, Sakuma K, Morita I, Ishii K. Expression of mRNA for specific fibroblast growth factors associates with that of the myogenic markers MyoD and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in regenerating and overloaded rat plantaris muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 194:149-59. [PMID: 18429950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the relations between specific fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and satellite cell activation during muscle regeneration and hypertrophy in vivo, we measured mRNA expression of FGFs and myogenic markers in rat plantaris muscle after bupivacaine administration and synergist ablation. METHODS mRNA levels for MyoD, myogenin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p21, M-cadherin, Pax7, FGF-1, FGF-2, FGF-3, FGF-4, FGF-5, FGF-6, FGF-7, FGF-8 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were measured continually for up to 72 h after bupivacaine administration and synergist ablation. FGF-5, FGF-7 and HGF proteins were immunostained at 72 h after bupivacaine administration. RESULTS MyoD and PCNA mRNAs started increasing 24 h after bupivacaine administration. Myogenin, p21, M-cadherin and Pax7 mRNAs started to increase after 48 and 72 h. After synergist ablation, MyoD, PCNA, M-cadherin and Pax7 mRNAs had increased at 24 and 48 h, and myogenin and p21 mRNAs at 12 and 24 h. FGF-1, FGF-7 and HGF mRNAs after the treatments started to increase at the same time as MyoD and PCNA mRNAs. FGF-5 was expressed at the same time as MyoD and PCNA mRNAs after bupivacaine administration but did not after the ablation. FGF-2, FGF-3, FGF-4, FGF-6 and FGF-8 mRNAs were not associated with the expression of the myogenic markers. FGF-7 and HGF proteins were expressed in immature muscle fibre nuclei and the extracellular matrix, but FGF-5 protein was preferentially expressed in extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION These results indicate that FGF-1, FGF-7 and HGF are associated with specific myogenic marker expression during muscle regeneration and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Laboratory of Human Performance and Fitness, Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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19
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Goldstein M, Meller I, Orr-Urtreger A. FGFR1 over-expression in primary rhabdomyosarcoma tumors is associated with hypomethylation of a 5' CpG island and abnormal expression of the AKT1, NOG, and BMP4 genes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:1028-38. [PMID: 17696196 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma likely results from abnormal proliferation and differentiation during skeletal myogenesis. Multiple genetic alterations are associated with the three RMS histopathological subtypes, embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic adult variant. Recently, we reported the novel amplification of the FGFR1 gene in a RMS tumor. The involvement of FGFR1 in RMS was now further studied in primary tumors and RMS cell lines by mutation screening, quantitative RNA expression, and methylation analyses. No mutation was found by DHPLC and sequencing of the entire FGFR1 coding sequence and exon-intron boundaries. However, FGFR1 over-expression was detected in all primary RMS tumors and cell lines tested. A hypomethylation of a CpG island upstream to FGFR1 exon 1 was identified in the primary RMS tumors, using sodium bisulfite modification method, suggesting a molecular mechanism to FGFR1 over-expression. Expression analysis of additional genes, AKT1, NOG and its antagonist BMP4, which interact downstream to FGFR1, demonstrated expression differences between primary RMS tumors and normal skeletal muscles. Our data suggest an important role for FGFR1 and FGFR1-downstream genes in RMS tumorigenesis and a possible association with the deregulation of proliferation and differentiation of skeletal myoblasts in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Goldstein
- Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, 64239 Israel
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20
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Grumbles RM, Casella GTB, Rudinsky MJ, Wood PM, Sesodia S, Bent M, Thomas CK. Long-term delivery of FGF-6 changes the fiber type and fatigability of muscle reinnervated from embryonic neurons transplanted into adult rat peripheral nerve. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1933-42. [PMID: 17492788 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Motoneuron death leads to muscle denervation and atrophy. Transplantation of embryonic neurons into peripheral nerves results in reinnervation and provides a strategy to rescue muscles from atrophy independent of neuron replacement in a damaged or diseased spinal cord. But the count of regenerating axons always exceeds the number of motor units in this model, so target-derived trophic factor levels may limit reinnervation. Our aim was to examine whether long-term infusion of fibroblast growth factor-6 (FGF-6) into denervated medial gastrocnemius muscles improved the function of muscles reinnervated from neurons transplanted into nerve of adult Fischer rats. Factor delivery (10 microg, 4 weeks) began after sciatic nerve transection. After a week of nerve degeneration, 1 million embryonic day 14-15 ventral spinal cord cells were transplanted into the distal tibial stump as a neuron source. Ten weeks later, neurons that expressed motoneuron markers survived in the nerves. More myelinated axons were in nerves to saline-treated muscles than in FGF-6-treated muscles. However, each group showed comparable reductions in muscle fiber atrophy because of reinnervation. Mean reinnervated fiber area was 43%-51% of non-denervated fibers. Denervated fiber area averaged 11%. FGF-6-treated muscles were more fatigable than other reinnervated muscles but had stronger motor units and fewer type I fibers than did saline-treated muscles. FGF-6 thus influenced function by changing the type of fiber reinnervated by transplanted neurons. Deficits in FGF-6 may also contribute to the increase in type I fibers in muscles reinnervated from peripheral axons, suggesting that the effects of FGF-6 on fiber type are independent of the neuron source used for reinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Grumbles
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136-2104, USA
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21
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Laziz I, Armand AS, Pariset C, Lecolle S, Della Gaspera B, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C. Sprouty gene expression is regulated by nerve and FGF6 during regeneration of mouse muscles. Growth Factors 2007; 25:151-9. [PMID: 18049951 DOI: 10.1080/08977190701723166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) proteins were identified as negative regulators of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in vertebrates and invertebrates. Given the importance of the FGFs in myogenesis, we performed cardiotoxin injury-induced regeneration experiments on soleus muscles of both, adult control and FGF6 ( - / - ) mutant mice and analyzed the accumulation of Spry (1, 2 and 4) transcripts using semi-quantitative and real-time RT-PCR assays and in situ hybridization. We also analyzed the effects of muscle denervation on the accumulation of Spry transcripts. The three Spry genes begin to be expressed as early as the first stages of muscle regeneration and are characterized by distinct expression patterns. Moreover, Spry gene expression was highly and differentially up-regulated, precociously by the lack of FGF6, and belatedly by muscle denervation strongly suggesting that the transient rise of Spry mRNA accumulation was associated to muscle differentiation. Rescue experiments supported the idea of a specific relationship between FGF6 and Spry 2, both being known for their particular involvement in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Laziz
- Equipe Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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22
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Stoick-Cooper CL, Moon RT, Weidinger G. Advances in signaling in vertebrate regeneration as a prelude to regenerative medicine. Genes Dev 2007; 21:1292-315. [PMID: 17545465 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1540507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While all animals have evolved strategies to respond to injury and disease, their ability to functionally recover from loss of or damage to organs or appendages varies widely damage to skeletal muscle, but, unlike amphibians and fish, they fail to regenerate heart, lens, retina, or appendages. The relatively young field of regenerative medicine strives to develop therapies aimed at improving regenerative processes in humans and is predicated on >40 years of success with bone marrow transplants. Further progress will be accelerated by implementing knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that regulate regenerative processes in model organisms that naturally possess the ability to regenerate organs and/or appendages. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the signaling pathways that regulate regeneration of amphibian and fish appendages, fish heart, and mammalian liver and skeletal muscle. While the cellular mechanisms and the cell types involved in regeneration of these systems vary widely, it is evident that shared signals are involved in tissue regeneration. Signals provided by the immune system appear to act as triggers of many regenerative processes. Subsequently, pathways that are best known for their importance in regulating embryonic development, in particular fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling (as well as others), are required for progenitor cell formation or activation and for cell proliferation and specification leading to tissue regrowth. Experimental activation of these pathways or interference with signals that inhibit regenerative processes can augment or even trigger regeneration in certain contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi L Stoick-Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Abstract
Somatic stem cell populations participate in the development and regeneration of their host tissues. Skeletal muscle is capable of complete regeneration due to stem cells that reside in skeletal muscle and nonmuscle stem cell populations. However, in severe myopathic diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, this regenerative capacity is exhausted. In the present review, studies will be examined that focus on the origin, gene expression, and coordinated regulation of stem cell populations to highlight the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle and emphasize the challenges for this field. Intense interest has focused on cell-based therapies for chronic, debilitating myopathic diseases. Future studies that enhance our understanding of stem cell biology and repair mechanisms will provide a platform for therapeutic applications directed toward these chronic, life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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24
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Armand AS, Laziz I, Chanoine C. FGF6 in myogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:773-8. [PMID: 16875743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Important functions in myogenesis have been proposed for FGF6, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family accumulating almost exclusively in the myogenic lineage. However, the analyses of Fgf6 (-/-) mutant mice gave contradictory results and the role of FGF6 during myogenesis remained largely unclear. Recent reports support the concept that FGF6 has a dual function in muscle regeneration, stimulating myoblast proliferation/migration and muscle differentiation/hypertrophy in a dose-dependent manner. The alternative use of distinct signaling pathways recruiting either FGFR1 or FGFR4 might explain the dual role of FGF6 in myogenesis. A role for FGF6 in the maintenance of a reserve pool of progenitor cells in the skeletal muscle has been also strongly suggested. The aim of this review is to summarize our knowledge on the involvement of FGF6 in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Armand
- Hubrecht Laboratory and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands, Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Terova G, Bernardini G, Binelli G, Gornati R, Saroglia M. cDNA encoding sequences for myostatin and FGF6 in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) and the effect of fasting and refeeding on their abundance levels. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 30:304-19. [PMID: 16183242 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fish have the ability to compensate for set-backs in growth as a result of fasting. When food levels are restored, growth in these fish can increase over and above normal rates. This phenomenon, known as "compensatory growth", has been studied with respect to enhancing food conversion efficiency. However, the mechanisms by which food intake activates an increase in somatic growth, and especially in muscle growth, are not well understood. In this study, we report first on the isolation of two complete cDNAs sequences encoding sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) myostatin and fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6), which have been shown to be major genetic determinants of skeletal muscle growth. The open reading frames of myostatin (376 amino acids) and FGF6 (209 amino acids) showed 97-63% and 87-62% sequence identity with other vertebrate myostatins and FGF6s, respectively. We also report on the expression profile of myostatin and FGF6 in sea bass skeletal muscle in response to different feeding regimens, as quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Nutritional status significantly influenced the myostatin expression levels in muscle, inducing an up-regulation during fasting and a down-regulation during the recovery from fasting, whereas the muscular FGF6 mRNA levels were not significantly affected by the feeding status of the animals. These findings suggest that myostatin has an inhibitory role in muscle growth in response to different feeding regimens, whereas FGF6 is not involved in the muscle compensatory growth induced by refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences (DBSM), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy.
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26
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Zhao P, Caretti G, Mitchell S, McKeehan WL, Boskey AL, Pachman LM, Sartorelli V, Hoffman EP. Fgfr4 is required for effective muscle regeneration in vivo. Delineation of a MyoD-Tead2-Fgfr4 transcriptional pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:429-38. [PMID: 16267055 PMCID: PMC1892582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507440200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fgfr4 has been shown to be important for appropriate muscle development in chick limb buds; however, Fgfr4 null mice show no phenotype. Here, we show that staged induction of muscle regeneration in Fgfr4 null mice becomes highly abnormal at the time point when Fgfr4 is normally expressed. By 7 days of regeneration, differentiation of myotubes became poorly coordinated and delayed by both histology and embryonic myosin heavy chain staining. By 14 days much of the muscle was replaced by fat and calcifications. To begin to dissect the molecular pathways involving Fgfr4, we queried the promoter sequences for transcriptional factor binding sites and tested candidate regulators in a 27-time point regeneration series. The Fgfr4 promoter region contained a Tead protein binding site (M-CAT 5'-CATTCCT-3'), and Tead2 showed induction during regeneration commensurate with Fgfr4 regulation. Co-transfection of Tead2 and Fgfr4 promoter reporter constructs into C2C12 myotubes showed Tead2 to activate Fgfr4, and mutation of the M-CAT motif in the Fgfr4 promoter abolished these effects. Immunostaining for Tead2 showed timed expression in myotube nuclei consistent with the mRNA data. Query of the expression timing and genomic sequences of Tead2 suggested direct regulation by MyoD, and consistent with this, MyoD directly bound to two strong E-boxes in the first intron of Tead2 by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, co-transfection of MyoD and Tead2 intron reporter constructs into 10T1/2 cells activated reporter activity in a dose-dependent manner. This activation was greatly reduced when the two E-boxes were mutated. Our data suggest a novel MyoD-Tead2-Fgfr4 pathway important for effective muscle regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Introns
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Mutagenesis
- MyoD Protein/genetics
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/pathology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Regeneration/physiology
- TEA Domain Transcription Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Zhao
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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27
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Armand AS, Pariset C, Laziz I, Launay T, Fiore F, Della Gaspera B, Birnbaum D, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C. FGF6 regulates muscle differentiation through a calcineurin-dependent pathway in regenerating soleus of adult mice. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:297-308. [PMID: 15672378 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Important functions in myogenesis have been proposed for FGF6, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family accumulating almost exclusively in the myogenic lineage, but its precise role in vivo remains mostly unclear. Here, using FGF6 (-/-) mice and rescue experiments by injection of recombinant FGF6, we dissected the functional role of FGF6 during in vivo myogenesis. We found that the appearance of myotubes was accelerated during regeneration of the soleus of FGF6 (-/-) mice versus wild type mice. This accelerated differentiation was correlated with increased expression of differentiation markers such as CdkIs and calcineurin, as well as structural markers such as MHCI and slow TnI. We showed that an elevated transcript level for calcineurin Aalpha subunit correlated with a positive regulation of calcineurin A activity in regenerating soleus of the FGF6 (-/-) mice. Cyclin D1 and calcineurin were up- and down-regulated, respectively in a dose-dependent manner upon injection of rhFGF6 in regenerating soleus of the mutant mice. We showed an increase of the number of slow oxidative (type I) myofibers, whereas fast oxidative (type IIa) myofibers were decreased in number in regenerating soleus of FGF6 (-/-) mice versus that of wild type mice. In adult soleus, the number of type I myofibers was also higher in FGF6 (-/-) mice than in wild type mice. Taken together these results evidenced a specific phenotype for soleus of the FGF6 (-/-) mice and led us to propose a model accounting for a specific dose-dependent effect of FGF6 in muscle regeneration. At high doses, FGF6 stimulates the proliferation of the myogenic stem cells, whereas at lower doses it regulates both muscle differentiation and muscle phenotype via a calcineurin-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Armand
- UMR 7060 CNRS, Equipe Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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Endesfelder S, Kliche A, Lochmüller H, von Moers A, Speer A. Antisense oligonucleotides and short interfering RNAs silencing the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 improve proliferation of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients' primary skeletal myoblasts. J Mol Med (Berl) 2004; 83:64-71. [PMID: 15536518 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 associated with decreased myoblast proliferation may be involved in the dystrophic process in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Therefore we are interested to improve the proliferation of primary myoblasts of DMD patients by a reduction in p21 using either antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) or short interfering RNAs (siRNA). After transient transfection of myoblasts in cell culture proliferation was analyzed using a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assay comparing specific transfected cells with untransfected cells and cells transfected with scrambled ASO and luciferase siRNA, respectively. Four of five Dystrophin-deficient (Dys(-)) cell culture samples revealed an increase in proliferation between 7% and 18% compared to untransfected cells and between 8% and 36% compared to cells transfected with scrambled ASO. Transfection with siRNA was performed for selected samples to determine whether siRNA is more effective in gene silencing than ASO. The increase in proliferation using luciferase siRNA as reference was comparable to or less than ASO data using scrambled ASO as reference. Using untransfected cells as reference, the increase in proliferation was higher for siRNA than ASO (20-47% vs. 7-18%), but the data must be carefully interpreted with respect to nonspecific effects on gene expression by siRNA. Our findings of transient p21 gene silencing represent a basis for viral vector-mediated drug-inducible p21 shRNA expression in Dys(-) myoblasts which might enhance, prolong and regulate the proliferation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Seestrasse 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
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Armand AS, Lécolle S, Launay T, Pariset C, Fiore F, Della Gaspera B, Birnbaum D, Chanoine C, Charbonnier F. IGF-II is up-regulated and myofibres are hypertrophied in regenerating soleus of mice lacking FGF6. Exp Cell Res 2004; 297:27-38. [PMID: 15194422 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Important functions in myogenesis have been proposed for FGF6, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family accumulating almost exclusively in the myogenic lineage. However, the use of FGF6(-/-) mutant mice gave contradictory results and the role of FGF6 during myogenesis remains largely unclear. Using FGF6(-/-) mice, we first analysed the morphology of the regenerated soleus following cardiotoxin injection and showed hypertrophied myofibres in soleus of the mutant mice as compared to wild-type mice. Secondly, to examine the function of the IGF family in the hypertrophy process, we used semiquantitative and real-time RT-PCR assays and Western blots to monitor the expression of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), their receptors [type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) and IGF-II receptor (IGF2R)], and of a binding protein IGFBP-5 in regenerating soleus muscles of FGF6(-/-) knockout mice vs. wild-type mice. In the mutant, both IGF-II and IGF2R, but not IGF-I and IGF1R, were strongly up-regulated, whereas IGFBP5 was down-regulated, strongly suggesting that, in the absence of FGF6, the mechanisms leading to myofibre hypertrophy were mediated specifically by an IGF-II/IGF2R signalling pathway distinct from the classic mechanism involving IGF-I and IGF1R previously described for skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The potential regulating role of IGFBP5 on IGF-II expression is also discussed. This report shows for the first time a specific role for FGF6 in the regulation of myofibre size during a process of in vivo myogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 6
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/deficiency
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Hypertrophy/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism
- Regeneration/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Armand
- UMR 7060 CNRS, Equipe Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université René Descartes, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
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