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Sadiq U, Gill H, Chandrapala J. Casein Micelles as an Emerging Delivery System for Bioactive Food Components. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081965. [PMID: 34441743 PMCID: PMC8392355 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive food components have potential health benefits but are highly susceptible for degradation under adverse conditions such as light, pH, temperature and oxygen. Furthermore, they are known to have poor solubilities, low stabilities and low bioavailabilities in the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, technologies that can retain, protect and enable their targeted delivery are significant to the food industry. Amongst these, microencapsulation of bioactives has emerged as a promising technology. The present review evaluates the potential use of casein micelles (CMs) as a bioactive delivery system. The review discusses in depth how physicochemical and techno-functional properties of CMs can be modified by secondary processing parameters in making them a choice for the delivery of food bioactives in functional foods. CMs are an assembly of four types of caseins, (αs1, αs2, β and κ casein) with calcium phosphate. They possess hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties that make them ideal for encapsulation of food bioactives. In addition, CMs have a self-assembling nature to incorporate bioactives, remarkable surface activity to stabilise emulsions and the ability to bind hydrophobic components when heated. Moreover, CMs can act as natural hydrogels to encapsulate minerals, bind with polymers to form nano capsules and possess pH swelling behaviour for targeted and controlled release of bioactives in the GI tract. Although numerous novel advancements of employing CMs as an effective delivery have been reported in recent years, more comprehensive studies are required to increase the understanding of how variation in structural properties of CMs be utilised to deliver bioactives with different physical, chemical and structural properties.
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Fang ZH, Bovenhuis H, van Valenberg HJF, Martin P, Huppertz T, Visker MHPW. Genetic parameters for α S1-casein and α S2-casein phosphorylation isoforms in Dutch Holstein Friesian. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1281-1291. [PMID: 29224882 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Relative concentrations of αS1-casein and αS2-casein (αS1-CN and αS2-CN) phosphorylation isoforms vary considerably among milk of individual cows. We estimated heritabilities for αS2-CN phosphorylation isoforms, determined by capillary zone electrophoresis from 1,857 morning milk samples, and genetic correlations among αS2-CN phosphorylation isoforms in Dutch Holstein Friesian. To investigate if phosphorylation of αS1-CN and αS2-CN are due to the same genetic mechanism, we also estimated genetic correlations between αS1-CN and αS2-CN phosphorylation isoforms as well as the genetic correlations between the phosphorylation degrees (PD) of αS1-CN and αS2-CN defined as the proportion of isoforms with higher degrees of phosphorylation in total αS1-CN and αS2-CN, respectively. The intra-herd heritabilities for the relative concentrations of αS2-CN phosphorylation isoforms were high and ranged from 0.54 for αS2-CN-10P to 0.89 for αS2-CN-12P. Furthermore, the high intra-herd heritabilities of αS1-CN PD and αS2-CN PD imply a strong genetic control of the phosphorylation process, which is independent of casein production. The genetic correlations between αS2-CN phosphorylation isoforms are positive and moderate to high (0.33-0.90). Furthermore, the strong positive genetic correlation (0.94) between αS1-CN PD and αS2-CN PD suggests that the phosphorylation processes of αS1-CN and αS2-CN are related. This study shows the possibility of breeding for specific αS1-CN and αS2-CN phosphorylation isoforms, and relations between the phosphorylation degrees of αS1-CN and αS2-CN and technological properties of milk need to be further investigated to identify potential benefits for the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Fang
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Bovenhuis
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H J F van Valenberg
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P Martin
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - T Huppertz
- NIZO, PO Box 20, 6710 BA, Ede, the Netherlands
| | - M H P W Visker
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Marchini-Alves CMM, Barbosa Lorenzi VC, da Silva EZM, Mazucato VM, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Phospholipase D2 Modulates the Secretory Pathway in RBL-2H3 Mast Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139888. [PMID: 26492088 PMCID: PMC4619593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. It has two isoforms, PLD1 and PLD2, which are differentially expressed depending on the cell type. In mast cells it plays an important role in signal transduction. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of PLD2 in the secretory pathway. RBL-2H3 cells, a mast cell line, transfected to overexpress catalytically active (PLD2CA) and inactive (PLD2CI) forms of PLD2 were used. Previous observations showed that the Golgi complex was well organized in CA cells, but was disorganized and dispersed in CI cells. Furthermore, in CI cells, the microtubule organizing center was difficult to identify and the microtubules were disorganized. These previous observations demonstrated that PLD2 is important for maintaining the morphology and organization of the Golgi complex. To further understand the role of PLD2 in secretory and vesicular trafficking, the role of PLD2 in the secretory process was investigated. Incorporation of sialic acid was used to follow the synthesis and transport of glycoconjugates in the cell lines. The modified sialic acid was subsequently detected by labeling with a fluorophore or biotin to visualize the localization of the molecule after a pulse-chase for various times. Glycoconjugate trafficking was slower in the CI cells and labeled glycans took longer to reach the plasma membrane. Furthermore, in CI cells sialic acid glycans remained at the plasma membrane for longer periods of time compared to RBL-2H3 cells. These results suggest that PLD2 activity plays an important role in regulating glycoconjugate trafficking in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Meirelles Marchini-Alves
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valeria Cintra Barbosa Lorenzi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Marino Mazucato
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Celia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Le Parc A, Honvo Houéto E, Pigat N, Chat S, Leonil J, Chanat E. The membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein interacts with cholesterol-rich detergent-resistant microdomains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115903. [PMID: 25549363 PMCID: PMC4280128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caseins, the main milk proteins, interact with colloidal calcium phosphate to form the casein micelle. The mesostructure of this supramolecular assembly markedly influences its nutritional and technological functionalities. However, its detailed molecular organization and the cellular mechanisms involved in its biogenesis have been only partially established. There is a growing body of evidence to support the concept that α(s1)-casein takes center stage in casein micelle building and transport in the secretory pathway of mammary epithelial cells. Here we have investigated the membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein in rat mammary epithelial cells. Using metabolic labelling we show that α(s1)-casein becomes associated with membranes at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, with no subsequent increase at the level of the Golgi apparatus. From morphological and biochemical data, it appears that caseins are in a tight relationship with membranes throughout the secretory pathway. On the other hand, we have observed that the membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein co-purified with detergent-resistant membranes. It was poorly solubilised by Tween 20, partially insoluble in Lubrol WX, and substantially insoluble in Triton X-100. Finally, we found that cholesterol depletion results in the release of the membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein. These experiments reveal that the insolubility of α(s1)-casein reflects its partial association with a cholesterol-rich detergent-resistant microdomain. We propose that the membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein interacts with the lipid microdomain, or lipid raft, that forms within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, for efficient forward transport and sorting in the secretory pathway of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Le Parc
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edith Honvo Houéto
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Chat
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joëlle Leonil
- UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chanat
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Kolb AF, Huber RC, Lillico SG, Carlisle A, Robinson CJ, Neil C, Petrie L, Sorensen DB, Olsson IAS, Whitelaw CBA. Milk lacking α-casein leads to permanent reduction in body size in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21775. [PMID: 21789179 PMCID: PMC3138747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major physiological function of milk is the transport of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids and minerals to mammalian offspring. Caseins, the major milk proteins, are secreted in the form of a micelle consisting of protein and calcium-phosphate. We have analysed the role of the milk protein α-casein by inactivating the corresponding gene in mice. Absence of α-casein protein significantly curtails secretion of other milk proteins and calcium-phosphate, suggesting a role for α-casein in the establishment of casein micelles. In contrast, secretion of albumin, which is not synthesized in the mammary epithelium, into milk is not reduced. The absence of α-casein also significantly inhibits transcription of the other casein genes. α-Casein deficiency severely delays pup growth during lactation and results in a life-long body size reduction compared to control animals, but has only transient effects on physical and behavioural development of the pups. The data support a critical role for α-casein in casein micelle assembly. The results also confirm lactation as a critical window of metabolic programming and suggest milk protein concentration as a decisive factor in determining adult body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Kolb
- Molecular Recognition Group, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, United Kingdom.
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Le Parc A, Leonil J, Chanat E. AlphaS1-casein, which is essential for efficient ER-to-Golgi casein transport, is also present in a tightly membrane-associated form. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:65. [PMID: 20704729 PMCID: PMC2928771 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caseins, the main milk proteins, aggregate in the secretory pathway of mammary epithelial cells into large supramolecular structures, casein micelles. The role of individual caseins in this process and the mesostructure of the casein micelle are poorly known. RESULTS In this study, we investigate primary steps of casein micelle formation in rough endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles prepared from rat or goat mammary tissues. The majority of both alphaS1- and beta-casein which are cysteine-containing casein was dimeric in the endoplasmic reticulum. Saponin permeabilisation of microsomal membranes in physico-chemical conditions believed to conserve casein interactions demonstrated that rat immature beta-casein is weakly aggregated in the endoplasmic reticulum. In striking contrast, a large proportion of immature alphaS1-casein was recovered in permeabilised microsomes when incubated in conservative conditions. Furthermore, a substantial amount of alphaS1-casein remained associated with microsomal or post-ER membranes after saponin permeabilisation in non-conservative conditions or carbonate extraction at pH11, all in the presence of DTT. Finally, we show that protein dimerisation via disulfide bond is involved in the interaction of alphaS1-casein with membranes. CONCLUSIONS These experiments reveal for the first time the existence of a membrane-associated form of alphaS1-casein in the endoplasmic reticulum and in more distal compartments of the secretory pathway of mammary epithelial cells. Our data suggest that alphaS1-casein, which is required for efficient export of the other caseins from the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a key role in early steps of casein micelle biogenesis and casein transport in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Le Parc
- INRA, UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
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Lipid-deprived diet perturbs O-glycosylation of secretory proteins in rat mammary epithelial cells. Animal 2008; 2:491-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Horne DS, Anema S, Zhu X, Nicholas KR, Singh H. A lactational study of the composition and integrity of casein micelles from the milk of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 467:107-18. [PMID: 17884009 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The amount of casein found in the milk of the tammar wallaby increases as lactation progresses. The increase is due to increasing amounts of beta-casein; the alpha-casein remains largely constant. The alpha-casein is the more highly phosphorylated; the most abundant form is the 10-P, throughout lactation. The level of phosphorylation of beta-casein shifts to lower average values in late lactation, possibly indicating the enzymatic reaction is overloaded by the increasing amounts of beta-casein. Unlike bovine casein micelles, the wallaby micelles are not completely disrupted at pH 7.0 by sequestration of their calcium content with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Complete disruption only follows the addition of sodium dodecyl sulphate, indicating considerably greater importance for hydrophobic bonds in maintaining their integrity. This micellar behaviour indicates that, despite the evolutionary divergence of marsupials millennia ago, the caseins of wallaby milk assemble into micelles in much the same fashion as in bovine milk.
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Péchoux C, Boisgard R, Chanat E, Lavialle F. Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2 participates in the vesicular transport of milk proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1743:317-29. [PMID: 15843044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the lipid composition of intracellular membranes are believed to take part in the molecular processes that sustain traffic between organelles of the endocytic and exocytic transport pathways. Here, we investigated the participation of the calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in the secretory pathway of mammary epithelial cells. Treatment with bromoenol lactone, a suicide substrate which interferes with the production of lysophospholipids by the calcium-independent phospholipase A2, resulted in the reduction of milk proteins secretion. The inhibitor slowed down transport of the caseins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and affected the distribution of p58 and p23, indicating that the optimal process of transport of these proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum, the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi intermediate compartment and/or the cis-side of the Golgi was dependent upon the production of lysolipids. Moreover, bromoenol lactone was found to delay the rate of protein transport from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Concomitantly, membrane-bound structures containing casein accumulated in the juxtanuclear Golgi region. We concluded from these results that efficient formation of post-Golgi carriers also requires the phospholipase activity. These data further support the participation of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in membrane trafficking and shed a new light on the tubulo/vesicular transport of milk protein through the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Péchoux
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation. F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Exton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Denmat-Ouisse LA, Phebidias C, Honkavaara P, Robin P, Geny B, Min DS, Bourgoin S, Frohman MA, Raymond MN. Regulation of constitutive protein transit by phospholipase D in HT29-cl19A cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48840-6. [PMID: 11687572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104276200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) plays a central role in the control of vesicle budding and protein transit. We previously showed that in resting epithelial HT29-cl19A cells, PLD is implicated in the control of constitutive protein transit, from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, and that phorbol ester stimulation of protein transit is correlated with PLD activation (Auger, R., Robin, P., Camier, B., Vial, G., Rossignol, B., Tenu, J.-P., and Raymond, M.-N. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 28652-28659). In this paper we demonstrate that: 1) PLD is not implicated in the earliest phases of protein transit; 2) PLD controls apical but not basolateral protein transit; 3) HT29-cl19A cells express PLD1b and PLD2a mRNAs and proteins; 4) the expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of PLD2 (mPLD2-K758R) significantly inhibited apical constitutive protein transit whereas expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of PLD1 (hPLD1b-K898R) prevented increases in the rate of apical transit as triggered by phorbol esters; 5) PLD2 appears to be located in a perinuclear region containing the Golgi whereas PLD1, which is scattered in the cytoplasm in resting cells, is translocated to the plasma membrane after phorbol ester stimulation. Taken together, these data lead to the conclusion that in HT29-cl19A cells, both PLDs regulate protein transit between the trans-Golgi network and the apical plasma membrane, but that they do so at different steps in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Denmat-Ouisse
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Transports Cellulaires, CNRS, U.M.R. 8619, bâtiment 430, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Boisgard R, Chanat E, Lavialle F, Pauloin A, Ollivier-Bousquet M. Roads taken by milk proteins in mammary epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(01)00197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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