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Valarmathi MT, Fuseler JW, Davis JM, Price RL. A Novel Human Tissue-Engineered 3-D Functional Vascularized Cardiac Muscle Construct. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:2. [PMID: 28194397 PMCID: PMC5276820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ tissue engineering, including cardiovascular tissues, has been an area of intense investigation. The major challenge to these approaches has been the inability to vascularize and perfuse the in vitro engineered tissue constructs. Attempts to provide oxygen and nutrients to the cells contained in the biomaterial constructs have had varying degrees of success. The aim of this current study is to develop a three-dimensional (3-D) model of vascularized cardiac tissue to examine the concurrent temporal and spatial regulation of cardiomyogenesis in the context of postnatal de novo vasculogenesis during stem cell cardiac regeneration. In order to achieve the above aim, we have developed an in vitro 3-D functional vascularized cardiac muscle construct using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived embryonic cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-ECMs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). First, to generate the prevascularized scaffold, human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs) and hMSCs were co-cultured onto a 3-D collagen cell carrier (CCC) for 7 days under vasculogenic culture conditions. In this milieu, hCMVECs/hMSCs underwent maturation, differentiation, and morphogenesis characteristic of microvessels, and formed extensive plexuses of vascular networks. Next, the hiPSC-ECMs and hMSCs were co-cultured onto this generated prevascularized CCCs for further 7 or 14 days in myogenic culture conditions. Finally, the vascular and cardiac phenotypic inductions were analyzed at the morphological, immunological, biochemical, molecular, and functional levels. Expression and functional analyses of the differentiated cells revealed neo-angiogenesis and neo-cardiomyogenesis. Thus, our unique 3-D co-culture system provided us the apt in vitro functional vascularized 3-D cardiac patch that can be utilized for cellular cardiomyoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani T Valarmathi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W Fuseler
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Robert L Price
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
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Chung HJ, Kim JT, Kim HJ, Kyung HW, Katila P, Lee JH, Yang TH, Yang YI, Lee SJ. Epicardial delivery of VEGF and cardiac stem cells guided by 3-dimensional PLLA mat enhancing cardiac regeneration and angiogenesis in acute myocardial infarction. J Control Release 2015; 205:218-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Valarmathi MT, Goodwin RL, Fuseler JW, Davis JM, Yost MJ, Potts JD. A 3-D cardiac muscle construct for exploring adult marrow stem cell based myocardial regeneration. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3185-200. [PMID: 20129663 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are capable of differentiating into cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro and contribute to myocardial regeneration in vivo. Consequently, BMSCs may potentially play a vital role in cardiac repair and regeneration. However, this concept has been limited by inadequate and inconsistent differentiation of BMSCs into cardiomyocytes along with poor survival and integration of neo-cardiomyocytes after implantation into ischemic myocardium. In order to overcome these barriers and to explore adult stem cell based myocardial regeneration, we have developed an in vitro model of three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac muscle using rat ventricular embryonic cardiomyocytes (ECMs) and BMSCs. When ECMs and BMSCs were seeded sequentially onto a 3-D tubular scaffold engineered from topographically aligned type I collagen-fibers and cultured in basal medium for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days, the maturation and co-differentiation into a cardiomyocyte lineage was observed. Phenotypic induction was characterized at morphological, immunological, biochemical and molecular levels. The observed expression of transcripts coding for cardiomyocyte phenotypic markers and the immunolocalization of cardiomyogenic lineage-associated proteins revealed typical expression patterns of neo-cardiomyogenesis. At the biochemical level differentiating cells exhibited appropriate metabolic activity and at the ultrastructural level myofibrillar and sarcomeric organization were indicative of an immature phenotype. Our 3-D co-culture system sustains the ECMs in vitro continuum of differentiation process and simultaneously induces the maturation and differentiation of BMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Thus, this novel 3-D co-culture system provides a useful in vitro model to investigate the functional role and interplay of developing ECMs and BMSCs during cardiomyogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani T Valarmathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29209, USA.
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Stastna M, Abraham MR, Van Eyk JE. Cardiac stem/progenitor cells, secreted proteins, and proteomics. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1800-7. [PMID: 19303873 PMCID: PMC4340703 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is emerging as a novel approach for myocardial repair over conventional cardiovascular therapies. In addition to embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells from noncardiac sources, there is a small population of resident stem cells in the heart from which new cardiac cells (myocytes, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells) can be derived and used for cardiac repair in case of heart injury. It has been proposed that the clinical benefit of stem cells may arise from secreted proteins that mediate regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine manner. To be able to track the regulatory pathway on a molecular basis, utilization of proteomics in stem cell research is essential. Proteomics offers a tool that can address questions regarding stem cell response to disease/injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveri 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Markel TA, Wairiuko GM, Lahm T, Crisostomo PR, Wang M, Herring CM, Meldrum DR. The Right Heart and Its Distinct Mechanisms of Development, Function, and Failure. J Surg Res 2008; 146:304-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Neri T, Monti M, Rebuzzini P, Merico V, Garagna S, Redi CA, Zuccotti M. Mouse Fibroblasts Are Reprogrammed to Oct-4 and Rex-1 Gene Expression and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity by Embryonic Stem Cell Extracts. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2007; 9:394-406. [PMID: 17907950 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2006.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A recent remarkable study has shown that when mouse NIH-3T3 fibroblasts are exposed to an embryonic stem cell (ESC) extract, the majority of them expresses the Oct-4 gene, form ESC-like colonies, and embryoid-like bodies that differentiate into cells of the three germ layers. The use of cell extracts for inducing cell dedifferentiation could be a powerful system to obtain large quantities of pluripotent cells. It is thus of crucial importance that the robustness of this method of cell transdifferentiation is tested by other laboratories before it is advanced to a more ambitious use in cell therapy programs. We report here our experimental observations using the same reprogramming protocol on STO and NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Three are the main results: first, we confirmed an enduring reprogramming activity of the ESC extract, although on a much smaller number of cells that varies from approximately 0.003 to 0.04% of the total population of fibroblasts and with an effect limited to the induction of Oct-4 and Rex-1 gene expression and alkaline phosphatase activity. Second, the expression of OCT-4, SSEA-1, and Forssman antigen proteins was never detected. Third, our work has clearly demonstrated that ESCs may survive the procedure of extract preparation, may be source of contamination that is expanded in culture and give false positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tui Neri
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Universita' di Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine focuses on new therapies to replace or restore lost, damaged, or aging cells in the human body to restore function. This goal is being realized by collaborative efforts in nonmammalian and human development, stem cell biology, genetics, materials science, bioengineering, and tissue engineering. At present, understanding existing reparative processes in humans and exploring the latent ability to regenerate tissue remains the focus in this field. This review covers recent work in limb regeneration, fetal wound healing, stem cell biology, somatic nuclear transfer, and tissue engineering as a foundation for developing new clinical therapies to augment and stimulate human regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Children's Surgical Research Program, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Hematti P, Obrtlikova P, Kaufman DS. Nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells as a preclinical model for hematopoietic and vascular repair. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:980-6. [PMID: 16140145 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based regenerative medicine therapies have been touted recently as a novel therapeutic approach to treat and cure a wide range of diseases. Both adult and embryonic stem (ES) cells can serve as important sources of precursor cells to derive more mature cells potentially utilized for clinical applications. Nonhuman primates have proven useful as a preclinical model, as demonstrated in studies of hematopoietic cell transplantation, gene therapy, and other areas. The derivation of nonhuman primate ES cells now provides an optimal resource to characterize and test ES cell-based therapies prior to trials with human ES cells. This review describes work to define strategies and mechanisms to derive blood and endothelial cells from nonhuman primate ES cells isolated from various species. Preclinical testing that solely relies on studies of putative therapeutic cells derived from mouse ES cells transplanted into other mice, or analyses of human ES cell-derived cells transplanted into immunodeficient or immunosuppressed rodents may not be predictive of efficacy in subsequent human trials. However, future testing using nonhuman primate ES cell-derived therapeutic cells done as an allogeneic transplant may best predict success for subsequent studies using human ES cells. Therefore, additional research on nonhuman primate ES cells, in addition to work on mouse and human ES cells, is greatly needed to facilitate clinical translation of new stem cell treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wis., USA
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Coats AJS. Top of the charts: download versus citations in the International Journal of Cardiology. Int J Cardiol 2005; 105:123-5. [PMID: 16214247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The medical literature is growing at an alarming rate. Research assessment exercises, research quality frameworks, league tables and the like have attempted to quantify the volume, quality and impact of research. Yet the established measures (such as citation rates) are being challenged by the sheer number of journals, variability in the "gold standard" of peer-review and the emergence of open-source or web-based journals. In the last few years, we have seen a growth in downloads to individual journal articles that now easily exceeds formal journal subscriptions. We have recorded the 10 top cited articles over a 12-month period and compared them to the 10 most popular articles being downloaded over the same time period. The citation-based listing included basic and applied, observational and interventional original research reports. For downloaded articles, which have shown a dramatic increase for the International Journal of Cardiology from 48,000 in 2002 to 120,000 in 2003 to 200,000 in 2004, the most popular articles over the same period are very different and are dominated by up-to-date reviews of either cutting-edge topics (such as the potential of stem cells) or of the management of rare or unusual conditions. There is no overlap between the two lists despite covering exactly the same 12-month period and using measures of peer esteem. Perhaps the time has come to look at the usage of articles rather than, or in addition to, their referencing.
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10
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Rebellato LM, Verbanac KM, Haisch CE. The Current Status of Xenotransplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:481-8. [PMID: 16125603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cursur.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorita M Rebellato
- Department of Pathology/Laboratory Medicine and The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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11
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Arkin LM, Sondhi D, Worgall S, Suh LHK, Hackett NR, Kaminsky SM, Hosain SA, Souweidane MM, Kaplitt MG, Dyke JP, Heier LA, Ballon DJ, Shungu DC, Wisniewski KE, Greenwald BM, Hollmann C, Crystal RG. Confronting the Issues of Therapeutic Misconception, Enrollment Decisions, and Personal Motives in Genetic Medicine-Based Clinical Research Studies for Fatal Disorders. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:1028-36. [PMID: 16149901 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic medicine-based therapies have unlocked the potential for ameliorating diseases previously considered inevitably fatal. Inherent in the clinical trials of genetic medicines are ethical issues of therapeutic misconception, enrollment decisions as they relate to the risks and benefits of research, and the complex relationships among funding sources, investigators, and the families of affected individuals. The purpose of this paper is to help define these complex issues relevant to the use of genetic medicines and to describe the strategy we have used to confront these issues in a phase I trial of adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer to the central nervous system of children with late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL), a fatal lysosomal storage disease associated with progressive neurodegeneration and death by mid-childhood. Our approach to these challenges should provide a useful paradigm for investigators initiating other genetic medicine- based studies to treat inevitably fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Arkin
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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12
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Arkin LM, Sondhi D, Worgall S, Suh LHK, Hackett NR, Kaminsky SM, Hosain SA, Souweidane MM, Kaplitt MG, Dyke JP, Heier LA, Ballon DJ, Shungu DC, Wisniewski KE, Greenwald BM, Hollmann C, Crystal RG. Confronting the Issues of Therapeutic Misconception, Enrollment Decisions, and Personal Motives in Genetic Medicine-Based Clinical Research Studies for Fatal Disorders. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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13
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Wheatley DJ. The future role of surgery in ischaemic heart disease. Surgeon 2005; 3:150-8. [PMID: 16075999 DOI: 10.1016/s1479-666x(05)80035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to restore myocardial perfusion in ischaemic heart disease has been one of the triumphs of surgery. Alternative, less invasive catheter-based methods have now taken the lead as favoured treatment. The resultant threat to surgical practice, as well as societal and organisational issues that impact on the life of surgeons, have caused many to question the future role of surgery in ischaemic heart disease. In spite of general awareness of risk factors, there is little to suggest that coronary disease will soon disappear; rather, obesity and unfavourable life-style of many will continue to recruit further patients and, additionally, an epidemic of heart failure is anticipated. At the same time, rapid advance in knowledge of the underlying disease is opening the prospect for more effective intervention for unstable coronary plaque. Of great relevance to the surgeon are recent advances in knowledge and technology that will lead to gene and cell-based therapy for ischaemic heart disease. The ability to modify or augment activity of myocytes in heart failure, and to promote angiogenesis, offers hope for repair of ischaemically damaged hearts undreamed of only a few years ago. Tissue engineering, encompassing gene and cell-based therapy, holds promise of reconstruction of the myocardium and its vasculature. Temporary cardiovascular support to enable application of these techniques will very likely provide one role for surgery. More importantly, the need to ensure optimal anatomic and functional repair will surely give rise to a new generation of surgeons with much expanded scientific and technical support to draw upon, and will ensure an important role for surgery in ischaemic heart disease for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wheatley
- University Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
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Jaquet K, Krause KT, Denschel J, Faessler P, Nauerz M, Geidel S, Boczor S, Lange C, Stute N, Zander A, Kuck KH. Reduction of Myocardial Scar Size after Implantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rats: What Is the Mechanism? Stem Cells Dev 2005; 14:299-309. [PMID: 15969625 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a cellular therapy offers a promising approach for the treatment of heart disease. Besides other precursor cells, bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells were discovered that migrate into ischemic myocardium and participate in myogenesis as well as angiogenesis. A subpopulation of those are the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which may be potential candidates for repairing ischemic heart tissue. MSC are easy to prepare and can be used in an autologous strategy. Here we demonstrate the effect of transplanted MSC in our autologous rat model of myocardial injury. BM was isolated from tibiae and femurs of Wistar rats. After 24 h, the adhering MSC were separated, expanded, retrovirally transduced using green fluorescent protein (GFP), and cloned. A cryo-infarct was generated in the rat hearts, and immediately after this the cells were injected into the border zone of the lesion. After a 10-week follow up, the hearts were excised and the myocardial scar areas were measured using computer-guided morphometry. When comparing transplanted rats (n = 8) with control animals (n = 5) treated rats demonstrated a significant reduction in the width (p < 0.05) of the myocardial scar area. The depth of the scars of the cell therapy rats was less extended (p > 0.05) and the myocardium of these animals was thicker than in the controls (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed neither evidence of MSC transdifferentiation into cardiomyocytes, nor could an increased neovascularization be found. In conclusion, MSC are responsible for a remarkable reduction of the myocardial scar size in the treated animals. But, whether this strategy is directly transferable to the patient suffering from heart disease has to be determined. In addition, the mechanism by which MSC act in the ischemic heart remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jaquet
- Department of Cardiology/Cell Biology, St. Georg Hospital, Hamburg, Germany.
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