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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Chen LE, Bi KE, Yang J, Zhang B, Xin W. High Pressure Thermal Sterilization and ε-Polylysine Synergistically Inactivate Bacillus subtilis Spores by Damaging the Inner Membrane. J Food Prot 2022; 85:390-397. [PMID: 34788461 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the sterilization effect of a combination of high pressure thermal sterilization (HPTS) and ε-polylysine (ε-PL) on Bacillus subtilis spores. The spores were treated with HPTS (550 MPa at 25, 65, and 75°C) and ε-PL at 0.1 and 0.3%. HPTS and ε-PL synergistically decreased the number of surviving spores and increased the release of the intracellular components in the spore suspension, with the maximal effects from treatment with 550 MPa at 75°C plus 0.3% ε-PL. Maximum fluidity and permeability of the cell inner membrane were observed with 550 MPa at 75°C plus 0.3% ε-PL. Changes in membrane lipids were detected from 3,000 to 2,800 cm-1 by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results provide new insights into the mechanism by which HPTS and ε-PL synergistically sterilize B. subtilis spores. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- School of Food and Wine Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of Food and Wine Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - L E Chen
- School of Food and Wine Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - K E Bi
- School of Food and Wine Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Food and Wine Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianfei Zhang
- School of Food and Wine Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weishan Xin
- School of Food and Wine Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China
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Zhao YM, Patange A, Sun DW, Tiwari B. Plasma-activated water: Physicochemical properties, microbial inactivation mechanisms, factors influencing antimicrobial effectiveness, and applications in the food industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3951-3979. [PMID: 33337045 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel nonthermal inactivation technologies have been increasingly popular over the traditional thermal food processing methods due to their capacity in maintaining microbial safety and other quality parameters. Plasma-activated water (PAW) is a cutting-edge technology developed around a decade ago, and it has attracted considerable attention as a potential washing disinfectant. This review aims to offer an overview of the fundamentals and potential applications of PAW in the agri-food sector. A detailed description of the interactions between plasma and water can help to have a better understanding of PAW, hence the physicochemical properties of PAW are discussed. Further, this review elucidates the complex inactivation mechanisms of PAW, including oxidative stress and physical effect. In particular, the influencing factors on inactivation efficacy of PAW, including processing factors, characteristics of microorganisms, and background environment of water are extensively described. Finally, the potential applications of PAW in the food industry, such as surface decontamination for various food products, including fruits and vegetables, meat and seafood, and also the treatment on quality parameters are presented. Apart from decontamination, the applications of PAW for seed germination and plant growth, as well as meat curing are also summarized. In the end, the challenges and limitations of PAW for scale-up implementation, and future research efforts are also discussed. This review demonstrates that PAW has the potential to be successfully used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Zhao
- Food Refrigeration and Computerised Food Technology (FRCFT), School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Apurva Patange
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- Food Refrigeration and Computerised Food Technology (FRCFT), School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brijesh Tiwari
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhao WB, Du MR, Liu KK, Zhou R, Ma RN, Jiao Z, Zhao Q, Shan CX. Hydrophilic ZnO Nanoparticles@Calcium Alginate Composite for Water Purification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13305-13315. [PMID: 32092266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, hydrophilic ZnO nanoparticles@calcium alginate composite has been prepared by embedding hydrophilic ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) into calcium alginate. The hydrophilic ZnO NPs within the composites can act as a killer of bacteria, while calcium alginate can remove the organic impurities due to its adsorption capacity, thus realizing the purification of water via sterilization and removal of organics. A water purifier based on the composite has been demonstrated, the aerobic bacterial counts of the contaminated water can be decreased from 2240 to 9 cfu mL-1, and the turbidity of the water is decreased to 0.51 NTU, which is below the maximum permissible of Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality designed by the World Health Organization. Sterilization mechanism studies show that the ZnO NPs can cause excessive oxidative stress in cells, inducing bacteria to produce large amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to the apoptosis of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Meng-Ru Du
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kai-Kai Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhen Jiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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4
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Longin C, Petitgonnet C, Guilloux-Benatier M, Rousseaux S, Alexandre H. La cytométrie appliquée aux mircoorganismes du vin. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20170902018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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5
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Longin C, Petitgonnet C, Guilloux-Benatier M, Rousseaux S, Alexandre H. Application of flow cytometry to wine microorganisms. Food Microbiol 2016; 62:221-231. [PMID: 27889152 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a powerful technique allowing detection and enumeration of microbial populations in food and during food process. Thanks to the fluorescent dyes used and specific probes, FCM provides information about cell physiological state and allows enumeration of a microorganism in a mixed culture. Thus, this technique is increasingly used to quantify pathogen, spoilage microorganisms and microorganisms of interest. Since one decade, FCM applications to the wine field increase greatly to determine population and physiological state of microorganisms performing alcoholic and malolactic fermentations. Wine spoilage microorganisms were also studied. In this review we briefly describe FCM principles. Next, a deep revision concerning enumeration of wine microorganisms by FCM is presented including the fluorescent dyes used and techniques allowing a yeast and bacteria species specific enumeration. Then, the last chapter is dedicated to fluorescent dyes which are used to date in fluorescent microscopy but applicable in FCM. This chapter also describes other interesting "future" techniques which could be applied to study the wine microorganisms. Thus, this review seeks to highlight the main advantages of the flow cytometry applied to wine microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Longin
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - Clément Petitgonnet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - Michèle Guilloux-Benatier
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - Sandrine Rousseaux
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - Hervé Alexandre
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, F-21078 Dijon, France
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6
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Wang LH, Wang MS, Zeng XA, Liu ZW. Temperature-mediated variations in cellular membrane fatty acid composition of Staphylococcus aureus in resistance to pulsed electric fields. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1791-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Zhang Q, Ma R, Tian Y, Su B, Wang K, Yu S, Zhang J, Fang J. Sterilization Efficiency of a Novel Electrochemical Disinfectant against Staphylococcus aureus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3184-3192. [PMID: 26857097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of hazardous microorganisms that may challenge environmental safety is a crucial issue for economic and public health. Here, we explore the potential of a novel electrochemical disinfectant named plasma activated water (PAW), which was generated by nonthermal plasma, for inactivating Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Meanwhile, the influence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the PAW disinfection efficacy was investigated. In the presence of BSA, PAW treatments achieved a reduction of S. aureus ranging from 2.1 to 5.5 Log, when without BSA it reached 7 Log. The sterilization efficacy depended on the PAW treatment time of S. aureus and plasma activation time for PAW generation. The results of electron spin resonance spectra showed the concentrations of hydroxyl radical (OH•) and nitric oxide radical (NO•) in water activated by plasma for 10 min (10-PAW) were higher than those in water activated by plasma for 5 min (5-PAW). Additionally, the physiological analysis of S. aureus demonstrated that the integrity of cell membrane, membrane potential, and intracellular pH homeostasis as well as DNA structure were damaged by PAW, and the molecule structure and chemical bonds of S. aureus were also altered due to PAW. Thus, PAW can be a promising chemical-free and environmentally friendly electrochemical disinfectant for application in the medical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and ‡College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Ma
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and ‡College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ying Tian
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and ‡College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bo Su
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and ‡College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Kaile Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and ‡College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and ‡College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and ‡College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and ‡College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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8
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Li N, Tan SN, Cui J, Guo N, Wang W, Zu YG, Jin S, Xu XX, Liu Q, Fu YJ. PA-1, a novel synthesized pyrrolizidine alkaloid, inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by damaging the cell membrane. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 67:689-96. [PMID: 24894184 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, antimicrobial activity and mode of a novel synthesized pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA-1) were investigated. PA-1 exhibited predominantly strong antibacterial activity toward six bacteria tested with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.0039 to 0.025 mg ml(-1). The time-kill assay indicated that PA-1 killed Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus completely at 2MIC (minimum bactericidal concentration) within 8 h. Besides, PA-1-induced death rates of most sensitive strains (E. coli, 97.80% and S. aureus, 96.24%) were analyzed by flow cytometry. A combination of approaches was used to verify the membrane damage of E. coli and S. aureus. Results showed that release of 260 nm absorbing materials quickly increased after PA-1 treatment. PA-1 also rapidly promoted the uptake of crystal violet from 24.52 to 97.12% for E. coli and from 19.68 to 97.63% for S. aureus when the concentrations were changed from MIC to 4MIC. Furthermore, the cellular membrane damages were testified by the significant increase of fluorescence intensity and decrease of membrane potential. Finally, lecithin and phosphate groups were applied to search the possibly targets on the cytoplasmic membrane. Results showed that PA-1 acted on cytoplasmic membrane phospholipids and phosphate groups of S. aureus but not of E. coli. In conclusion, the novel synthesized PA-1 exerted its antibacterial activity by acting on membrane phospholipids and phosphate groups and then damaging the structures of cellular membrane, which finally led to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-nan Tan
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-gang Zu
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-xiu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-jie Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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9
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Prest EI, Hammes F, Kötzsch S, van Loosdrecht MCM, Vrouwenvelder JS. Monitoring microbiological changes in drinking water systems using a fast and reproducible flow cytometric method. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:7131-42. [PMID: 24183559 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a rapid, cultivation-independent tool to assess and evaluate bacteriological quality and biological stability of water. Here we demonstrate that a stringent, reproducible staining protocol combined with fixed FCM operational and gating settings is essential for reliable quantification of bacteria and detection of changes in aquatic bacterial communities. Triplicate measurements of diverse water samples with this protocol typically showed relative standard deviation values and 95% confidence interval values below 2.5% on all the main FCM parameters. We propose a straightforward and instrument-independent method for the characterization of water samples based on the combination of bacterial cell concentration and fluorescence distribution. Analysis of the fluorescence distribution (or so-called fluorescence fingerprint) was accomplished firstly through a direct comparison of the raw FCM data and subsequently simplified by quantifying the percentage of large and brightly fluorescent high nucleic acid (HNA) content bacteria in each sample. Our approach enables fast differentiation of dissimilar bacterial communities (less than 15 min from sampling to final result), and allows accurate detection of even small changes in aquatic environments (detection above 3% change). Demonstrative studies on (a) indigenous bacterial growth in water, (b) contamination of drinking water with wastewater, (c) household drinking water stagnation and (d) mixing of two drinking water types, univocally showed that this FCM approach enables detection and quantification of relevant bacterial water quality changes with high sensitivity. This approach has the potential to be used as a new tool for application in the drinking water field, e.g. for rapid screening of the microbial water quality and stability during water treatment and distribution in networks and premise plumbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Prest
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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10
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Zingaro KA, Nicolaou SA, Papoutsakis ET. Dissecting the assays to assess microbial tolerance to toxic chemicals in bioprocessing. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:643-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Bergmann S, David F, Clark W, Wittmann C, Krull R. Membrane fluidity of halophilic ectoine-secreting bacteria related to osmotic and thermal treatment. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 36:1829-41. [PMID: 23653110 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-0957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to sudden decrease in osmotic pressure, halophilic microorganisms secrete their accumulated osmolytes. This specific stress response, combined with physiochemical responses to the altered environment, influence the membrane properties and integrity of cells, with consequent effects on growth and yields in bioprocesses, such as bacterial milking. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in membrane fluidity and integrity induced by environmental stress in ectoine-secreting organisms. The halophilic ectoine-producing strains Alkalibacillus haloalkaliphilus and Chromohalobacter salexigens were treated hypo- and hyper-osmotically at several temperatures. The steady-state anisotropy of fluorescently labeled cells was measured, and membrane integrity assessed by flow cytometry and ectoine distribution. Strong osmotic downshocks slightly increased the fluidity of the bacterial membranes. As the temperature increased, the increasing membrane fluidity encouraged more ectoine release under the same osmotic shock conditions. On the other hand, combined shock treatments increased the number of disintegrated cells. From the ectoine release and membrane integrity measurements under coupled thermal and osmotic shock conditions, we could optimize the secretion conditions for both bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bergmann
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany,
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12
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Experimental methods and modeling techniques for description of cell population heterogeneity. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:575-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Shakeri S, Roghanian R, Emtiazi G. Surveillance of single-cell behavior in different subpopulations of Ralstonia pickettii AR1 during growth and polyhydroxybutyrate production phases by flow cytometry. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:206-15. [PMID: 21780145 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most bacterial strains accumulate intracellular polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules as an energy reservoir, in response to fluctuations in their microenvironment. Flow cytometry was applied for the analysis of single cells of Ralstonia pickettii AR1 in response to changes in the culture conditions. Two parameters, the PHB production-related FL2 and side scatter (SSC) parameters, were used to monitor, distinguish and characterize different subpopulations in the growth and PHB production phases. A high SSC level was observed in the mid-log exponential growth phase. When the nitrogen source reached a limiting level, the SSC started to decrease, in contrast to the intracellular PHB granules-related FL2 parameter. The results show that ammonium limitation is a critical and important factor for the accumulation of reserve compounds. Four subpopulations were observed and distinguished upon entrance of the cells into the exponential growth phase. When the cells entered the late exponential growth or early stationary phase, two subpopulations had disappeared and only two, different subpopulations were dominant. One of the subpopulations with changed SSC and PHB production activity switched to another subpopulation that was only active in PHB production in the stationary phase. The whole cells of R. pickettii AR1 tended to form a homogeneous population at the end of the stationary phase. In fact, the changes in the subpopulations of a single strain are related to different physiological states of the cells. The observation of different subpopulations suggests that each subpopulation shows a specific response to changes in the surrounding microenvironment, nutrients and limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Shakeri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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14
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Shi L, Müller S, Loffhagen N, Harms H, Wick LY. Activity and viability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LB126 in a DC-electrical field typical for electrobioremediation measures. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 1:53-61. [PMID: 21261821 PMCID: PMC3864431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2007.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in employing electro‐bioremediation, a hybrid technology of bioremediation and electrokinetics for the treatment of contaminated soil. Knowledge however on the effect of weak electrokinetic conditions on the activity and viability of pollutant‐degrading microorganisms is scarce. Here we present data about the influence of direct current (DC) on the membrane integrity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pools, physico‐chemical cell surface properties, degradation kinetics and culturability of fluorene‐degrading Sphingomonas sp. LB126. Flow cytometry was applied to quantify the uptake of propidium iodide (PI) and the membrane potential‐related fluorescence intensities (MPRFI) of individual cells within a population. Adenosine tri‐phosphate contents and fluorene biodegradation rates of bulk cultures were determined and expressed on a per cell basis. The cells' surface hydrophobicity and electric charge were assessed by contact angle and zeta potential measurements respectively. Relative to the control, DC‐exposed cells exhibited up to 60% elevated intracellular ATP levels and yet remained unaffected on all other levels of cellular integrity and functionality tested. Our data suggest that direct current (X = 1 V cm−1; J = 10.2 mA cm−2) as typically used for electrobioremediation measures has no negative effect on the activity of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)‐degrading soil microorganism, thereby filling a serious gap of the current knowledge of the electrobioremediation methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- UFZ Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Microbiology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Wick LY, Buchholz F, Fetzer I, Kleinsteuber S, Härtig C, Shi L, Miltner A, Harms H, Pucci GN. Responses of soil microbial communities to weak electric fields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4886-4893. [PMID: 20663541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetically stimulated bioremediation of soils (electro-bioremediation) requires that the application of weak electric fields has no negative effect on the contaminant degrading microbial communities. This study evaluated the hypothesis that weak direct electric current (DC) fields per se do not negatively influence the physiology and composition of soil microbial communities given that secondary electrokinetic phenomena such as soil pH changes and temperatures are minimized. Mildly buffered, water-saturated laboratory mesocosms with agricultural soil were subjected for 34 days to a constant electric field (X=1.4 V cm(-1); J approximately 1.0 mA cm(-2)) and the spatiotemporal changes of soil microbial communities assessed by fingerprints of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFA) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. DC-induced electrolysis of the pore water led to pH changes (<1.5 pH units) in the immediate vicinity of the electrodes and concomitant distinct soil microbial community changes. By contrast, DC-treated bulk soil distant to the electrodes showed no pH changes and developed similar PLFA- and T-RFLP-fingerprints as control soil in the absence of DC. Our data suggest that the presence of an electric field, if suitably applied, will not influence the composition and physiology of soil microbial communities and hence not affect their potential to biodegrade contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Y Wick
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Müller S, Nebe-von-Caron G. Functional single-cell analyses: flow cytometry and cell sorting of microbial populations and communities. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:554-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Sträuber H, Müller S. Viability states of bacteria-Specific mechanisms of selected probes. Cytometry A 2010; 77:623-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hammes F, Egli T. Cytometric methods for measuring bacteria in water: advantages, pitfalls and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1083-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tracy BP, Gaida SM, Papoutsakis ET. Flow cytometry for bacteria: enabling metabolic engineering, synthetic biology and the elucidation of complex phenotypes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:85-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Analyses of DNA pattern provide an excellent tool to determine activity states of bacteria. Bacterial cell cycle behaviour is generally different from the eukaryotic one and is pre-determined by the bacteria's diversity within the phylogenetic tree, and their metabolic traits. As a result, every species creates its specific proliferation pattern that differs from every other one. Up to now, just few bacterial species have been investigated and little information is available concerning DNA cycling even in already known species. This prevents understanding of the complexity and diversity of ongoing bacterial interactions in many ecosystems or in biotechnology. Flow cytometry is the only possible technique to shed light on the dynamics of bacterial communities and DNA patterns will help to unlock the hidden principles of their life. This review provides basic knowledge about the molecular background of bacterial cell cycling, discusses modes of cell cycle phases and presents techniques to both obtain DNA patterns and to combine the contained information with physiological cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig-Halle, Leipzig, Germany.
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Cherepnev GV, Velizhinskaya TA, Yakovleva GY, Denivarova NA, Kurinenko BM. Assessing the toxic effect of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene on cells of Escherichia coli K12 by flow cytofluorometry. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261707030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Mykytczuk NCS, Trevors JT, Leduc LG, Ferroni GD. Fluorescence polarization in studies of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane fluidity under environmental stress. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 95:60-82. [PMID: 17628643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is critical in maintaining the viability of cells and their metabolic functions, particularly under stress. Bacteria actively adjust membrane fluidity through changes in lipid composition in response to variations in temperature, pressure, ion concentrations, pH, nutrient availability, and xenobiotics. Fluorescence polarization methods are valuable for measuring bacterial cytoplasmic membrane fluidity. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of bacterial membrane adaptations and present data from research using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatirene (DPH) as a measure of membrane fluidity and phase transitions. We illustrate the range of fluidity in viable cells, extracted membranes, and liposomes under optimal and stressed physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C S Mykytczuk
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6.
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Müller S, Babel W. Analysis of bacterial DNA patterns—an approach for controlling biotechnological processes. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 55:851-8. [PMID: 14607431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Optimisation of biotechnological processes catalysed by microbial cells requires detailed information about operational limits of the single cells. Their performance is correlated with distinct physiological states. We related these states to cell cycle events, which were found to proceed extremely diversely in different bacterial strains. Characteristic DNA patterns were found flow cytometrically, depending on the type of strain, substrates and growth conditions involved; this information can be used for the development of control strategies of bioprocesses, although some skill is required. Four bacterial strains (the Gram-negative strains Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 69-V, Ralstonia eutropha JMP 134, Ochrobactrum anthropi K2-14 and the Gram-positive strain Rhodococcus erythropolis K2-3) were grown in mono- and mixed cultures on different substrates, and analysed regarding their proliferation behaviour. The resulting DNA distribution patterns provided three types of valuable information. First, correlation of proliferation activity with the appearance of a major part of cells within the C(2) stage of the cell cycle is a strain-specific feature. Second, bacteria usually maintain more than one chromosome under limiting growth conditions: DNA replication is completed in such cases, but cell division fails. Third, high growth rates are associated with uncoupled DNA synthesis. Its general initiation might be genetically determined in the first place, but it is promoted by optimal growth conditions and the presence of substrates that can be metabolised at high rates, thereby allowing substantial amounts of carbon, other nutrients and energy to be used exclusively for DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig/Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Trevors JT. Fluorescent probes for bacterial cytoplasmic membrane research. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2003; 57:87-103. [PMID: 12915003 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(03)00076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent methods in biological and medical research are extremely useful at the cellular and molecular levels. This is due to sensitive and affordable detection equipment and a variety of specific and more general fluorescent probes, and analytical procedures. In this article, I examine the use of fluorescence membrane probes to study the fluidity (membrane polarization) of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, central to energy transduction, ion and nutrient transport and diffusion of water and gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Trevors
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Watanabe K, Hamamura N. Molecular and physiological approaches to understanding the ecology of pollutant degradation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2003; 14:289-95. [PMID: 12849782 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(03)00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pollutant biodegradation in the environment occurs in the context of various interactions among microorganisms. To understand this ecological process, identification of functionally important populations is considered to be the primary step, which can be followed by isolation and laboratory pure-culture studies of the important organisms. Laboratory studies can then proceed to the analysis of in situ activity and interactions with other organisms. Such studies will shape a deeper understanding of the ecology of pollutant degradation and facilitate the development of new bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Marine Biotechnology Institute, 3-75-1 Heita, Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0001, Japan.
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Müller S, Sträuber H, Lösche A, Babel W. Population analysis of a binary bacterial culture by multi-parametric flow cytometry. J Biotechnol 2002; 97:163-76. [PMID: 12067522 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To study the degradation of a xenobiotic that requires a mixed culture it is essential to monitor the proportions and to control the population dynamics of the component strains. For these purposes fluorochromising techniques and multi-parametric flow cytometry were used to follow Rhodococcus erythropolis K2-3 and Ochrobactrum anthropi K2-14, both of which are needed to degrade 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB). Although the two strains can grow in constant proportions in mixed cultures on other substrates, 2,4-DB could not be degraded as a sole substrate in a continuous process and R. erythropolis K2-3 was clearly impaired in the binary mixture. Addition of a second, easily assimilable substrate (xylitol) in appropriate concentrations (empirically determined) helped this strain survive, and thus facilitated complete degradation of the xenobiotic. This combination of substrates was found to stabilise the growth of R. erythropolis K2-3 and, consequently promoted the action of O. anthropi K2-14. Thus, the two organisms became established in constant proportions in a continuous process until reaching steady state. Consequently, multiplication and cell division activities of the two components of the binary culture were high and reached similar values to those attained when they are grown in pure culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Müller
- UFZ-Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig/Halle GmbH, Sektion Umweltmikrobiologie, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Saugar JM, Alarcón T, López-Hernández S, López-Brea M, Andreu D, Rivas L. Activities of polymyxin B and cecropin A-,melittin peptide CA(1-8)M(1-18) against a multiresistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:875-8. [PMID: 11850277 PMCID: PMC127505 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.3.875-878.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymyxin B (PXB) and the cecropin A-melittin hybrid CA(1-8)M(1-18) (KWKLFKKIGIGAVLKVLTTGLPALIS-NH2) were compared for antibiotic activity on reference and multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Significant differences for both peptides were observed on their inner membrane interaction and inhibition by environmental factors, supporting the use of CA(1-8)M(1-18) as a potential alternative to PXB against ACINETOBACTER:
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