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Allampalli P, Solanki S, Sivaprakasam S. Metabolic heat based specific growth rate estimators: Does the choice of estimation model influence the state of bioprocesses? J Biosci Bioeng 2024:S1389-1723(24)00162-2. [PMID: 38981803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Accurate and reliable estimation of specific growth rate (μ) in real-time is pivotal for reliable process monitoring of a bioprocess and subsequent implementation of advanced control strategies. Gibbs free energy dissipation is imminent for any biological system, and the metabolic heat flow measurements (calorimetry) formed the basis for estimating μ. However, the rationale behind selecting a suitable μ estimator model based on calorimetric perspective remains unexplored. The present investigation addresses the notion behind the selection of an appropriate estimator for μ and the assessment of the estimator models was illustrated using different types of energy metabolism, namely, high exothermic and low exothermic processes. The results indicated that the μ values from the instantaneous heat flow estimator significantly deviated (10-fold higher) from the offline values for highly exothermic process. Notably, the cumulative heat-based estimator accurately estimated μ values on both types of energy metabolism with performance metrics <0.005 h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Allampalli
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Shikha Solanki
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Senthilkumar Sivaprakasam
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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2
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Costa EP, Brandão-Costa RMP, Albuquerque WWC, Nascimento TP, Sales Conniff AE, Cardoso KBB, Neves AGD, Batista JMDS, Porto ALF. Extracellular collagenase isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus UFPEDA 3421: purification and biochemical characterization. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:260-271. [PMID: 37355277 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2225090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Collagenases are proteases able to degrade native and denatured collagen, with broad applications such as leather, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this research was to purify and characterize a collagenase from Streptomyces antibioticus. In the present work, the coffee ground substrate provided conditions to obtaining high collagenase activity (377.5 U/mL) using anion-exchange DEAE-Sephadex G50 chromatographic protocol. SDS-PAGE revealed the metallo-collagenase with a single band of 41.28 kDa and was able to hydrolyzed type I and type V collagen producing bioactive peptides that delayed the coagulation time. The enzyme activity showed stability across a range of pH (6.0-11) and temperature (30-55 °C) with optima at pH 7.0 and 60 °C, respectively. Activators include Mg+2, Ca+2, Na+, K+, while full inhibition was given by other tested metalloproteinase inhibitors. Kinetic parameters (Km of 27.14 mg/mol, Vmax of 714.29 mg/mol/min, Kcat of 79.9 s-1 and Kcat/Km of 2.95 mL/mg/s) and thermodynamic parameters (Ea of 65.224 kJ/mol, ΔH of 62.75 kJ/mol, ΔS of 1.96 J/mol, ΔG of 62.16 kJ/mol, ΔGE-S of 8.18 kJ/mol and ΔGE-T of -2.64 kJ/mol) were also defined. Coffee grounds showed to be an interesting source to obtaining a collagenase able to produce bioactive peptides with anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizianne Pereira Costa
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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3
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Schiewe T, Gutschmann B, Santolin L, Waldburger S, Neubauer P, Hass R, Riedel SL. Real-time monitoring of biomass during Escherichia coli high-cell-density cultivations by in-line photon density wave spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2880-2889. [PMID: 37272419 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient monitoring and control strategy is the basis for a reliable production process. Conventional optical density (OD) measurements involve superpositions of light absorption and scattering, and the results are only given in arbitrary units. In contrast, photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy is a dilution-free method that allows independent quantification of both effects with defined units. For the first time, PDW spectroscopy was evaluated as a novel optical process analytical technology tool for real-time monitoring of biomass formation in Escherichia coli high-cell-density fed-batch cultivations. Inline PDW measurements were compared to a commercially available inline turbidity probe and with offline measurements of OD and cell dry weight (CDW). An accurate correlation of the reduced PDW scattering coefficient µs ' with CDW was observed in the range of 5-69 g L-1 (R2 = 0.98). The growth rates calculated based on µs ' were comparable to the rates determined with all reference methods. Furthermore, quantification of the reduced PDW scattering coefficient µs ' as a function of the absorption coefficient µa allowed direct detection of unintended process trends caused by overfeeding and subsequent acetate accumulation. Inline PDW spectroscopy can contribute to more robust bioprocess monitoring and consequently improved process performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schiewe
- Institute of Chemistry, innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- PDW Analytics GmbH, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Gutschmann
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Santolin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Waldburger
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Hass
- Institute of Chemistry, innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- PDW Analytics GmbH, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian L Riedel
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department VIII-Mechanical Engineering, Event Technology and Process Engineering, Environmental and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Dekevic G, Tertel T, Tasto L, Schmidt D, Giebel B, Czermak P, Salzig D. A Bioreactor-Based Yellow Fever Virus-like Particle Production Process with Integrated Process Analytical Technology Based on Transient Transfection. Viruses 2023; 15:2013. [PMID: 37896790 PMCID: PMC10612092 DOI: 10.3390/v15102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease that, while preventable through vaccination, lacks rapid intervention options for those already infected. There is an urgent need for passive immunization techniques using YF-virus-like particles (YF-VLPs). To address this, we successfully established a bioreactor-based production process for YF-VLPs, leveraging transient transfection and integrating Process Analytical Technology. A cornerstone of this approach was the optimization of plasmid DNA (pDNA) production to a yield of 11 mg/L using design of experiments. Glucose, NaCl, yeast extract, and a phosphate buffer showed significant influence on specific pDNA yield. The preliminary work for VLP-production in bioreactor showed adjustments to the HEK cell density, the polyplex formation duration, and medium exchanges effectively elevated transfection efficiencies. The additive Pluronic F-68 was neutral in its effects, and anti-clumping agents (ACA) adversely affected the transfection process. Finally, we established the stirred-tank bioreactor process with integrated dielectric spectroscopy, which gave real-time insight in relevant process steps, e.g., cell growth, polyplex uptake, and harvest time. We confirmed the presence and integrity of YF-VLP via Western blot, imaging flow cytometry measurement, and transmission electron microscopy. The YF-VLP production process can serve as a platform to produce VLPs as passive immunizing agents against other neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Lars Tasto
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Deborah Schmidt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
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Ciamponi FE, Procópio DP, Murad NF, Franco TT, Basso TO, Brandão MM. Multi-omics network model reveals key genes associated with p-coumaric acid stress response in an industrial yeast strain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22466. [PMID: 36577778 PMCID: PMC9797568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of ethanol from lignocellulosic sources presents increasingly difficult issues for the global biofuel scenario, leading to increased production costs of current second-generation (2G) ethanol when compared to first-generation (1G) plants. Among the setbacks encountered in industrial processes, the presence of chemical inhibitors from pre-treatment processes severely hinders the potential of yeasts in producing ethanol at peak efficiency. However, some industrial yeast strains have, either naturally or artificially, higher tolerance levels to these compounds. Such is the case of S. cerevisiae SA-1, a Brazilian fuel ethanol industrial strain that has shown high resistance to inhibitors produced by the pre-treatment of cellulosic complexes. Our study focuses on the characterization of the transcriptomic and physiological impact of an inhibitor of this type, p-coumaric acid (pCA), on this strain under chemostat cultivation via RNAseq and quantitative physiological data. It was found that strain SA-1 tend to increase ethanol yield and production rate while decreasing biomass yield when exposed to pCA, in contrast to pCA-susceptible strains, which tend to decrease their ethanol yield and fermentation efficiency when exposed to this substance. This suggests increased metabolic activity linked to mitochondrial and peroxisomal processes. The transcriptomic analysis also revealed a plethora of differentially expressed genes located in co-expressed clusters that are associated with changes in biological pathways linked to biosynthetic and energetical processes. Furthermore, it was also identified 20 genes that act as interaction hubs for these clusters, while also having association with altered pathways and changes in metabolic outputs, potentially leading to the discovery of novel targets for metabolic engineering toward a more robust industrial yeast strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. E. Ciamponi
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
| | - D. P. Procópio
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - N. F. Murad
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
| | - T. T. Franco
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494School of Chemical Engineering (FEQ), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas, SP 13083-852 Brazil
| | - T. O. Basso
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - M. M. Brandão
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
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6
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Allampalli P, Rathinavelu S, Mohan N, Sivaprakasam S. Deployment of metabolic heat rate based soft sensor for estimation and control of specific growth rate in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris for human interferon alpha 2b production. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:194-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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N-1 Perfusion Platform Development Using a Capacitance Probe for Biomanufacturing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040128. [PMID: 35447688 PMCID: PMC9029935 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fed-batch process intensification with a significantly shorter culture duration or higher titer for monoclonal antibody (mAb) production by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can be achieved by implementing perfusion operation at the N-1 stage for biomanufacturing. N-1 perfusion seed with much higher final viable cell density (VCD) than a conventional N-1 batch seed can be used to significantly increase the inoculation VCD for the subsequent fed-batch production (referred as N stage), which results in a shorter cell growth phase, higher peak VCD, or higher titer. In this report, we incorporated a process analytical technology (PAT) tool into our N-1 perfusion platform, using an in-line capacitance probe to automatically adjust the perfusion rate based on real-time VCD measurements. The capacitance measurements correlated linearly with the offline VCD at all cell densities tested (i.e., up to 130 × 106 cells/mL). Online control of the perfusion rate via the cell-specific perfusion rate (CSPR) decreased media usage by approximately 25% when compared with a platform volume-specific perfusion rate approach and did not lead to any detrimental effects on cell growth. This PAT tool was applied to six mAbs, and a platform CSPR of 0.04 nL/cell/day was selected, which enabled rapid growth and maintenance of high viabilities for four of six cell lines. In addition, small-scale capacitance data were used in the scaling-up of N-1 perfusion processes in the pilot plant and in the GMP manufacturing suite. Implementing a platform approach based on capacitance measurements to control perfusion rates led to efficient process development of perfusion N-1 for supporting high-density CHO cell cultures for the fed-batch process intensification.
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8
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Sá M, Ferrer-Ledo N, Gao F, Bertinetto CG, Jansen J, Crespo JG, Wijffels RH, Barbosa M, Galinha CF. Perspectives of fluorescence spectroscopy for online monitoring in microalgae industry. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1824-1838. [PMID: 35175653 PMCID: PMC9151345 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae industrial production is viewed as a solution for alternative production of nutraceuticals, cosmetics, biofertilizers, and biopolymers. Throughout the years, several technological advances have been implemented, increasing the competitiveness of microalgae industry. However, online monitoring and real-time process control of a microalgae production factory still require further development. In this mini-review, non-destructive tools for online monitoring of cellular agriculture applications are described. Still, the focus is on the use of fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor several parameters (cell concentration, pigments, and lipids) in the microalgae industry. The development presented makes it the most promising solution for monitoring up-and downstream processes, different biological parameters simultaneously, and different microalgae species. The improvements needed for industrial application of this technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sá
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands.,Stichting imec Nederland - OnePlanet Research Center, Wageningen, 6708WH, The Netherlands
| | - Narcis Ferrer-Ledo
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Fengzheng Gao
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo G Bertinetto
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (Analytical Chemistry), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Jansen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (Analytical Chemistry), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - João G Crespo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, N-8049, Norway
| | - Maria Barbosa
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia F Galinha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
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9
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ClearColi as a platform for untagged pneumococcal surface protein A production: cultivation strategy, bioreactor culture, and purification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1011-1029. [PMID: 35024919 PMCID: PMC8755982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several studies have searched for new antigens to produce pneumococcal vaccines that are more effective and could provide broader coverage, given the great number of serotypes causing pneumococcal diseases. One of the promising subunit vaccine candidates is untagged recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA4Pro), obtainable in high quantities using recombinant Escherichia coli as a microbial factory. However, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in E. coli cell extracts must be removed, in order to obtain the target protein at the required purity, which makes the downstream process more complex and expensive. Endotoxin-free E. coli strains, which synthesize a nontoxic mutant LPS, may offer a cost-effective alternative way to produce recombinant proteins for application as therapeutics. This paper presents an investigation of PspA4Pro production employing the endotoxin-free recombinant strain ClearColi® BL21(DE3) with different media (defined, auto-induction, and other complex media), temperatures (27, 32, and 37 °C), and inducers. In comparison to conventional E. coli cells in a defined medium, ClearColi presented similar PspA4Pro yields, with lower productivities. Complex medium formulations supplemented with salts favored PspA4Pro yields, titers, and ClearColi growth rates. Induction with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (0.5 mM) and lactose (2.5 g/L) together in a defined medium at 32 °C, which appeared to be a promising cultivation strategy, was reproduced in 5 L bioreactor culture, leading to a yield of 146.0 mg PspA4Pro/g dry cell weight. After purification, the cell extract generated from ClearColi led to 98% purity PspA4Pro, which maintained secondary structure and biological function. ClearColi is a potential host for industrial recombinant protein production. Key points • ClearColi can produce as much PspA4Pro as conventional E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. • 10.5 g PspA4Pro produced in ClearColi bioreactor culture using a defined medium. • Functional PspA4Pro (98% of purity) was obtained in ClearColi bioreactor culture.Graphical abstract ![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11758-9.
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Hartmann FSF, Anastasiou I, Weiß T, Shen J, Seibold GM. Impedance flow cytometry for viability analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 191:106347. [PMID: 34656671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum efficiently produces glutamate when growth is inhibited. Analyses of viability in this non-growing state requires time consuming plating and determination of colony forming units. We here establish impedance flow cytometry measurements to assess the viability of non-growing, glutamate producing C. glutamicum cultures within minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Stefan Franz Hartmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ioannis Anastasiou
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tamara Weiß
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gerd Michael Seibold
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
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11
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Wang R, Lorantfy B, Fusco S, Olsson L, Franzén CJ. Analysis of methods for quantifying yeast cell concentration in complex lignocellulosic fermentation processes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11293. [PMID: 34050249 PMCID: PMC8163860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell mass and viability are tightly linked to the productivity of fermentation processes. In 2nd generation lignocellulose-based media quantitative measurement of cell concentration is challenging because of particles, auto-fluorescence, and intrinsic colour and turbidity of the media. We systematically evaluated several methods for quantifying total and viable yeast cell concentrations to validate their use in lignocellulosic media. Several automated cell counting systems and stain-based viability tests had very limited applicability in such samples. In contrast, manual cell enumeration in a hemocytometer, plating and enumeration of colony forming units, qPCR, and in situ dielectric spectroscopy were further investigated. Parameter optimization to measurements in synthetic lignocellulosic media, which mimicked typical lignocellulosic fermentation conditions, resulted in statistically significant calibration models with good predictive capacity for these four methods. Manual enumeration of cells in a hemocytometer and of CFU were further validated for quantitative assessment of cell numbers in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation experiments on steam-exploded wheat straw. Furthermore, quantitative correlations could be established between these variables and in situ permittivity. In contrast, qPCR quantification suffered from inconsistent DNA extraction from the lignocellulosic slurries. Development of reliable and validated cell quantification methods and understanding their strengths and limitations in lignocellulosic contexts, will enable further development, optimization, and control of lignocellulose-based fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifei Wang
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Nouryon, Hamnvägen 2, 444 85, Stenungsund, Sweden
| | - Bettina Lorantfy
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BioPhero ApS, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 4. th., 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Franzén
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Mainka T, Weirathmüller D, Herwig C, Pflügl S. Potential applications of halophilic microorganisms for biological treatment of industrial process brines contaminated with aromatics. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab015. [PMID: 33928348 PMCID: PMC9113102 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Saline wastewater contaminated with aromatic compounds can be frequently found in various industrial sectors. Those compounds need to be degraded before reuse of wastewater in other process steps or release to the environment. Halophiles have been reported to efficiently degrade aromatics, but their application to treat industrial wastewater is rare. Halophilic processes for industrial wastewater treatment need to satisfy certain requirements: a continuous process mode, low operational expenditures, suitable reactor systems and a monitoring and control strategy. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of halophilic microorganisms, principles of aromatic biodegradation, and sources of saline wastewater containing aromatics and other contaminants. Finally, process examples for halophilic wastewater treatment and potential process monitoring strategies are discussed. To further illustrate the significant potential of halophiles for saline wastewater treatment and to facilitate development of ready-to-implement processes, future research should focus on scale-up and innovative process monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mainka
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience
Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060
Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH,
Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - David Weirathmüller
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience
Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060
Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience
Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060
Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH,
Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Stefan Pflügl
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience
Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060
Vienna, Austria
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13
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Mesquita TJB, Campani G, Giordano RC, Zangirolami TC, Horta ACL. Machine learning applied for metabolic flux-based control of micro-aerated fermentations in bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2076-2091. [PMID: 33615444 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Various bio-based processes depend on controlled micro-aerobic conditions to achieve a satisfactory product yield. However, the limiting oxygen concentration varies according to the micro-organism employed, while for industrial applications, there is no cost-effective way of measuring it at low levels. This study proposes a machine learning procedure within a metabolic flux-based control strategy (SUPERSYS_MCU) to address this issue. The control strategy used simulations of a genome-scale metabolic model to generate a surrogate model in the form of an artificial neural network, to be used in a micro-aerobic fermentation strategy (MF-ANN). The meta-model provided setpoints to the controller, allowing adjustment of the inlet air flow to control the oxygen uptake rate. The strategy was evaluated in micro-aerobic batch cultures employing industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, with defined medium and glucose as the carbon source, as a case study. The performance of the proposed control scheme was compared with a conventional fermentation and with three previously reported micro-aeration strategies, including respiratory quotient-based control and constant air flow rate. Due to maintenance of the oxidative balance at the anaerobiosis threshold, the MF-ANN provided volumetric ethanol productivity of 4.16 g·L-1 ·h-1 and a yield of 0.48 gethanol .gsubstrate -1 , which were higher than the values achieved for the other conditions studied (maximum of 3.4 g·L-1 ·h-1 and 0.35-0.40 gethanol ·gsubstrate -1 , respectively). Due to its modular character, the MF-ANN strategy could be adapted to other micro-aerated bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago J B Mesquita
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson Campani
- Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto C Giordano
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Teresa C Zangirolami
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C L Horta
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Mesquita TJB, Sandri JP, de Campos Giordano R, Horta ACL, Zangirolami TC. A High-Throughput Approach for Modeling and Simulation of Homofermentative Microorganisms Applied to Ethanol Fermentation by S. cerevisiae. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2020.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Passamani Sandri
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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15
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Perdigão Cota de Almeida S, Rozas EE, Oller do Nascimento CA, Dias M, Mendes MA. Metabolomic and secretomic approach to the resistance features of the fungus Aspergillus niger IOC 4687 to copper stress. Metallomics 2020; 13:6050762. [PMID: 33570139 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic and secretomic analyses of Aspergillus niger IOC 4687 indicated the features of resistance of this strain to copper stress. To investigate the metabolites produced under oxidative stress conditions, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed. The secretome principal component analysis results showed that mannitol could be the main metabolite responsible for conferring resistance to the fungus, and gluconic acid is the possible cause of copper desorption because of its chelating ability. The meta-analysis of the metabolome of A. niger IOC 4687 indicated that a low concentration of sorbitol and ribonolactone during growth may be an indicator of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Perdigão Cota de Almeida
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago 250, Bloco B 3 andar, 05508-080 São Paulo-SP, Brasil
| | - Enrique Eduardo Rozas
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago 250, Bloco B 3 andar, 05508-080 São Paulo-SP, Brasil
| | - Cláudio Augusto Oller do Nascimento
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago 250, Bloco B 3 andar, 05508-080 São Paulo-SP, Brasil
| | - Meriellen Dias
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago 250, Bloco B 3 andar, 05508-080 São Paulo-SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Anita Mendes
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago 250, Bloco B 3 andar, 05508-080 São Paulo-SP, Brasil
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16
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Control of Specific Growth Rate in Fed-Batch Bioprocesses: Novel Controller Design for Improved Noise Management. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate control of the specific growth rate (µ) of microorganisms is dependent on the ability to quantify the evolution of biomass reliably in real time. Biomass concentration can be monitored online using various tools and methods, but the obtained signal is often very noisy and unstable, leading to inaccuracies in the estimation of μ. Furthermore, controlling the growth rate is challenging as the process evolves nonlinearly and is subject to unpredictable disturbances originating from the culture’s metabolism. In this work, a novel feedforward-feedback controller logic is presented to counter the problem of noise and oscillations in the control variable and to address the exponential growth dynamics more effectively. The controller was tested on fed-batch cultures of Kluyveromyces marxianus, during which μ was estimated in real time from online biomass concentration measurements obtained with dielectric spectroscopy. It is shown that the specific growth rate can be maintained at different setpoint values with an average root mean square control error of 23 ± 6%.
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17
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Cardoso VM, Campani G, Santos MP, Silva GG, Pires MC, Gonçalves VM, de C. Giordano R, Sargo CR, Horta AC, Zangirolami TC. Cost analysis based on bioreactor cultivation conditions: Production of a soluble recombinant protein using Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 26:e00441. [PMID: 32140446 PMCID: PMC7049567 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of cultivation strategy on the cost of recombinant protein production is crucial for defining cost-effective bioreactor operation conditions. This paper presents a methodology to estimate and compare cost impacts related to utilities as well as medium composition, using simple design equations and accessible data. Data from batch bioreactor cultures were used as case study involving the production of pneumococcal surface protein A, a soluble recombinant protein, employing E. coli BL21(DE3). Cultivation strategies and corresponding process costs covered a wide range of operational conditions, including different media, inducers, and temperatures. The core expenses were related to the medium and cooling. When the price of peptone was above the threshold value of US$ 30/kg, defined medium became the best choice. IPTG and temperatures around 32 °C led to shorter cultures and lower PspA4Pro production costs. The procedure offers a simple, accessible theoretical tool to identify cost-effective production strategies using bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemir M. Cardoso
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Campani
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício P. Santos
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G. Silva
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuella C. Pires
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane M. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto de C. Giordano
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cíntia R. Sargo
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio C.L. Horta
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Teresa C. Zangirolami
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Evaluation of Product Distribution in Chemostat and Batch Fermentation in Lactic Acid-Producing Komagataella phaffii Strains Utilizing Glycerol as Substrate. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050781. [PMID: 32455925 PMCID: PMC7285341 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid is the monomeric unit of polylactide (PLA), a bioplastic widely used in the packaging, automotive, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Previously, the yeast Komagataella phaffii was genetically modified for the production of lactate from glycerol. For this, the bovine L-lactate dehydrogenase- (LDH)-encoding gene was inserted and the gene encoding the pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) was disrupted, resulting in the GLp strain. This showed a yield of 67% L-lactic acid and 20% arabitol as a by-product in batches with oxygen limitation. Following up on these results, the present work endeavored to perform a detailed study of the metabolism of this yeast, as well as perturbing arabitol synthesis in an attempt to increase lactic acid titers. The GLp strain was cultivated in a glycerol-limited chemostat at different dilution rates, confirming that the production of both lactic acid and arabitol is dependent on the specific growth rate (and consequently on the concentration of the limiting carbon source) as well as on the oxygen level. Moreover, disruption of the gene encoding arabitol dehydrogenase (ArDH) was carried out, resulting in an increase of 20% in lactic acid and a 50% reduction in arabitol. This study clarifies the underlying metabolic reasons for arabitol formation in K. phaffii and points to ways for improving production of lactic acid using K. phaffii as a biocatalyst.
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19
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Differential effects of major inhibitory compounds from sugarcane-based lignocellulosic hydrolysates on the physiology of yeast strains and lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:571-582. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Tirumale S, Wani N, Khanday W. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of different extracts of soil-isolated fungus chaetomium cupreum. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.jnsbm_150_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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21
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Mesquita TJB, Sargo CR, Fuzer JR, Paredes SAH, Giordano RDC, Horta ACL, Zangirolami TC. Metabolic fluxes-oriented control of bioreactors: a novel approach to tune micro-aeration and substrate feeding in fermentations. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:150. [PMID: 31484570 PMCID: PMC6724378 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fine-tuning the aeration for cultivations when oxygen-limited conditions are demanded (such as the production of vaccines, isobutanol, 2–3 butanediol, acetone, and bioethanol) is still a challenge in the area of bioreactor automation and advanced control. In this work, an innovative control strategy based on metabolic fluxes was implemented and evaluated in a case study: micro-aerated ethanol fermentation. Results The experiments were carried out in fed-batch mode, using commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae, defined medium, and glucose as carbon source. Simulations of a genome-scale metabolic model for Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to identify the range of oxygen and substrate fluxes that would maximize ethanol fluxes. Oxygen supply and feed flow rate were manipulated to control oxygen and substrate fluxes, as well as the respiratory quotient (RQ). The performance of the controlled cultivation was compared to two other fermentation strategies: a conventional “Brazilian fuel-ethanol plant” fermentation and a strictly anaerobic fermentation (with ultra-pure nitrogen used as the inlet gas). The cultivation carried out under the proposed control strategy showed the best average volumetric ethanol productivity (7.0 g L−1 h−1), with a final ethanol concentration of 87 g L−1 and yield of 0.46 gethanol gsubstrate−1. The other fermentation strategies showed lower yields (close to 0.40 gethanol gsubstrate−1) and ethanol productivity around 4.0 g L−1 h−1. Conclusion The control system based on fluxes was successfully implemented. The proposed approach could also be adapted to control several bioprocesses that require restrict aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago José Barbosa Mesquita
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Regina Sargo
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering-Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (PPGEQ/IQ-UFG), Avenida Esperança, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Fuzer
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Sheyla Alexandra Hidalgo Paredes
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Roberto de Campos Giordano
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Luperni Horta
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Teresa Cristina Zangirolami
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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22
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da Costa BLV, Raghavendran V, Franco LFM, Chaves Filho ADB, Yoshinaga MY, Miyamoto S, Basso TO, Gombert AK. Forever panting and forever growing: physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at extremely low oxygen availability in the absence of ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5551481. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We sought to investigate how far the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under full anaerobiosis is dependent on the widely used anaerobic growth factors (AGF) ergosterol and oleic acid. A continuous cultivation setup was employed and, even forcing ultrapure N2 gas through an O2 trap upstream of the bioreactor, neither cells from S. cerevisiae CEN.PK113–7D (a lab strain) nor from PE-2 (an industrial strain) washed out after an aerobic-to-anaerobic switch in the absence of AGF. S. cerevisiae PE-2 seemed to cope better than the laboratory strain with this extremely low O2 availability, since it presented higher biomass yield, lower specific rates of glucose consumption and CO2 formation, and higher survival at low pH. Lipid (fatty acid and sterol) composition dramatically altered when cells were grown anaerobically without AGF: saturated fatty acid, squalene and lanosterol contents increased, when compared to either cells grown aerobically or anaerobically with AGF. We concluded that these lipid alterations negatively affect cell viability during exposure to low pH or high ethanol titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Labate Vale da Costa
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862 Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05424-970 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Vijayendran Raghavendran
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Mercier Franco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05424-970 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Yukio Yoshinaga
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Olitta Basso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05424-970 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Andreas Karoly Gombert
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862 Campinas-SP, Brazil
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23
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Mauerhofer LM, Pappenreiter P, Paulik C, Seifert AH, Bernacchi S, Rittmann SKMR. Methods for quantification of growth and productivity in anaerobic microbiology and biotechnology. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:321-360. [PMID: 30446943 PMCID: PMC6529396 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic microorganisms (anaerobes) possess a fascinating metabolic versatility. This characteristic makes anaerobes interesting candidates for physiological studies and utilizable as microbial cell factories. To investigate the physiological characteristics of an anaerobic microbial population, yield, productivity, specific growth rate, biomass production, substrate uptake, and product formation are regarded as essential variables. The determination of those variables in distinct cultivation systems may be achieved by using different techniques for sampling, measuring of growth, substrate uptake, and product formation kinetics. In this review, a comprehensive overview of methods is presented, and the applicability is discussed in the frame of anaerobic microbiology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Mauerhofer
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Patricia Pappenreiter
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Paulik
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | | | - Simon K-M R Rittmann
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria.
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24
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Dias M, Gomes de Lacerda JTJ, Perdigão Cota de Almeida S, de Andrade LM, Oller do Nascimento CA, Rozas EE, Mendes MA. Response mechanism of mine-isolated fungus Aspergillus niger IOC 4687 to copper stress determined by proteomics. Metallomics 2019; 11:1558-1566. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of the fungus Aspergillus niger showed that its capacity to absorb metals was boosted by physiological modification under metal stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriellen Dias
- Dempster MS Lab – Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo
- São Paulo-SP
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Lidiane Maria de Andrade
- Dempster MS Lab – Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo
- São Paulo-SP
- Brazil
| | | | - Enrique Eduardo Rozas
- Dempster MS Lab – Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo
- São Paulo-SP
- Brazil
| | - Maria Anita Mendes
- Dempster MS Lab – Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo
- São Paulo-SP
- Brazil
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25
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Strucko T, Zirngibl K, Pereira F, Kafkia E, Mohamed ET, Rettel M, Stein F, Feist AM, Jouhten P, Patil KR, Forster J. Laboratory evolution reveals regulatory and metabolic trade-offs of glycerol utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2018. [PMID: 29534903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most microbial species, including model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, possess genetic capability to utilize many alternative nutrient sources. Yet, it remains an open question whether these manifest into assimilatory phenotypes. Despite possessing all necessary pathways, S. cerevisiae grows poorly or not at all when glycerol is the sole carbon source. Here we discover, through multiple evolved lineages, genetic determinants underlying glycerol catabolism and the associated fitness trade-offs. Most evolved lineages adapted through mutations in the HOG pathway, but showed hampered osmotolerance. In the other lineages, we find that only three mutations cause the improved phenotype. One of these contributes counter-intuitively by decoupling the TCA cycle from oxidative phosphorylation, and thereby hampers ethanol utilization. Transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics analysis of the re-engineered strains affirmed the causality of the three mutations at molecular level. Introduction of these mutations resulted in improved glycerol utilization also in industrial strains. Our findings not only have a direct relevance for improving glycerol-based bioprocesses, but also illustrate how a metabolic pathway can remain unexploited due to fitness trade-offs in other, ecologically important, traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Strucko
- Technical University of Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computation Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zirngibl
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computation Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Filipa Pereira
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computation Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eleni Kafkia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computation Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elsayed T Mohamed
- Technical University of Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mandy Rettel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computation Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computation Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam M Feist
- Technical University of Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paula Jouhten
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computation Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kiran Raosaheb Patil
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computation Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Forster
- Technical University of Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Ehgartner D, Hartmann T, Heinzl S, Frank M, Veiter L, Kager J, Herwig C, Fricke J. Controlling the specific growth rate via biomass trend regulation in filamentous fungi bioprocesses. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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27
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Dias O, Basso TO, Rocha I, Ferreira EC, Gombert AK. Quantitative physiology and elemental composition of Kluyveromyces lactis CBS 2359 during growth on glucose at different specific growth rates. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:183-195. [PMID: 28900755 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has received attention both from academia and industry due to some important features, such as its capacity to grow in lactose-based media, its safe status, its suitability for large-scale cultivation and for heterologous protein synthesis. It has also been considered as a model organism for genomics and metabolic regulation. Despite this, very few studies were carried out hitherto under strictly controlled conditions, such as those found in a chemostat. Here we report a set of quantitative physiological data generated during chemostat cultivations with the K. lactis CBS 2359 strain, obtained under glucose-limiting and fully aerobic conditions. This dataset serves [corrected] as a basis for the comparison of K. lactis with the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in terms of their elemental compositions, as well as for future metabolic flux analysis and metabolic modelling studies with K. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Dias
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto 380, São Paulo, SP, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Thiago O Basso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto 380, São Paulo, SP, 05508-010, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eugénio C Ferreira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreas K Gombert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto 380, São Paulo, SP, 05508-010, Brazil.,School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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28
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Statistical evaluation and discrimination of competing kinetic models and hypothesis for the mathematical description of poly-3(hydroxybutyrate) synthesis by Cupriavidus necator DSM 545. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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29
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Nicolas O, Aly S, Marius KS, François T, Cheikna Z, Alfred ST. Effect of mineral salts and nitrogen source on yeast (Candida utilis NOY1) biomass production using tubers wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2016.15801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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30
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Strucko T, Buron LD, Jarczynska ZD, Nødvig CS, Mølgaard L, Halkier BA, Mortensen UH. CASCADE, a platform for controlled gene amplification for high, tunable and selection-free gene expression in yeast. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41431. [PMID: 28134264 PMCID: PMC5278378 DOI: 10.1038/srep41431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of a gene by increasing its copy number is often desirable in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It may facilitate elucidation of enzyme functions, and in cell factory design it is used to increase production of proteins and metabolites. Current methods are typically exploiting expression from the multicopy 2 μ-derived plasmid or by targeting genes repeatedly into sequences like Ty or rDNA; in both cases, high gene expression levels are often reached. However, with 2 μ-based plasmid expression, the population of cells is very heterogeneous with respect to protein production; and for integration into repeated sequences it is difficult to determine the genetic setup of the resulting strains and to achieve specific gene doses. For both types of systems, the strains often suffer from genetic instability if proper selection pressure is not applied. Here we present a gene amplification system, CASCADE, which enables construction of strains with defined gene copy numbers. One or more genes can be amplified simultaneously and the resulting strains can be stably propagated on selection-free medium. As proof-of-concept, we have successfully used CASCADE to increase heterologous production of two fluorescent proteins, the enzyme β-galactosidase the fungal polyketide 6-methyl salicylic acid and the plant metabolite vanillin glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Strucko
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line Due Buron
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zofia Dorota Jarczynska
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina Spuur Nødvig
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Mølgaard
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Eukaryotic Molecular Cell Biology, Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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31
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Reichelt WN, Thurrold P, Brillmann M, Kager J, Fricke J, Herwig C. Generic biomass estimation methods targeting physiologic process control in induced bacterial cultures. Eng Life Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wieland N. Reichelt
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Thurrold
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Brillmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Julian Kager
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Jens Fricke
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
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32
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Strucko T, Magdenoska O, Mortensen UH. Benchmarking two commonly used Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for heterologous vanillin-β-glucoside production. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 2:99-108. [PMID: 34150513 PMCID: PMC8193238 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used eukaryotic model organism and a key cell factory for production of biofuels and wide range of chemicals. From the broad palette of available yeast strains, the most popular are those derived from laboratory strain S288c and the industrially relevant CEN.PK strain series. Importantly, in recent years these two strains have been subjected to comparative "-omics" analyzes pointing out significant genotypic and phenotypic differences. It is therefore possible that the two strains differ significantly with respect to their potential as cell factories for production of specific compounds. To examine this possibility, we have reconstructed a de novo vanillin-β-glucoside pathway in an identical manner in S288c and CEN.PK strains. Characterization of the two resulting strains in two standard conditions revealed that the S288c background strain produced up to 10-fold higher amounts of vanillin-β-glucoside compared to CEN.PK. This study demonstrates that yeast strain background may play a major role in the outcome of newly developed cell factories for production of a given product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Strucko
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olivera Magdenoska
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uffe H Mortensen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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33
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Vieira P, Kilikian B, Bastos R, Perpetuo E, Nascimento C. Process strategies for enhanced production of 1,3-propanediol by Lactobacillus reuteri using glycerol as a co-substrate. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Simon LL, Pataki H, Marosi G, Meemken F, Hungerbühler K, Baiker A, Tummala S, Glennon B, Kuentz M, Steele G, Kramer HJM, Rydzak JW, Chen Z, Morris J, Kjell F, Singh R, Gani R, Gernaey KV, Louhi-Kultanen M, O’Reilly J, Sandler N, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J, Frohberg P, Ulrich J, Braatz RD, Leyssens T, von Stosch M, Oliveira R, Tan RBH, Wu H, Khan M, O’Grady D, Pandey A, Westra R, Delle-Case E, Pape D, Angelosante D, Maret Y, Steiger O, Lenner M, Abbou-Oucherif K, Nagy ZK, Litster JD, Kamaraju VK, Chiu MS. Assessment of Recent Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Trends: A Multiauthor Review. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500261y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hajnalka Pataki
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fabian Meemken
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Tummala
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brian Glennon
- Synthesis
and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical and Bioprocess
Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- APC Ltd, Belfield Innovation
Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life
Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Gerry Steele
- PharmaCryst Consulting
Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3HN, U.K
| | - Herman J. M. Kramer
- Intensified Reaction & Separation Systems, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - James W. Rydzak
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of
Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Zengping Chen
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Julian Morris
- Centre for Process Analytics & Control Technology, School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE17RU, U.K
| | - Francois Kjell
- Siemens nv/sa,
Industry
Automation − SIPAT Industry Software, Marie Curie Square 30, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ravendra Singh
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rafiqul Gani
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V. Gernaey
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marjatta Louhi-Kultanen
- Department
of Chemical Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - John O’Reilly
- Roche Ireland
Limited, Clarecastle, Co. Clare, Ireland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Frohberg
- Center of
Engineering Science, Thermal Process Engineering, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joachim Ulrich
- Center of
Engineering Science, Thermal Process Engineering, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Moritz von Stosch
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- HybPAT, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- HybPAT, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Reginald B. H. Tan
- Institute
of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*Star, 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Huiquan Wu
- Division
of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office
of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Division
of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office
of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Des O’Grady
- Mettler Toledo
AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 20146, United States
| | - Anjan Pandey
- Mettler Toledo
AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 20146, United States
| | - Remko Westra
- FMC Technologies B.V., Delta 101, 6825 MN Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Delle-Case
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker
Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Detlef Pape
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Angelosante
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Maret
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Steiger
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Miklós Lenner
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Kaoutar Abbou-Oucherif
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Zoltan K. Nagy
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - James D. Litster
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Vamsi Krishna Kamaraju
- Synthesis
and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical and Bioprocess
Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Min-Sen Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
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35
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Abstract
Lab-scale stirred-tank bioreactors (0.2-20 l) are used for fundamental research on animal cells and in process development and troubleshooting for large-scale production. In this chapter, different configurations of bioreactor systems are shortly discussed and setting up these different configurations is described. In addition, online measurement and control of bioreactor parameters is described, with special attention to controller settings (PID) and online measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Finally, methods for determining the oxygen transfer coefficient are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk E Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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36
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Engineering glutathione biosynthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases robustness to inhibitors in pretreated lignocellulosic materials. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:87. [PMID: 24083827 PMCID: PMC3817835 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass requires the development of robust microorganisms that can tolerate the stressful conditions prevailing in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Several inhibitors are known to affect the redox metabolism of cells. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered for increased robustness by modulating the redox state through overexpression of GSH1, CYS3 and GLR1, three genes involved in glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Results Overexpression constructs were stably integrated into the genome of the host strains yielding five strains overexpressing GSH1, GSH1/CYS3, GLR1, GSH1/GLR1 and GSH1/CYS3/GLR1. Overexpression of GSH1 resulted in a 42% increase in the total intracellular glutathione levels compared to the wild type. Overexpression of GSH1/CYS3, GSH1/GLR1 and GSH1/CYS3/GLR1 all resulted in equal or less intracellular glutathione concentrations than overexpression of only GSH1, although higher than the wild type. GLR1 overexpression resulted in similar total glutathione levels as the wild type. Surprisingly, all recombinant strains had a lower [reduced glutathione]:[oxidized glutathione] ratio (ranging from 32–67) than the wild type strain (88), suggesting a more oxidized intracellular environment in the engineered strains. When considering the glutathione half-cell redox potential (Ehc), the difference between the strains was less pronounced. Ehc for the recombinant strains ranged from -225 to -216 mV, whereas for the wild type it was estimated to -225 mV. To test whether the recombinant strains were more robust in industrially relevant conditions, they were evaluated in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of pretreated spruce. All strains carrying the GSH1 overexpression construct performed better than the wild type in terms of ethanol yield and conversion of furfural and HMF. The strain overexpressing GSH1/GLR1 produced 14.0 g L-1 ethanol in 48 hours corresponding to an ethanol yield on hexoses of 0.17 g g-1; while the wild type produced 8.2 g L-1 ethanol in 48 hours resulting in an ethanol yield on hexoses of 0.10 g g-1. Conclusions In this study, we showed that engineering of the redox state by modulating the levels of intracellular glutathione results in increased robustness of S. cerevisiae in SSF of pretreated spruce.
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37
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Stress tolerance and growth physiology of yeast strains from the Brazilian fuel ethanol industry. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 104:1083-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fonseca GG, de Carvalho NMB, Gombert AK. Growth of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 6556 on different sugar combinations as sole carbon and energy source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5055-67. [PMID: 23435899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus has been pointed out as a promising microorganism for a variety of industrial bioprocesses. Although genetic tools have been developed for this yeast and different potential applications have been investigated, quantitative physiological studies have rarely been reported. Here, we report and discuss the growth, substrate consumption, metabolite formation, and respiratory parameters of K. marxianus CBS 6556 during aerobic batch bioreactor cultivations, using a defined medium with different sugars as sole carbon and energy source, at 30 and 37 °C. Cultivations were carried out both on single sugars and on binary sugar mixtures. Carbon balances closed within 95 to 101 % in all experiments. Biomass and CO2 were the main products of cell metabolism, whereas by-products were always present in very low proportion (<3 % of the carbon consumed), as long as full aerobiosis was guaranteed. On all sugars tested as sole carbon and energy source (glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and galactose), the maximum specific growth rate remained between 0.39 and 0.49 h(-1), except for galactose at 37 °C, which only supported growth at 0.31 h(-1). Different growth behaviors were observed on the binary sugar mixtures investigated (glucose and lactose, glucose and galactose, lactose and galactose, glucose and fructose, galactose and fructose, fructose and lactose), and the observations were in agreement with previously published data on the sugar transport systems in K. marxianus. We conclude that K. marxianus CBS 6556 does not present any special nutritional requirements; grows well in the range of 30 to 37 °C on different sugars; is capable of growing on sugar mixtures in a shorter period of time than Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is interesting from an industrial point of view; and deviates tiny amounts of carbon towards metabolite formation, as long as full aerobiosis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Graciano Fonseca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, PO Box 61548, CEP 05424-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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39
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Leite FCB, Basso TO, Pita WDB, Gombert AK, Simões DA, de Morais MA. Quantitative aerobic physiology of the yeast Dekkera bruxellensis, a major contaminant in bioethanol production plants. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 13:34-43. [PMID: 23078341 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dekkera bruxellensis has been described as the major contaminant yeast of industrial ethanol production, although little is known about its physiology. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth of this yeast in diverse carbon sources and involved conducting shake-flask and glucose- or sucrose-limited chemostats experiments, and from the chemostat data, the stoichiometry of biomass formation during aerobic growth was established. As a result of the shake-flask experiments with hexoses or disaccharides, the specific growth rates were calculated, and a different behavior in rich and mineral medium was observed concerning to profile of acetate and ethanol production. In C-limited chemostats conditions, the metabolism of this yeast was completely respiratory, and the biomass yields reached values of 0.62 gDW gS(-1) . In addition, glucose pulses were applied to the glucose- or sucrose-limited chemostats. These results showed that D. bruxellensis has a short-term Crabtree effect. While the glucose pulse was at the sucrose-limited chemostat, sucrose accumulated at the reactor, indicating the presence of a glucose repression mechanism in D. bruxellensis.
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40
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Challenges in enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated Arundo donax revealed by a comparison between SHF and SSF. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Daoud J, Asami K, Rosenberg L, Tabrizian M. Dielectric spectroscopy for non-invasive monitoring of epithelial cell differentiation within three-dimensional scaffolds. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:5097-112. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/16/5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Scalcinati G, Otero JM, Vleet JR, Jeffries TW, Olsson L, Nielsen J. Evolutionary engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient aerobic xylose consumption. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:582-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2012.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer R.H. Vleet
- Department of Bacteriology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison; WI; USA
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43
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Dominguez A, Nobre C, Rodrigues LR, Peres AM, Torres D, Rocha I, Lima N, Teixeira J. New improved method for fructooligosaccharides production by Aureobasidium pullulans. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:1174-9. [PMID: 24750929 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides are prebiotics with numerous health benefits within which the improvement of gut microbiota balance can be highlighted, playing a key role in individual health. In this study, an integrated one-stage method for FOS production via sucrose fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans was developed and optimized using experimental design tools. Optimization of temperature and agitation speed for maximizing the FOS production was performed using response surface methodology. Temperature was found to be the most significant parameter. The optimum fermentation conditions were found to be 32 °C and 385 rpm. Under these conditions, the model predicted a total FOS production yield of 64.7 gFOS/gsucrose. The model was validated at optimal conditions in order to check its adequacy and accuracy and an experimental yield of 64.1 (±0.0) gFOS/gsucrose was obtained. A significant improvement of the total FOS production yields by A. pullulans using a one-stage process was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dominguez
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Nobre
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Biotempo - Consultoria em Biotecnologia, Lda., Avepark - Edifício Spinpark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António M Peres
- LSRE - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Quinta de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Duarte Torres
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Biotempo - Consultoria em Biotecnologia, Lda., Avepark - Edifício Spinpark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Rocha
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Biotempo - Consultoria em Biotecnologia, Lda., Avepark - Edifício Spinpark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nelson Lima
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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44
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Intensification of high cell-density cultivations of rE. coli for production of S. pneumoniae antigenic surface protein, PspA3, using model-based adaptive control. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 35:1269-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Methods of biomass monitoring have increasingly been developed towards online, in situ techniques in order to advance process analysis and control. Off-line, ex situ methods, such as dry cell mass determination and direct cell counts, remain the reference for determining cell mass and number, respectively, but this type of analysis is time consuming. Absorbance measurement, which is used extensively as an off-line, ex situ, or online, in situ technique, is fast and straightforward, as the absorbance can be correlated to cell mass and number by a simple calibration. The downside is that absorbance measurements provide no estimation of viability and in situ applications can suffer from interference, such as aeration. Impedance spectroscopy is widely available and provides a quick measure of viable cell concentration, but does not give an estimation of total cell concentration and, hence, potential product. Sensitivity of impedance spectroscopy remains an issue at low cell concentration, and interference during in situ measurements is also a significant factor. In this chapter, a range of protocols is presented for online determination of biomass yields of recombinant yeast cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Palmer
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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46
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Sarró E, Lecina M, Fontova A, Solà C, Gòdia F, Cairó J, Bragós R. Electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements using a four-electrode configuration improve on-line monitoring of cell concentration in adherent animal cell cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Palmer SM, Kunji ERS. Online analysis and process control in recombinant protein production (review). Methods Mol Biol 2012; 866:129-155. [PMID: 22454120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-770-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Online analysis and control is essential for efficient and reproducible bioprocesses. A key factor in real-time control is the ability to measure critical variables rapidly. Online in situ measurements are the preferred option and minimize the potential loss of sterility. The challenge is to provide sensors with a good lifespan that withstand harsh bioprocess conditions, remain stable for the duration of a process without the need for recalibration, and offer a suitable working range. In recent decades, many new techniques that promise to extend the possibilities of analysis and control, not only by providing new parameters for analysis, but also through the improvement of accepted, well practiced, measurements have arisen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Palmer
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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48
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Rocha SN, Abrahão-Neto J, Gombert AK. Physiological diversity within the Kluyveromyces marxianus species [corrected]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 100:619-30. [PMID: 21732033 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Kluyveromyces marxianus strains CBS 6556, CBS 397 and CBS 712(T) were cultivated on a defined medium with either glucose, lactose or sucrose as the sole carbon source, at 30 and 37°C. The aim of this work was to evaluate the diversity within this species, in terms of the macroscopic physiology. The main properties evaluated were: intensity of the Crabtree effect, specific growth rate, biomass yield on substrate, metabolite excretion and protein secretion capacity, inferred by measuring extracellular inulinase activity. The strain Kluyveromyces lactis CBS 2359 was evaluated in parallel, since it is the best described Kluyveromyces yeast and thus can be used as a control for the experimental setup. K. marxianus CBS 6556 presented the highest specific growth rate (0.70 h(-1)) and the highest specific inulinase activity (1.65 U mg(-1) dry cell weight) among all strains investigated, when grown at 37°C with sucrose as the sole carbon source. The lowest metabolite formation and highest biomass yield on substrate (0.59 g dry cell weight g sucrose(-1)) was achieved by K. marxianus CBS 712(T) at 37°C. Taken together, the results show a systematic comparison of carbon and energy metabolism among three of the best known K. marxianus strains, in parallel to K. lactis CBS 2359.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Nitsche Rocha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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49
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Introducing process analytical technology (PAT) in filamentous cultivation process development: comparison of advanced online sensors for biomass measurement. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:1679-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Hocalar A, Türker M, Karakuzu C, Yüzgeç U. Comparison of different estimation techniques for biomass concentration in large scale yeast fermentation. ISA TRANSACTIONS 2011; 50:303-314. [PMID: 21257167 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, previously developed five different state estimation methods are examined and compared for estimation of biomass concentrations at a production scale fed-batch bioprocess. These methods are i. estimation based on kinetic model of overflow metabolism; ii. estimation based on metabolic black-box model; iii. estimation based on observer; iv. estimation based on artificial neural network; v. estimation based on differential evaluation. Biomass concentrations are estimated from available measurements and compared with experimental data obtained from large scale fermentations. The advantages and disadvantages of the presented techniques are discussed with regard to accuracy, reproducibility, number of primary measurements required and adaptation to different working conditions. Among the various techniques, the metabolic black-box method seems to have advantages although the number of measurements required is more than that for the other methods. However, the required extra measurements are based on commonly employed instruments in an industrial environment. This method is used for developing a model based control of fed-batch yeast fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hocalar
- Pakmaya, P.K. 149, 41001 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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