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Müller E, Sosedov O, Gröning JAD, Stolz A. Synthesis of (R)-mandelic acid and (R)-mandelic acid amide by recombinant E. coli strains expressing a (R)-specific oxynitrilase and an arylacetonitrilase. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 43:287-296. [PMID: 32936375 PMCID: PMC7796878 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chiral 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids and 2-hydroxycarboxamides are valuable synthons for the chemical industry. RESULTS The biocatalytic syntheses of (R)-mandelic acid and (R)-mandelic acid amide by recombinant Escherichia coli clones were studied. Strains were constructed which simultaneously expressed a (R)-specific oxynitrilase (hydroxynitrile lyase) from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana together with the arylacetonitrilase from the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191. In addition, recombinant strains were constructed which expressed a previously described acid tolerant variant of the oxynitrilase and an amide forming variant of the nitrilase. The whole cell catalysts which simultaneously expressed the (R)-specific oxynitrilase and the wild-type nitrilase transformed in slightly acidic buffer systems benzaldehyde plus cyanide preferentially to (R)-mandelic acid with ee-values > 95%. The combination of the (R)-specific oxynitrilase with the amide forming nitrilase variant gave whole cell catalysts which converted at pH-values ≤ pH 5 benzaldehyde plus cyanide with a high degree of enantioselectivity (ee > 90%) to (R)-mandelic acid amide. The acid and the amide forming catalysts also converted chlorinated benzaldehydes with cyanide to chlorinated mandelic acid or chlorinated mandelic acid amides. CONCLUSIONS Efficient systems for the biocatalytic production of (R)-2-hydroxycarboxylic acids and (R)-2-hydroxycarboxamides were generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Müller
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Olga Sosedov
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Present Address: Biochem Labor für chemische Analytik GmbH, Daimlerstr. 5B, 76185 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Stolz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Martínez-Rodríguez S, Torres JM, Sánchez P, Ortega E. Overview on Multienzymatic Cascades for the Production of Non-canonical α-Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:887. [PMID: 32850740 PMCID: PMC7431475 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22 genetically encoded amino acids (AAs) present in proteins (the 20 standard AAs together with selenocysteine and pyrrolysine), are commonly referred as proteinogenic AAs in the literature due to their appearance in ribosome-synthetized polypeptides. Beyond the borders of this key set of compounds, the rest of AAs are generally named imprecisely as non-proteinogenic AAs, even when they can also appear in polypeptide chains as a result of post-transductional machinery. Besides their importance as metabolites in life, many of D-α- and L-α-"non-canonical" amino acids (NcAAs) are of interest in the biotechnological and biomedical fields. They have found numerous applications in the discovery of new medicines and antibiotics, drug synthesis, cosmetic, and nutritional compounds, or in the improvement of protein and peptide pharmaceuticals. In addition to the numerous studies dealing with the asymmetric synthesis of NcAAs, many different enzymatic pathways have been reported in the literature allowing for the biosynthesis of NcAAs. Due to the huge heterogeneity of this group of molecules, this review is devoted to provide an overview on different established multienzymatic cascades for the production of non-canonical D-α- and L-α-AAs, supplying neophyte and experienced professionals in this field with different illustrative examples in the literature. Whereas the discovery of new or newly designed enzymes is of great interest, dusting off previous enzymatic methodologies by a "back and to the future" strategy might accelerate the implementation of new or improved multienzymatic cascades.
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Bornscheuer UT. The fourth wave of biocatalysis is approaching. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0063. [PMID: 29175831 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone a tremendous development in the past few years. A plethora of methods enable the rather rapid tailored-design of an enzyme for a targeted reaction such as asymmetric synthesis of a chiral building block by the combination of information from sequence and structure databases with modern molecular biology methods and high-throughput screening tools. Moreover, novel non-natural reactions could be implemented into protein scaffolds and new enzyme classes are emerging, both broadening the repertoire of reactions now available for organic synthesis. Furthermore, impressive examples of metabolic engineering-the combination of several newly introduced reaction steps in a microbial host-have been developed, paving the way for large-scale processes for both pharmaceuticals and bulk chemicals. This contribution highlights recent developments in this area and points out future challenges.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Providing sustainable catalytic solutions for a rapidly changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Aranaz I, Acosta N, Heras A. Enzymatic d-p-hydrophenyl glycine synthesis using chitin and chitosan as supports for biocatalyst immobilization. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1366991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Aranaz
- Departamento de Química Física II, Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Acosta
- Departamento de Química Física II, Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Heras
- Departamento de Química Física II, Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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de Souza ROMA, Miranda LSM, Bornscheuer UT. A Retrosynthesis Approach for Biocatalysis in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2017; 23:12040-12063. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute; 21941909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute; 21941909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
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Baumgärtner F, Jurzitza L, Conrad J, Beifuss U, Sprenger GA, Albermann C. Synthesis of fucosylated lacto-N-tetraose using whole-cell biotransformation. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6799-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rodríguez-Alonso MJ, Clemente-Jiménez JM, Rodríguez-Vico F, Las Heras- Vázquez FJ. Rational re-design of the “double-racemase hydantoinase process” for optically pure production of natural and non-natural l-amino acids. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Suzuki S, Onishi N, Yokozeki K. Purification and Characterization of Hydantoin Racemase fromMicrobacterium liquefaciensAJ 3912. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:530-6. [PMID: 15784981 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A hydantoin racemase that catalyzed the racemization of 5-benzyl-hydantoin was detected in a cell-free extract of Microbacterium liquefaciens AJ 3912, a bacterial strain known to produce L-amino acids from their corresponding DL-5-substituted-hydantoins. This hydantoin racemase was purified 658-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity by serial chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme showed homology with known hydantoin racemases from other microorganisms. The apparent molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 27 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and 117 kDa on gel-filtration in the purification conditions, indicating a homotetrameric structure. The purified enzyme exhibited optimal activity at pH 8.2 and 55 degrees C, and showed a chiral preference for L-5-benzyl- rather than D-5-benzyl-hydantoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun'ichi Suzuki
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Martínez-Gómez AI, Soriano-Maldonado P, Andújar-Sánchez M, Clemente-Jiménez JM, Rodríguez-Vico F, Neira JL, Las Heras-Vázquez FJ, Martínez-Rodríguez S. Biochemical and mutational studies of allantoinase from Bacillus licheniformis CECT 20T. Biochimie 2013; 99:178-88. [PMID: 24333989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Allantoinases (allantoin amidohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.2.5) catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond of allantoin to form allantoic acid, in those organisms where allantoin is not the final product of uric acid degradation. Despite their importance in the purine catabolic pathway, sequences of microbial allantoinases with proven activity are scarce, and only the enzyme from Escherichia coli (AllEco) has been studied in detail in the genomic era. In this work, we report the cloning, purification and characterization of the recombinant allantoinase from Bacillus licheniformis CECT 20T (AllBali). The enzyme was a homotetramer with an apparent Tm of 62 ± 1 °C. Optimal parameters for the enzyme activity were pH 7.5 and 50 °C, showing apparent Km and kcat values of 17.7 ± 2.7 mM and 24.4 ± 1.5 s(-1), respectively. Co(2+) proved to be the most effective cofactor, inverting the enantioselectivity of AllBali when compared to that previously reported for other allantoinases. The common ability of different cyclic amidohydrolases to hydrolyze distinct substrates to the natural one also proved true for AllBali. The enzyme was able to hydrolyze hydantoin, dihydrouracil and 5-ethyl-hydantoin, although at relative rates 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than with allantoin. Mutagenesis experiments suggest that S292 is likely implicated in the binding of the allantoin ring through the carbonyl group of the polypeptide main chain, which is the common mechanism observed in other members of the amidohydrolase family. In addition, our results suggest an allosteric effect of H2O2 toward allantoinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Martínez-Gómez
- Dpto. Química y Física, Universidad de Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, BITAL, Almería, Spain
| | - Pablo Soriano-Maldonado
- Dpto. Química y Física, Universidad de Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, BITAL, Almería, Spain
| | - Montserrat Andújar-Sánchez
- Dpto. Química y Física, Universidad de Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, BITAL, Almería, Spain
| | - Josefa María Clemente-Jiménez
- Dpto. Química y Física, Universidad de Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, BITAL, Almería, Spain
| | - Felipe Rodríguez-Vico
- Dpto. Química y Física, Universidad de Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, BITAL, Almería, Spain
| | - José L Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Complex Systems Physics Institute, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Las Heras-Vázquez
- Dpto. Química y Física, Universidad de Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, BITAL, Almería, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Rodríguez
- Dpto. Química y Física, Universidad de Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, BITAL, Almería, Spain; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Dpto. Química Física, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Sosedov O, Stolz A. Random mutagenesis of the arylacetonitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191 and identification of variants, which form increased amounts of mandeloamide from mandelonitrile. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1595-607. [PMID: 23695777 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191 was modified by introducing random mutations via error-prone PCR techniques in order to obtain nitrilase variants, which form increased amounts of mandeloamide from racemic mandelonitrile. A screening system was established and experimentally optimized, which allowed the screening of nitrilase variants with the intended phenotype. This system was based on the simultaneous expression of nitrilase variants and the mandeloamide converting amidase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous MP50 in recombinant Escherichia coli cells. The formation of increased amounts of mandeloamide from mandelonitrile by the nitrilase variants was detected after the addition of hydroxylamine and ferric iron ions by taking advantage of the acyltransferase activity of the amidase, which resulted in the formation of coloured iron(III)-hydroxamate complexes from mandeloamide. The system was applied for the screening of libraries of nitrilase variants and 30 enzyme variants identified, which formed increased amounts of mandeloamide from racemic mandelonitrile. The increase in amide formation was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and the genes encoding the relevant nitrilase variants sequenced. Thus, different types of mutations were identified. One group of mutants carried different deletions at the carboxy-terminus. The other types of variants carried amino acid exchanges in positions that had not been related previously to an increased amide formation. Finally, a nitrilase variant was created by combining two independently obtained point mutations. This enzyme variant demonstrated a true nitrile hydratase activity as it formed mandeloamide and mandelic acid in a ratio of about 19:1 from racemic mandelonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sosedov
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Patel TN, Park AHA, Banta S. Periplasmic expression of carbonic anhydrase inEscherichia coli: A new biocatalyst for CO2hydration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1865-73. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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New biocatalytic route for the production of enantioenriched β-alanine derivatives starting from 5- and 6-monosubstituted dihydrouracils. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Enzymatic production of enantiopure amino acids from mono-substituted hydantoin substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2011. [PMID: 21956555 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-331-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Biocatalytic conversion of 5-substituted hydantoin derivatives is an efficient method for the production of unnatural enantiomerically pure amino acids. The enzymes required to carry out this hydrolysis occur in a wide variety of eubacterial species each of which exhibit variations in substrate selectivity, enantiospecificity, and catalytic efficiency. Screening of the natural environment for bacterial strains capable of utilizing hydantoin as a nutrient source (as opposed to rational protein design of known enzymes) is a cost-effective and valuable approach for isolating microbial species with novel hydantoin-hydrolysing enzyme systems. Once candidate microbial isolates have been identified, characterization and optimization of the activity of target enzyme systems can be achieved by subjecting the hydantoin-hydrolysing system to physicochemical manipulations aimed at the enzymes activity within the natural host cells, expressed in a heterologous host, or as purified enzymes. The latter two options require knowledge of the genes encoding for the hydantoin-hydrolysing enzymes. This chapter describes the methods that can be used in conducting such development of hydantoinase-based biocatalytic routes for production of target amino acids.
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Behrens GA, Hummel A, Padhi SK, Schätzle S, Bornscheuer UT. Discovery and Protein Engineering of Biocatalysts for Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Weckbecker A, Gröger H, Hummel W. Regeneration of nicotinamide coenzymes: principles and applications for the synthesis of chiral compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 120:195-242. [PMID: 20182929 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrogenases which depend on nicotinamide coenzymes are of increasing interest for the preparation of chiral compounds, either by reduction of a prochiral precursor or by oxidative resolution of their racemate. The regeneration of oxidized and reduced nicotinamide cofactors is a very crucial step because the use of these cofactors in stoichiometric amounts is too expensive for application. There are several possibilities to regenerate nicotinamide cofactors: established methods such as formate/formate dehydrogenase (FDH) for the regeneration of NADH, recently developed electrochemical methods based on new mediator structures, or the application of gene cloning methods for the construction of "designed" cells by heterologous expression of appropriate genes.A very promising approach is enzymatic cofactor regeneration. Only a few enzymes are suitable for the regeneration of oxidized nicotinamide cofactors. Glutamate dehydrogenase can be used for the oxidation of NADH as well as NADPH while L: -lactate dehydrogenase is able to oxidize NADH only. The reduction of NAD(+) is carried out by formate and FDH. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase are able to reduce both NAD(+) and NADP(+). Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are either NAD(+)- or NADP(+)-specific. ADH from horse liver, for example, reduces NAD(+) while ADHs from Lactobacillus strains catalyze the reduction of NADP(+). These enzymes can be applied by their inclusion in whole cell biotransformations with an NAD(P)(+)-dependent primary reaction to achieve in situ the regeneration of the consumed cofactor.Another efficient method for the regeneration of nicotinamide cofactors is the electrochemical approach. Cofactors can be regenerated directly, for example at a carbon anode, or indirectly involving mediators such as redox catalysts based on transition-metal complexes.An increasing number of examples in technical scale applications are known where nicotinamide dependent enzymes were used together with cofactor regenerating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weckbecker
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
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Carbamoylases: characteristics and applications in biotechnological processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:441-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sosedov O, Matzer K, Bürger S, Kiziak C, Baum S, Altenbuchner J, Chmura A, van Rantwijk F, Stolz A. Construction of RecombinantEscherichia coliCatalysts which Simultaneously Express an (S)-Oxynitrilase and Different Nitrilase Variants for the Synthesis of (S)-Mandelic Acid and (S)-Mandelic Amide from Benzaldehyde and Cyanide. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cai Y, Trodler P, Jiang S, Zhang W, Wu Y, Lu Y, Yang S, Jiang W. Isolation and molecular characterization of a novel d-hydantoinase from Jannaschia sp. CCS1. FEBS J 2009; 276:3575-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rustler S, Motejadded H, Altenbuchner J, Stolz A. Simultaneous expression of an arylacetonitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens and a (S)-oxynitrilase from Manihot esculenta in Pichia pastoris for the synthesis of (S)-mandelic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:87-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Martínez-Rodríguez S, Andújar-Sánchez M, Neira JL, Clemente-Jiménez JM, Jara-Pérez V, Rodríguez-Vico F, Las Heras-Vázquez FJ. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates an important role of cysteines 76 and 181 in the catalysis of hydantoin racemase from Sinorhizobium meliloti. Protein Sci 2007; 15:2729-38. [PMID: 17132860 PMCID: PMC2242435 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062452106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydantoin racemase enzyme plays a crucial role in the reaction cascade known as "hydantoinase process." In conjunction with a stereoselective hydantoinase and a stereospecific carbamoylase, it allows the total conversion from D,L-5-monosubstituted hydantoins, with a low rate of racemization, to optically pure D- or L-amino acids. Residues Cys76 and Cys181 belonging to hydantoin racemase from Sinorhizobium meliloti (SmeHyuA) have been proved to be involved in catalysis. Here, we report biophysical data of SmeHyuA Cys76 and Cys181 to alanine mutants, which point toward a two-base mechanism for the racemization of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins. The secondary and the tertiary structure of the mutants were not significantly affected, as shown by circular dichroism. Calorimetric and fluorescence experiments have shown that Cys76 is responsible for recognition and proton retrieval of D-isomers, while Cys181 is responsible for L-isomer recognition and racemization. This recognition process is further supported by measurements of protein stability followed by chemical denaturation in the presence of the corresponding compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento Química Física, Bioquímica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Martínez-Gómez AI, Martínez-Rodríguez S, Clemente-Jiménez JM, Pozo-Dengra J, Rodríguez-Vico F, Las Heras-Vázquez FJ. Recombinant polycistronic structure of hydantoinase process genes in Escherichia coli for the production of optically pure D-amino acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1525-31. [PMID: 17220246 PMCID: PMC1828775 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02365-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two recombinant reaction systems for the production of optically pure D-amino acids from different D,L-5-monosubstituted hydantoins were constructed. Each system contained three enzymes, two of which were D-hydantoinase and D-carbamoylase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens BQL9. The third enzyme was hydantoin racemase 1 for the first system and hydantoin racemase 2 for the second system, both from A. tumefaciens C58. Each system was formed by using a recombinant Escherichia coli strain with one plasmid harboring three genes coexpressed with one promoter in a polycistronic structure. The D-carbamoylase gene was cloned closest to the promoter in order to obtain the highest level of synthesis of the enzyme, thus avoiding intermediate accumulation, which decreases the reaction rate. Both systems were able to produce 100% conversion and 100% optically pure D-methionine, D-leucine, D-norleucine, D-norvaline, D-aminobutyric acid, D-valine, D-phenylalanine, D-tyrosine, and D-tryptophan from the corresponding hydantoin racemic mixture. For the production of almost all D-amino acids studied in this work, system 1 hydrolyzed the 5-monosubstituted hydantoins faster than system 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Martínez-Gómez
- Departamento de Química-Física, Bioquímica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio C.I.T.E.I., Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería E-04120, Spain
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Martínez-Rodríguez S, González-Ramírez LA, Clemente-Jiménez JM, Rodríguez-Vico F, Las Heras-Vázquez FJ, Gavira JA, García-Ruíz JM. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the recombinant dihydropyrimidinase from Sinorhizobium meliloti CECT4114. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:1223-6. [PMID: 17142902 PMCID: PMC2225373 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106045362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidinases are involved in the reductive pathway of pyrimidine degradation, catalysing the hydrolysis of 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine to the corresponding N-carbamoyl beta-amino acids. This enzyme has often been referred to as hydantoinase owing to its industrial application in the production of optically pure amino acids starting from racemic mixtures of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins. Recombinant dihydropyrimidinase from Sinorhizobium meliloti CECT4114 (SmelDhp) has been expressed, purified and crystallized. Crystallization was performed using the counter-diffusion method with capillaries of 0.3 mm inner diameter. Crystals of SmelDhp suitable for data collection and structure determination were grown in the presence of agarose at 0.1%(w/v) in order to ensure mass transport controlled by diffusion. X-ray data were collected to a resolution of 1.85 A. The crystal belongs to the orthorhombic space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 124.89, b = 126.28, c = 196.10 A and two molecules in the asymmetric unit. A molecular-replacement solution has been determined and refinement is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Física, Bioquímica y Química Inorgánica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio CITE I, Universidad de Almería, Spain
| | | | - Josefa María Clemente-Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física, Bioquímica y Química Inorgánica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio CITE I, Universidad de Almería, Spain
| | - Felipe Rodríguez-Vico
- Departamento de Química Física, Bioquímica y Química Inorgánica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio CITE I, Universidad de Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Las Heras-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Física, Bioquímica y Química Inorgánica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio CITE I, Universidad de Almería, Spain
| | - Jose A. Gavira
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos–IACT, CSIC–UGRA, P. T. Ciencias de la Salud, Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel García-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos–IACT, CSIC–UGRA, P. T. Ciencias de la Salud, Granada 18100, Spain
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24
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Mouri T, Kamiya N, Goto M. Increasing the Catalytic Performance of a Whole Cell Biocatalyst Harboring a Cytochrome P450cam System by Stabilization of an Electron Transfer Component. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1509-13. [PMID: 16955357 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic activity of a recombinant Escherichia coli whole cell biocatalyst harboring a cytochrome P450cam monooxygenase system from Pseudomonas putida coupled with enzymatic co-factor regeneration was investigated. About 0.7 micromol camphor was hydroxylated per mg dry cells at 4 degrees C in 50 mM Tris/HCl buffer (pH 7.4) when utilizing a stable putidaredoxin (Pdx) mutant, C73S/C85S-Pdx (Cys73Ser, Cys85Ser double mutant), instead of wild-type Pdx, which was about two-fold improvement in the substrate conversion. Ten-micromole camphor was completely hydroxylated at 20 degrees C in 6 h by 15 mg dry cell weight of whole cell biocatalyst including C73S/C85S-Pdx. Thus, modulation of protein-protein interaction in multicomponent enzymatic catalysis in whole cells is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mouri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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25
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Abstract
The gene hyuP from Microbacterium liquefaciens AJ 3912 with an added His6 tag was cloned into the expression plasmid pTTQ18 in an Escherichia coli host strain. The transformed E. coli showed transport of radioisotope-labeled 5-substituted hydantoins with apparent K(m) values in the micromolar range. This activity exhibited a pH optimum of 6.6 and was inhibited by dinitrophenol, indicating the requirement of energy for the transport system. 5-Indolyl methyl hydantoin and 5-benzyl hydantoin were the preferred substrates, with selectivity for a hydrophobic substituent in position 5 of hydantoin and for the l isomer over the d isomer. Hydantoins with less hydrophobic substituents, cytosine, thiamine, uracil, allantoin, adenine, and guanine, were not effective ligands. The His-tagged hydantoin transport protein was located in the inner membrane fraction, from which it was solubilized and purified and its identity was authenticated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun'ichi Suzuki
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
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26
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Mouri T, Michizoe J, Ichinose H, Kamiya N, Goto M. A recombinant Escherichia coli whole cell biocatalyst harboring a cytochrome P450cam monooxygenase system coupled with enzymatic cofactor regeneration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:514-20. [PMID: 16421717 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cytochrome P450cam monooxygenase (P450cam) system from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida requires electron transfer among three different proteins and a cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), for oxygenation of its natural substrate, camphor. Herein, we report a facile way to significantly enhance the catalytic efficiency of the P450cam system by the coupling of its native electron transfer system with enzymatic NADH regeneration catalyzed by glycerol dehydrogenase (GLD) in Escherichia coli whole cell biocatalysts. Recombinant E. coli harboring the P450cam system, but lacking GLD, exhibited little activity for camphor hydroxylation. In contrast, coexpression of GLD with the proteinaceous electron transfer components of P450cam resulted in about tenfold improvement in the substrate conversion, implying that the whole cell biocatalyst utilized molecular oxygen, endogenous NADH, and glycerol in the cell for catalysis. The addition of glycerol to the reaction media further promoted camphor hydroxylation, suggesting that exogenous glycerol is also available for GLD in the host cell and actively participates in the catalytic cycle. These results clearly show the utility of GLD towards functional reconstruction of the native P450cam system. The present approach may also be useful for E. coli whole cell biocatalysts with the other NADH-dependent oxygenases and oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mouri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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27
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Hsu SK, Lo HH, Kao CH, Lee DS, Hsu WH. Enantioselective Synthesis of l-Homophenylalanine by Whole Cells of RecombinantEscherichia coliExpressing l-Aminoacylase andN-Acylamino Acid Racemase Genes fromDeinococcus radioduransBCRC12827. Biotechnol Prog 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/bp0601241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Suzuki S, Takenaka Y, Onishi N, Yokozeki K. Molecular cloning and expression of the hyu genes from Microbacterium liquefaciens AJ 3912, responsible for the conversion of 5-substituted hydantoins to alpha-amino acids, in Escherichia coli. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005; 69:1473-82. [PMID: 16116274 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A DNA fragment from Microbacterium liquefaciens AJ 3912, containing the genes responsible for the conversion of 5-substituted-hydantoins to alpha-amino acids, was cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced. Seven open reading frames (hyuP, hyuA, hyuH, hyuC, ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) were identified on the 7.5 kb fragment. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded by the hyuA gene included the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the hydantoin racemase from M. liquefaciens AJ 3912. The hyuA, hyuH, and hyuC genes were heterologously expressed in E. coli; their presence corresponded with the detection of hydantoin racemase, hydantoinase, and N-carbamoyl alpha-amino acid amido hydrolase enzymatic activities respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of hyuP were similar to those of the allantoin (5-ureido-hydantoin) permease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suggesting that hyuP protein might function as a hydantoin transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun'ichi Suzuki
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, Japan.
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Nozaki H, Takenaka Y, Kira I, Watanabe K, Yokozeki K. d-Amino acid production by E. coli co-expressed three genes encoding hydantoin racemase, d-hydantoinase and N-carbamoyl-d-amino acid amidohydrolase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nam SH, Park HS, Kim HS. Evolutionary relationship and application of a superfamily of cyclic amidohydrolase enzymes. CHEM REC 2005; 5:298-307. [PMID: 16211624 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic amidohydrolases belong to a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic C-N bonds. They are commonly found in nucleotide metabolism of purine and pyrimidine. These enzymes share similar catalytic mechanisms and show considerable structural homologies, suggesting that they might have evolved from a common ancestral protein. Homology searches based on common mechanistic properties and three-dimensional protein structures provide clues to the evolutionary relationships of these enzymes. Among the superfamily of enzymes, hydantoinase has been highlighted by its potential for biotechnological applications in the production of unnatural amino acids. The enzymatic process for the production of optically pure amino acids consists of three enzyme steps: hydantoin racemase, hydantoinase, and N-carbamoylase. For efficient industrial application, some critical catalytic properties such as thermostability, catalytic activity, enantioselectivity, and substrate specificity require further improvement. To this end, isolation of new enzymes with desirable properties from natural sources and the optimization of enzymatic processes were attempted. A combination of directed evolution techniques and rational design approaches has made brilliant progress in the redesign of industrially important catalytic enzymes; this approach is likely to be widely applied to the creation of designer enzymes with desirable catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusung-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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31
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Werner M, Las Heras Vazques F, Fritz C, Vielhauer O, Siemann-Herzberg M, Altenbuchner J, Syldatk C. Cloning of D-specific Hydantoin Utilization Genes fromArthrobacter crystallopoietes. Eng Life Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200402158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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32
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Menzel A, Werner H, Altenbuchner J, Gröger H. From Enzymes to “Designer Bugs” in Reductive Amination: A New Process for the Synthesis of L-tert-Leucine Using a Whole Cell-Catalyst. Eng Life Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200402162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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33
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Yoon J, Oh B, Kim K, Park JE, Wang J, Kim HS, Kim Y. Modifying the oligomeric state of cyclic amidase and its effect on enzymatic catalysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:651-9. [PMID: 14521961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A group of cyclic amidases, including hydantoinase, allantoinase, dihydropyrimidinase, and dihydroorotase, catalyze the reversible hydrolysis of cyclic ureides, such as 5-monosubstituted hydantoins and dihydropyrimidines. These four enzymes carry hydrophobic patches to form dimers. With the exception of dihydroorotase, these enzymes are further dimerized to form tetramers by hydrophobic interactions. This leads us to speculate that the hydrophobic interaction domain may be a significant factor in the catalytic property of these oligomeric cyclic amidases, for which activities are not allosterically regulated. We generated a dimeric D-hydantoinase by mutating five residues in the hydrophobic alpha-helical interface of a tetramer and analyzed the kinetic properties of the dimeric form of D-hydantoinase. The specific activity of the dimeric D-hydantoinase corresponds to 5.3% of the activity of tetrameric D-hydantoinase. This low specific activity of the dimeric D-hydantoinase indicates that the dimeric interaction to form a tetramer has a significant effect on the catalytic activity of this non-allosteric tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongchul Yoon
- Division of Molecular Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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34
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Xu Z, Liu Y, Yang Y, Jiang W, Arnold E, Ding J. Crystal structure of D-Hydantoinase from Burkholderia pickettii at a resolution of 2.7 Angstroms: insights into the molecular basis of enzyme thermostability. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:4038-49. [PMID: 12837777 PMCID: PMC164862 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.14.4038-4049.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Hydantoinase (D-HYD) is an industrial enzyme that is widely used in the production of D-amino acids which are precursors for semisynthesis of antibiotics, peptides, and pesticides. This report describes the crystal structure of D-hydantoinase from Burkholderia pickettii (HYD(Bp)) at a 2.7-A resolution. The structure of HYD(Bp) consists of a core (alpha/beta)(8) triose phosphate isomerase barrel fold and a beta-sheet domain, and the catalytic active site consists of two metal ions and six highly conserved amino acid residues. Although HYD(Bp) shares only moderate sequence similarity with D-HYDs from Thermus sp. (HYD(Tsp)) and Bacillus stearothermophilus (HYD(Bst)), whose structures have recently been solved, the overall structure and the structure of the catalytic active site are strikingly similar. Nevertheless, the amino acids that compose the substrate-binding site are less conserved and have different properties, which might dictate the substrate specificity. Structural comparison has revealed insights into the molecular basis of the differential thermostability of D-HYDs. The more thermostable HYD(Tsp) contains more aromatic residues in the interior of the structure than HYD(Bp) and HYD(Bst). Changes of large aromatic residues in HYD(Tsp) to smaller residues in HYD(Bp) or HYD(Bst) decrease the hydrophobicity and create cavities inside the structure. HYD(Tsp) has more salt bridges and hydrogen-bonding interactions and less oxidation susceptible Met and Cys residues on the protein surface than HYD(Bp) and HYD(Bst). Besides, HYD(Tsp) also contains more rigid Pro residues. These factors are likely to make major contributions to the varying thermostability of these enzymes. This information could be exploited in helping to engineer more thermostable mesophilic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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35
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Las Heras-Vázquez FJ, Martínez-Rodríguez S, Mingorance-Cazorla L, Clemente-Jiménez JM, Rodríguez-Vico F. Overexpression and characterization of hydantoin racemase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:541-7. [PMID: 12659852 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydantoin racemase enzyme together with a stereoselective hydantoinase and a stereospecific D-carbamoylase guarantee the total conversion from D,L-5-monosubstituted hydantoins with a low velocity of racemization to optically pure D-amino acids. In this work we have cloned and expressed the hydantoin racemase gene from two strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, C58 and LBA4404, in Escherichia coli BL21. The recombinant protein was purified in a one-step procedure by using immobilized cobalt affinity chromatography and showed an apparent molecular mass of 32,000 Da in SDS-gel electrophoresis. Size exclusion chromatography analysis determined a molecular mass of about 100,000 Da, suggesting that the native enzyme is a tetramer. The optimal conditions for hydantoin racemase activity were pH 7.5 and 55 degrees C with L-5-ethylhydantoin as substrate. Enzyme activity was slightly affected by the addition of Ni(2+) and Co(2+) and strongly inhibited by Cu(2+) and Hg(2+). No effect on enzyme activity was detected with Mn(2+), EDTA, or DTT. Kinetic studies showed the preference of the enzyme for hydantoins with short rather than long aliphatic side chains or hydantoins with aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Las Heras-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química-Física, Bioquímica y Química Inorgánica. Edificio C.I.T.E.I. Universidad de Almería., La Cañada de San Urbano, Spain E-04120
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36
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Cheon YH, Kim HS, Han KH, Abendroth J, Niefind K, Schomburg D, Wang J, Kim Y. Crystal structure of D-hydantoinase from Bacillus stearothermophilus: insight into the stereochemistry of enantioselectivity. Biochemistry 2002; 41:9410-7. [PMID: 12135362 DOI: 10.1021/bi0201567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Industrial production of antibiotics, such as semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins, requires optically pure D-p-hydroxylphenylglycine and its derivatives as important side-chain precursors. To produce optically pure D-amino acids, microbial D-hydantoinase (E.C. 3.5.2.2) is used for stereospecific hydrolysis of chemically synthesized cyclic hydantoins. We report the apo-crystal structure of D-hydantoinase from B. stearothermophilus SD1 at 3.0 A resolution. The structure has a classic TIM barrel fold. Despite an undetectable similarity in sequence, D-hydantoinase shares a striking structural similarity with the recently solved structure of dihydroorotase. A structural comparison of hydantoinase with dihydroorotase revealed that the catalytic chemistry is conserved, while the substrate recognition is not. This structure provides insight into the stereochemistry of enantioselectivity in hydrolysis and illustrates how the enzyme recognizes stereospecific exocyclic substituents and hydrolyzes hydantoins. It should also provide a rationale for further directed evolution of this enzyme for hydrolysis of new hydantoins with novel exocyclic substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Cheon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1, Kusung-dong Yusung-gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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37
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Park JH, Oh KH, Lee DC, Kim HS. Modeling and kinetic analysis of the reaction system using whole cells with separately and co-expressed D-hydantoinase and N-carbamoylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:779-93. [PMID: 12001170 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We developed a kinetic model that describes a heterogeneous reaction system for the production of D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine from D,L-p-hydroxyphenyl-hydantoin using D-hydantoinase of Bacillus stearothermophilus SD1 and N-carbamoylase of Agrobacterium tumefaciens NRRL B11291. As a biocatalyst, whole cells with separately or co-expressed enzymes were used. The reaction system involves dissolution of substrate particles, enzymatic conversion, racemization of the L-form substrate, and transfer of the dissolved substrate, intermediate, and product through the cell membrane. Because the two enzymes have different pH optimum, kinetic parameters were evaluated at different pH for the reaction systems. The model was simulated using the kinetic parameters and compared with experimental data, and it was found that the kinetic model well describes the behavior of the reaction systems using whole cells with separately and co-expressed enzymes. Factors affecting the kinetics of the reaction systems were analyzed on the basis of the kinetic model. In the reaction system with separately expressed enzymes, racemization rate and transport of the reaction intermediate (N-carbamoyl-D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine) were revealed to be the limiting factors at neutral pH, resulting in accumulation of intermediate in the reaction medium. At alkaline condition, on the other hand, inhibition of N-carbamoylase by ammonia was severe, and thereby the reaction rate significantly reduced. In the co-expressed enzyme system, accumulation of intermediate was negligible in the reaction medium, and the improved performance was observed compared to that with separately expressed enzymes. The present model might be applied for the optimization and development of the reaction system using two sequential enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Ho Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1, Kusung-dong Yusung-gu, Taejon, 305-701, Korea
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38
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May O, Verseck S, Bommarius A, Drauz K. Development of Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Processes for Biocatalytic Production of Natural and Nonnatural l-Amino Acids. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op020009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver May
- Degussa AG, Rhodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, U.S.A
| | - Stefan Verseck
- Degussa AG, Rhodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, U.S.A
| | - Andreas Bommarius
- Degussa AG, Rhodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, U.S.A
| | - Karlheinz Drauz
- Degussa AG, Rhodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, U.S.A
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39
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Abstract
The impact of directed evolution and site-specific mutagenesis on the industrial utility of enzymatic catalysis through the modification of enzyme structure and function is clearly an important area of research in bioprocess engineering. High-throughput screening for novel or improved enzyme activities, both by more efficiently exploring nature's diversity and by creating new diversity in the test tube, allows new bioprocesses to be developed. Similarly, innovations in enzyme technology that address novel ways to apply enzymes in bioprocesses also have an impact on bioprocess engineering. Several recent developments have been made in this latter aspect of bioprocess engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Panke
- Institute of Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Sonnegstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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40
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Altenbuchner J, Siemann-Herzberg M, Syldatk C. Hydantoinases and related enzymes as biocatalysts for the synthesis of unnatural chiral amino acids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2001; 12:559-63. [PMID: 11849938 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A cascade of hydantoinase, N-carbamoylase and hydantoinracemase can be used for the production of natural and unnatural chiral D- and L-amino acids from chemically synthesized hydantoin derivatives. Potentially, 100% conversion and 100% optically pure amino acids can be obtained at the same time if racemic substrates are used. Recent research activities concentrate on newly isolated or improved enzymes and include directed evolution techniques, structure elucidation, studies of fusion proteins and the use of specially designed whole cell biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Altenbuchner
- Institute of Industrial Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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