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Kaur D, Sharma V, Joshi A, Batra N, Ramniwas S, Sharma AK. Pectinases as promising green biocatalysts having broad-spectrum applications: Recent trends, scope, and relevance. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1663-1678. [PMID: 36977651 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Pectinases are a collection of multiple enzymes that have a common substrate, that is, pectin. They can act on different parts of pectin due to the structural heterogeneity of pectin. Therefore, they have been placed in different groups, such as protopectinases, polygalacturonases, polymethylesterases, pectin lyases, and pectate lyases. They are naturally present both in multicellular organisms such as higher plants and in unicellular organisms such as microbes. In past decade, it has been witnessed that chemical and mechanical methods employed in industrial processes have led to environmental hazards and serious health disorders, thus increasing the search for eco-friendly approaches with minimal health risks. Hence, microbial enzymes have been extensively used as safer alternative for these environmentally unsafe methods. Among these microbial enzymes, pectinases hold great significance and is one of the principal enzymes that have been used commercially. It is predominantly used as a green biocatalyst for fruit, fiber, oil, textile, beverage, pulp, and paper industry. Thus, this review focuses on the structure of pectin, microbial sources of pectin, and principle industrial applications of pectinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damanjeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Varruchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Biotechnology Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
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Extraction and Characterization of Fiber and Cellulose from Ethiopian Linseed Straw: Determination of Retting Period and Optimization of Multi-Step Alkaline Peroxide Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020469. [PMID: 36679349 PMCID: PMC9912263 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Flax is a commercial crop grown in many parts of the world both for its seeds and for its fibers. The seed-based flax variety (linseed) is considered less for its fiber after the seed is extracted. In this study, linseed straw was utilized and processed to extract fiber and cellulose through optimization of retting time and a multi-step alkaline peroxide extraction process using the Taguchi design of experiment (DOE). Effects of retting duration on fiber properties as well as effects of solvent concentration, reaction temperature, and time on removal of non-cellulosic fiber components were studied using the gravimetric technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal studies. Based on these findings, retting for 216 h at room temperature should offer adequate retting efficiency and fiber characteristics; 70% cellulose yield was extracted successfully from linseed straw fiber using 75% ethanol-toluene at 98 °C for 4 h, 6% NaOH at 75 °C for 30 min, and 6% H2O2 at 90 °C for 120 min.
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Hemp Fibre Properties and Processing Target Textile: A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051901. [PMID: 35269132 PMCID: PMC8911747 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, Cannabis sativa L. has become one of the most fashionable plants. To use the hemp potential for the development of a sustainable textile bio-product sector, it is necessary to learn about the effect of the processes creating hemp’s value chain on fibre properties. This review presents a multi-perspective approach to industrial hemp as a resource delivering textile fibres. This article extensively explores the current development of hemp fibre processes including methods of fibre extraction and processing and comprehensive fibre characteristics to indicate the challenges and opportunities regarding Cannabis sativa L. Presented statistics prove the increasing interest worldwide in hemp raw material and hemp-based bio-products. This article discusses the most relevant findings in terms of the effect of the retting processes on the composition of chemical fibres resulting in specific fibre properties. Methods of fibre extraction include dew retting, water retting, osmotic degumming, enzymatic retting, steam explosion and mechanical decortication to decompose pectin, lignin and hemicellulose to remove them from the stem with varying efficiency. This determines further processes and proves the diversity of ways to produce yarn by employing different spinning systems such as linen spinning, cotton and wool spinning technology with or without the use of the decortication process. The aim of this study is to provide knowledge for better understanding of the textile aspects of hemp fibres and their relationship to applied technological processes.
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Shuvo II. Fibre attributes and mapping the cultivar influence of different industrial cellulosic crops (cotton, hemp, flax, and canola) on textile properties. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNatural lignocellulosic fibres (NLF) extracted from different industrial crops (like cotton, hemp, flax, and canola) have taken a growing share of the overall global use of natural fibres required for manufacturing consumer apparels and textile substrate. The attributes of these constituent NLF determine the end product (textiles) performance and function. Structural and microscopic studies have highlighted the key behaviors of these NLF and understanding these behaviors is essential to regulate their industrial production, engineering applications, and harness their benefits. Breakthrough scientific successes have demonstrated textile fibre properties and significantly different mechanical and structural behavioral patterns related to different cultivars of NLF, but a broader agenda is needed to study these behaviors. Influence of key fibre attributes of NLF and properties of different cultivars on the performance of textiles are defined in this review. A likelihood analysis using scattergram and Pearson’s correlation followed by a two-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) to single-out key properties explain the variations and investigate the probabilities of any cluster of similar fibre profiles. Finally, a Weibull distribution determined probabilistic breaking tenacities of different fibres after statistical analysis of more than 60 (N > 60) cultivars of cotton, canola, flax, and hemp fibres.
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Kumar A, Yadav M, Tiruneh W. Debarking, pitch removal and retting: Role of microbes and their enzymes. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrobial enzymes are green and clean alternatives for several processes in the pulp and paper industry. Enzyme treatment decreases the energy requirement and minimizes the wood losses during drum debarking. Lipophilic wood extractives are known as pitch. Pitch deposition adversely affects the pulp quality and increases equipment maintenance and operating costs during paper manufacturing. Several chemical additives have been used to remove pitch deposits. Natural seasoning of wood is used to minimize pitch content in wood, but it has some disadvantages including yield losses and decreased brightness. Controlled seasoning with white-rot fungi or albino strains of sapstain fungi is an effective tool for degradation and removal of wood extractives. Enzymes including lipase, laccase, sterol esterase, and lipooxygenase have also been used to minimize pitch-related problems. Enzymatic retting has been proved an eco-friendly and economical solution for chemical degumming and traditional retting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Workinesh Tiruneh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Dehabadi L, Karoyo AH, Soleimani M, Alabi WO, Simonson CJ, Wilson LD. Flax Biomass Conversion via Controlled Oxidation: Facile Tuning of Physicochemical Properties. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:bioengineering7020038. [PMID: 32349322 PMCID: PMC7355426 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of chemical modification of pristine linen fiber (LF) on its physicochemical and adsorption properties is reported in this contribution. The surface and textural properties of the pristine LF and its peroxyacetic acid- (PAF) and chlorite-treated (CF) fiber forms were characterized by several complementary methods: spectroscopy (SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and XPS), thermal analysis (DSC and TGA), gas/water adsorption isotherms, and zeta potential (ξ). The results obtained reveal that the surface charge and textural properties (surface area and pore structure) of the LF material was modified upon chemical treatment, as indicated by changes in the biomass composition, morphology, ξ-values, and water/dye uptake properties of the fiber samples. Particularly, the pristine LF sample displays preferential removal efficiency (ER) of methylene blue (MB) dye with ER ~3-fold greater (ER~62%) as compared to the modified materials (CF or PAF; ER~21%), due to the role of surface charge of pectins and lignins present in pristine LF. At higher MB concentration, the relative ER values for LF (~19%) relative to CF or PAF (~16%) reveal the greater role of micropore adsorption sites due to the contributing effect of the textural porosity observed for the modified flax biomass at these conditions. Similar trends occur for the adsorption of water in the liquid vs. vapour phases. The chemical treatment of LF alters the polarity/charge of the surface functional groups, and pore structure properties of the chemically treated fibers, according to the variable hydration properties. The surface and textural properties of LF are altered upon chemical modification, according to the variable adsorption properties with liquid water (l) vs. water vapor (g) due to the role of surface- vs. pore-sites. This study contributes to an understanding of the structure-adsorption properties for pristine and oxidized flax fiber biomass. The chemical conversion of such biomass yields biomaterials with tunable surface and textural properties, as evidenced by the unique adsorption properties observed for pristine LF and its modified forms (CF and PAF). This study addresses knowledge gaps in the field by contributing insight on the relationship between structure and adsorption properties of such LF biomass in its pristine and chemically modified forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Dehabadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Dr. Ma’s Laboratories Inc., Unit 4, 8118 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, BC V5J 0E5, Canada
| | - Abdalla H. Karoyo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Majid Soleimani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Wahab O. Alabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Carey J. Simonson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Lee D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-306-966-2961
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De Prez J, Van Vuure AW, Ivens J, Aerts G, Van de Voorde I. Enzymatic treatment of flax for use in composites. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 20:e00294. [PMID: 30568888 PMCID: PMC6288048 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are highly advantageous compared to dew retting to reach fibers of high and consistent quality. However, no unambiguous insights have been retained from the research, i.e. lacking a clear directive of which enzyme activities are strictly needed. Methods for evaluating enzymatic retting should be standardized, with characterization of chemical, morphological and mechanical properties and analysis of the ease of extraction. Moreover, evaluation should not only be focused on the microscopic level of the fiber but the performance of the resulting composite materials should be assessed as well. The review also covers research challenges for introducing enzymatic treatment in large scale production as well as inherent limitations and economic aspects. Besides their high selectivity and environmentally-friendly processing conditions, applying enzymes may also result in a less severe mechanical post-treatment implying less fiber damage. Moreover, recycling of enzymes and utilization of byproducts may increase the economic feasibility of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana De Prez
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aart Willem Van Vuure
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Technology Cluster for Materials Technology (TC-MT), Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 – bus 2450, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Ivens
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Technology Cluster for Materials Technology (TC-MT), Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 – bus 2450, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guido Aerts
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van de Voorde
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Jaramillo PMD, Andreaus J, Neto GPDS, Castro CFDS, Filho EXF. The characterization of a pectin-degrading enzyme fromAspergillus oryzaegrown on passion fruit peel as the carbon source and the evaluation of its potential for industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2016.1168817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Comparative Evaluation of Physical and Structural Properties of Water Retted and Non-retted Flax Fibers. FIBERS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/fib1030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Visi DK, D’Souza N, Ayre BG, Webber III CL, Allen MS. Investigation of the bacterial retting community of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) under different conditions using next-generation semiconductor sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:465-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The microbial communities associated with kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) plant fibers during retting were determined in an effort to identify possible means of accelerating this process for industrial scale-up. Microbial communities were identified by semiconductor sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from DNA harvested from plant-surface associated samples and analyzed using an Ion Torrent PGM. The communities were sampled after 96 h from each of three different conditions, including amendments with pond water, sterilized pond water, or with a mixture of pectinolytic bacterial isolates. Additionally, plants from two different sources and having different pretreatment conditions were compared. We report that the best retting communities are dominated by members of the order Clostridiales. These bacteria appear to be naturally associated with the plant material, although slight variations between source materials were found. Additionally, heavy inoculations of pectinolytic bacteria established themselves and in addition their presence facilitated the rapid dominance of the original plant-associated Clostridiales. These data suggest that members of the order Clostridiales dominate the community and are most closely associated with efficient and effective retting. The results further suggest that establishment of the community structure is first driven by the switch to anaerobic conditions, and subsequently by possible competition for nitrogen. These findings reveal important bacterial groups involved in fiber retting, and suggest mechanisms for the manipulation of the community and retting efficiency by modifying nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Visi
- grid.266871.c 0000000097656057 Department of Forensics and Investigative Genetics University of North Texas Health Science Center 76107 Ft. Worth TX USA
- grid.266869.5 000000011008957X Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas 76203-3677 Denton TX USA
| | - Nandika D’Souza
- grid.266869.5 000000011008957X Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering University of North Texas 76203-3677 Denton TX USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- grid.266869.5 000000011008957X Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas 76203-3677 Denton TX USA
| | - Charles L Webber III
- grid.463419.d 0000 0004 0404 0958 Sugarcane Research Unit USDA, ARS 70361 Houma LA USA
| | - Michael S Allen
- grid.266871.c 0000000097656057 Department of Forensics and Investigative Genetics University of North Texas Health Science Center 76107 Ft. Worth TX USA
- grid.266869.5 000000011008957X Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas 76203-3677 Denton TX USA
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12
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Akin DE. Linen most useful: perspectives on structure, chemistry, and enzymes for retting flax. ISRN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 2013:186534. [PMID: 25969769 PMCID: PMC4403609 DOI: 10.5402/2013/186534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The components of flax (Linum usitatissimum) stems are described and illustrated, with reference to the anatomy and chemical makeup and to applications in processing and products. Bast fiber, which is a major economic product of flax along with linseed and linseed oil, is described with particular reference to its application in textiles, composites, and specialty papers. A short history of retting methods, which is the separation of bast fiber from nonfiber components, is presented with emphasis on water retting, field retting (dew retting), and experimental methods. Past research on enzyme retting, particularly by the use of pectinases as a potential replacement for the current commercial practice of field retting, is reviewed. The importance and mechanism of Ca2+ chelators with pectinases in retting are described. Protocols are provided for retting of both fiber-type and linseed-type flax stems with different types of pectinases. Current and future applications are listed for use of a wide array of enzymes to improve processed fibers and blended yarns. Finally, potential lipid and aromatic coproducts derived from the dust and shive waste streams of fiber processing are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny E Akin
- Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30606, USA
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Fu J, Li X, Gao W, Wang H, Cavaco-Paulo A, Silva C. Bio-processing of bamboo fibres for textile applications: a mini review. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.650450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Hu W, Ton-That MT, Denault J, Rho D, Yang J, Lau PC. Comparison between dew-retted and enzyme-retted flax fibers as reinforcing material for composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Xu
- State Key Laboratory, Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R. M. Rowell
- State Key Laboratory, Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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16
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Role of Polysaccharides on Mechanical and Adhesion Properties of Flax Fibres in Flax/PLA Biocomposite. INT J POLYM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1155/2011/503940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of alkali and enzymatic treatments on flax fibre morphology, mechanical, and adhesion properties was investigated. The multilength scale analysis allows for the correlation of the fibre's morphological changes induced by the treatments with mechanical properties to better explain the adherence properties between flax and PLA. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images revealed the removal of primary layers, upon treatments, down to cellulose microfibrils present in the secondary layers. The variation in mechanical properties was found to be dependent, apart from the crystalline content, on interaction between cellulose microfibrils and encrusting polysaccharides, pectins and hemicelluloses, in the secondary layers. Finally, microbond tests between the modified fibres and PLA emphasize the important role of the outer fibre's surface on the overall composite properties. It was observed here that gentle treatments of the fibres, down to the oriented microfibrils, are favourable to a better adherence with a PLA drop. This paper highlights the important role of amorphous polymers, hemicellulose and pectin, in the optimisation of the adhesion and mechanical properties of flax fibres in the biocomposite.
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17
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Hu W, Ton-That MT, Perrin-Sarazin F, Denault J. An improved method for single fiber tensile test of natural fibers. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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LIU JX, YU CM, TANG SW, ZHU AG, WANG YZ, ZHU SY, MA XF, XIONG HP. Cloning and Expression of Key Enzyme Gene GalAT in Ramie Pectin Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(08)60262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Zbidi F, Sghaier S, Nejma M, Zidi M. Influence of Alkaline and Enzymatic Treatments on the Properties
of Doum Palm Fibres and Composite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2009.366.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhu R, Chen J, Chen J, Feng X. Seawater-retting treatment of hemp and characterization of bacterial strains involved in the retting process. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Xiao Z, Wang S, Bergeron H, Zhang J, Lau PCK. A flax-retting endopolygalacturonase-encoding gene from Rhizopus oryzae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:563-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Xiao Z, Boyd J, Grosse S, Beauchemin M, Coupe E, Lau PCK. Mining Xanthomonas and Streptomyces genomes for new pectinase-encoding sequences and their heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:973-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schäfer T, Borchert TW, Nielsen VS, Skagerlind P, Gibson K, Wenger K, Hatzack F, Nilsson LD, Salmon S, Pedersen S, Heldt-Hansen HP, Poulsen PB, Lund H, Oxenbøll KM, Wu GF, Pedersen HH, Xu H. Industrial Enzymes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 105:59-131. [PMID: 17408082 DOI: 10.1007/10_2006_039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sohn M, Himmelsbach DS, Morrison WH, Akin DE, Barton FE. Partial least squares regression calibration for determining wax content in processed flax fiber by near-infrared spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:437-40. [PMID: 16613641 DOI: 10.1366/000370206776593663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The quality of flax fiber in the textile industry is closely related to the wax content remaining on the fiber after the cleaning process. Extraction by organic solvents, which is currently used for determining wax content, is very time consuming and produces chemical waste. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used as a rapid analytical technique to develop models for wax content associated with flax fiber. Calibration samples (n=11) were prepared by manually mixing dewaxed fiber and isolated wax to provide a range of wax content from 0 to 5%. A total of fourteen flax fiber samples obtained after a cleaning process were used for prediction. Principal component analysis demonstrated that one principal component is enough to separate the flax fibers by their wax content. The most highly correlated wavelengths were 2312, 2352, 1732, and 1766 nm, in order of significance. Partial least squares models were developed with various chemometric preprocessing approaches to obtain the best model performance. Two models, one using the entire region (1100-2498 nm) and the other using the selected wavelengths, were developed and the accuracies compared. For the model using the entire region, the correlation coefficient (R2) between actual and predicted values was 0.996 and the standard error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.289%. For the selected-wavelengths model, the R2 was 0.997 and RMSEP was 0.272%. The results suggested that NIR spectroscopy can be used to determine wax content in very clean flax fiber and that development of a low-cost device, using few wavelengths, should be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryeong Sohn
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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Tamburini E, León AG, Perito B, Mastromei G. Characterization of bacterial pectinolytic strains involved in the water retting process. Environ Microbiol 2003; 5:730-6. [PMID: 12919408 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pectinolytic microorganisms involved in the water retting process were characterized. Cultivable mesophilic anaerobic and aerobic bacteria were isolated from unretted and water-retted material. A total of 104 anaerobic and 23 aerobic pectinolytic strains were identified. Polygalacturonase activity was measured in the supernatant of cell cultures; 24 anaerobic and nine aerobic isolates showed an enzymatic activity higher than the reference strains Clostridium felsineum and Bacillus subtilis respectively. We performed the first genotypic characterization of the retting microflora by a 16S amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). Anaerobic isolates were divided into five different groups, and the aerobic isolates were clustered into three groups. 84.6% of the anaerobic and 82.6% of the aerobic isolates consisted of two main haplotypes. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for 12 strains, representative of each haplotype. All anaerobic strains were assigned to the Clostridium genus, whereas the aerobic isolates were assigned to either the Bacillus or the Paenibacillus genus. Anaerobic isolates with high polygalacturonase (PG) activity belong to two clearly distinct phylogenetic clusters related to C. acetobutylicum-C. felsineum and C. saccharobutylicum species. Aerobic isolates with high PG activity belong to two clearly distinct phylogenetic clusters related to B. subtilisT and B. pumilusT.
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MESH Headings
- Bacillus/isolation & purification
- Bacillus/metabolism
- Bacteria, Aerobic/classification
- Bacteria, Aerobic/enzymology
- Bacteria, Aerobic/isolation & purification
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/classification
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/enzymology
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/isolation & purification
- Cannabis/metabolism
- Cannabis/microbiology
- Clostridium/isolation & purification
- Clostridium/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Flax/metabolism
- Flax/microbiology
- Haplotypes
- Pectins/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Polygalacturonase/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Ribotyping
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Water Microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Microbiologia, University of Cagliari, Cittadella universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Sohn M, Barton FE, Morrison WH, Archibald DD. Application of partial least-squares regression to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic determination of shive content in flax. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 57:551-556. [PMID: 14658682 DOI: 10.1366/000370203321666588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Shive, the nonfiberous core portion of the stem, in flax fiber after retting is related to fiber quality. The objective of this study is to develop a standard calibration model for determining shive content in retted flax by using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Calibration samples were prepared by manually mixing pure, ground shive and pure, ground fiber from flax retted by three different methods (water, dew, and enzyme retting) to provide a wide range of shive content from 0 to 100%. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression was used to generate a calibration model, and spectral data were processed using various pretreatments such as a multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), normalization, derivatives, and Martens' Uncertainty option to improve the calibration model. The calibration model developed with a single sample set resulted in a standard error of 1.8% with one factor. The best algorithm was produced from first-derivative processing of the spectral data. MSC was not effective processing for this model. However, a big bias was observed when independent sample sets were applied to this calibration model to predict shive content in flax fiber. The calibration model developed using a combination sample set showed a slightly higher standard error and number of factors compared to the model for a single sample set, but this model was sufficiently accurate to apply to each sample set. The best algorithm for the combination sample set was generated from second derivatives followed by MSC processing of spectral data and from Martens' Uncertainty option; it resulted in a standard error of 2.3% with 2 factors. The value of the digital second derivative centered at 1674 nm for these spectral data was highly correlated to shive content of flax and could form the basis for a simple, low-cost sensor for the shive or fiber content in retted flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryeong Sohn
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Evans JD, Akin DE, Foulk JA. Flax-retting by polygalacturonase-containing enzyme mixtures and effects on fiber properties. J Biotechnol 2002; 97:223-31. [PMID: 12084478 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-retting of flax was accomplished via individual treatment with four polygalacturonase (PGase) containing solutions of various fungal sources and the resulting fibers were characterized. The retting solutions were equilibrated to contain 2.19 U of PGase activity as determined via a dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reducing sugar assay. As compared with the buffer control, treatment with the various enzyme solutions increased the yield of fine fibers. Treatment with Aspergillus niger PGase resulted in a 62% increase in fine fiber yield as compared with the buffer control and fiber strength did not statistically differ (P</=0.05) between these treatments. Retting via PGases of Rhizopus origin produced the weakest fibers. These results illustrate that the crude PGases differ in their ability to ret flax and that under the defined experimental conditions the A. niger PGase is a better retting agent. Light microscopy demonstrated the ability of all enzymes to separate fiber from shive and epidermal tissues. Enzyme profiles of the solutions were determined via viscometric assays. Pectinolytic activity was the predominant activity of all enzymes tested. Activity against carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was a minor component of all solutions except A. niger PGase for which no activity was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D Evans
- Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30604, USA
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