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Wojciechowski MN, Schreiber S, Jose J. A Novel Flow Cytometry-Based Assay for the Identification of HCN4 CNBD Ligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050710. [PMID: 37242492 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are promising therapeutic targets because of their association with the genesis of several diseases. The identification of selective compounds that alter cAMP-induced ion channel modulation by binding to the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) will facilitate HCN channel-specific drug development. In this study, a fast and protein purification-free ligand-binding approach with a surface-displayed HCN4 C-Linker-CNBD on E. coli is presented. 8-Fluo-cAMP ligand binding was monitored by single-cell analysis via flow cytometry, and a Kd-value of 173 ± 46 nM was determined. The Kd value was confirmed by ligand depletion analysis and equilibrium state measurements. Applying increasing concentrations of cAMP led to a concentration-dependent decrease in fluorescence intensity, indicating a displacement of 8-Fluo-cAMP. A Ki-value of 8.5 ± 2 µM was determined. The linear relationship of IC50 values obtained for cAMP as a function of ligand concentration confirmed the competitive binding mode: IC50: 13 ± 2 µM/16 ± 3 µM/23 ± 1 µM/27 ± 1 µM for 50 nM/150 nM/250 nM/500 nM 8-Fluo-cAMP. A similar competitive mode of binding was confirmed for 7-CH-cAMP, and an IC50 value of 230 ± 41 nM and a Ki of 159 ± 29 nM were determined. Two established drugs were tested in the assay. Ivabradine, an approved HCN channel pore blocker and gabapentin, is known to bind to HCN4 channels in preference to other isoforms with an unknown mode of action. As expected, ivabradine had no impact on ligand binding. In addition, gabapentin had no influence on 8-Fluo-cAMP's binding to HCN4-CNBD. This is the first indication that gabapentin is not interacting with this part of the HCN4 channel. The ligand-binding assay as described can be used to determine binding constants for ligands such as cAMP and derivatives. It could also be applied for the identification of new ligands binding to the HCN4-CNBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena N Wojciechowski
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacampus, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schreiber
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacampus, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacampus, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Tian H, Furtmann C, Lenz F, Srinivasamurthy V, Bornscheuer UT, Jose J. Enzyme cascade converting cyclohexanol into ε-caprolactone coupled with NADPH recycling using surface displayed alcohol dehydrogenase and cyclohexanone monooxygenase on E. coli. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2235-2249. [PMID: 35478318 PMCID: PMC9328734 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of enzymes as biocatalysts in industrial processes has great potential due to their outstanding stereo‐, regio‐ and chemoselectivity. Using autodisplay, enzymes can be immobilized on the cell surface of Gram‐negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. In the present study, the surface display of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and a cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) on E. coli was investigated. Displaying these enzymes on the surface of E. coli resulted in whole‐cell biocatalysts accessible for substrates without further purification. An apparent maximal reaction velocity VMAX(app) for the oxidation of cyclohexanol with the ADH whole‐cell biocatalysts was determined as 59.9 mU ml−1. For the oxidation of cyclohexanone with the CHMO whole‐cell biocatalysts a VMAX(app) of 491 mU ml−1 was obtained. A direct conversion of cyclohexanol to ε‐caprolactone, which is a known building block for the valuable biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone, was possible by combining the two whole‐cell biocatalysts. Gas chromatography was applied to quantify the yield of ε‐caprolactone. 1.12 mM ε‐caprolactone was produced using ADH and CHMO displaying whole‐cell biocatalysts in a ratio of 1:5 after 4 h in a cell suspension of OD578nm 10. Furthermore, the reaction cascade as applied provided a self‐sufficient regeneration of NADPH for CHMO by the ADH whole‐cell biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijin Tian
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Christoph Furtmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Florian Lenz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Vishnu Srinivasamurthy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str.17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str.17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Glass SM, Webb SN, Guengerich FP. Binding of cytochrome P450 27C1, a retinoid desaturase, to its accessory protein adrenodoxin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 714:109076. [PMID: 34732331 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Of the 57 human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, seven are mitochondrial: 11A1, 11B1, 11B2, 24A1, 27A1, 27B1, and 27C1. Mitochondrial P450s utilize an electron transport system with adrenodoxin (Adx) and NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase (AdR). AdR reduces Adx, which then transfers electrons to the P450. The interactions between proteins in the mitochondrial P450 system are largely driven by electrostatic interactions, though the specifics vary depending on the P450. Unlike other mitochondrial P450s, the interaction between P450 27C1, a retinoid 3,4-desaturase expressed in the skin, and Adx remains largely uncharacterized. In this work, we utilized an Alexa Fluor 488 C5 maleimide-labeled Adx to measure binding affinities between Adx and P450 27C1 or AdR. Both proteins bound Adx tightly, with Kd values < 100 nM, and binding affinities decreased with increasing ionic strength, supporting the role of electrostatic interactions in mediating these interactions. Cross-linking mass spectrometry and computational modeling were performed to identify interactions between P450 27C1 and Adx. While the residues of Adx identified in interactions were consistent with studies of other mitochondrial P450s, the binding interface of P450 27C1 was quite large and supported multiple Adx binding positions, including ones outside of the canonical Adx binding site. Additionally, Adx did not appear to be an allosteric effector of P450 27C1 substrate binding, in contrast to some other mitochondrial P450s. Overall, we conclude that P450-Adx interactions are P450-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Glass
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, United States
| | - Stephany N Webb
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, United States.
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4
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Ko HJ, Song H, Choi IG. Development of a Novel Cell Surface Attachment System to Display Multi-Protein Complex Using the Cohesin-Dockerin Binding Pair. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1183-1189. [PMID: 34226404 PMCID: PMC9705933 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2105.05022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autodisplay of a multimeric protein complex on a cell surface is limited by intrinsic factors such as the types and orientations of anchor modules. Moreover, improper folding of proteins to be displayed often hinders functional cell surface display. While overcoming these drawbacks, we ultimately extended the applicability of the autodisplay platform to the display of a protein complex. We designed and constructed a cell surface attachment (CSA) system that uses a noncovalent protein-protein interaction. We employed the high-affinity interaction mediated by an orthogonal cohesin-dockerin (Coh-Doc) pair from Archaeoglobus fulgidus to build the CSA system. Then, we validated the orthogonal Coh-Doc binding by attaching a monomeric red fluorescent protein to the cell surface. In addition, we evaluated the functional anchoring of proteins fused with the Doc module to the autodisplayed Coh module on the surface of Escherichia coli. The designed CSA system was applied to create a functional attachment of dimeric α-neoagarobiose hydrolase to the surface of E. coli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok-Jin Ko
- Food Biotech R&D Center, Samyang Corp., Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Strätker K, Haidar S, Dubiel M, Estévez-Braun A, Jose J. Autodisplay of human PIP5K1α lipid kinase on Escherichia coli and inhibitor testing. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109717. [PMID: 33375977 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type I α (hPIP5K1α) plays a major role in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. As it has been shown before that hPIP5K1α is involved in the development of different types of cancer in particular prostate cancer, inhibitors of the enzyme might be a new option for the treatment of this disease. Here we report on the expression of hPIP5K1α on the surface of E. coli using Autodisplay. Autodisplay is defined as the surface display of a recombinant protein on a gramnegative bacterium by the autotransporter secretion pathway. After verification of surface expression, enzyme activity of whole cells displaying hPIP5K1α was determined by a capillary electrophoresis based assay. When using cells at an OD578 of 2.5, the artificial substrate phosphatidylinositol4-phosphate (PI(4)P) fluorescein was converted by a rate of 10.7 ± 0.2 fmol/min. Using this substrate inhibition of three pyranobenzoquinone type compounds was tested. The most active compound was 4-(2-amino-3-cyano-6-hydroxy-5,8-dioxo-7-undecyl-5,8-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-yl) benzoic acid with an IC50 value of 8.6 μM. Because until now, all attempts to purify hPIP5K1α failed, we suggest the use of whole cells of E. coli displaying the enzyme as a convenient tool for inhibitor identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Strätker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Samer Haidar
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; Faculty of Pharmacy, 17 April Street, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Mariam Dubiel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de QuímicaOrgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez Nº 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Dvořák P, Bayer EA, de Lorenzo V. Surface Display of Designer Protein Scaffolds on Genome-Reduced Strains of Pseudomonas putida. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2749-2764. [PMID: 32877604 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is gaining considerable interest as a microbial platform for biotechnological valorization of polymeric organic materials, such as lignocellulosic residues or plastics. However, P. putida on its own cannot make much use of such complex substrates, mainly because it lacks an efficient extracellular depolymerizing apparatus. We seek to address this limitation by adopting a recombinant cellulosome strategy for this host. In this work, we report an essential step in this endeavor-a display of designer enzyme-anchoring protein "scaffoldins", encompassing cohesin binding domains from divergent cellulolytic bacterial species on the P. putida surface. Two P. putida chassis strains, EM42 and EM371, with streamlined genomes and differences in the composition of the outer membrane were employed in this study. Scaffoldin variants were optimally delivered to their surface with one of four tested autotransporter systems (Ag43 from Escherichia coli), and the efficient display was confirmed by extracellular attachment of chimeric β-glucosidase and fluorescent proteins. Our results not only highlight the value of cell surface engineering for presentation of recombinant proteins on the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria but also pave the way toward designer cellulosome strategies tailored for P. putida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dvořák
- Department of Experimental Biology (Section of Microbiology), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Víctor de Lorenzo
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CNB-CSIC, Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Lengers I, Herrmann F, Le Borgne M, Jose J. Improved Surface Display of Human Hyal1 and Identification of Testosterone Propionate and Chicoric Acid as New Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E54. [PMID: 32224932 PMCID: PMC7243119 DOI: 10.3390/ph13040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) in humans is mainly catalyzed by hyaluronidase Hyal1. This enzyme is involved in many pathophysiological processes and therefore appears an interesting target for drug discovery. Until now, only a few inhibitors of human Hyal1 are known due to obstacles in obtaining active enzymes for inhibitor screening. The aim of the present work was to provide a convenient enzyme activity assay and show its feasibility by the identification of new inhibitors. By autodisplay, Escherichia coli F470 can present active Hyal1 on its surface. In this study, the inducible expression of Hyal1 on the cell surface of E. coli under the control of a rhamnose-dependent promoter (Prha) was performed and optimized. Enzyme activity per single cell was increased by a factor of 100 compared to the constitutive Hyal1 surface display, as described before. An activity of 6.8 × 10-4 mU per single cell was obtained under optimal reaction conditions. By this modified activity assay, two new inhibitors of human Hyal1 were identified. Chicoric acid, a natural compound belonging to the phenylpropanoids, showed an IC50 value of 171 µM. The steroid derivative testosterone propionate showed and IC50 value of 124 ± 1.1 µM. Both values were in the same order of magnitude as the IC50 value of glycyrrhizic acid (177 µM), one of the best known inhibitors of human Hyal1 known so far. In conclusion, we established a new enzyme activity assay for human Hyal1 and identified new inhibitors with this new assay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lengers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universtität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Fabian Herrmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universtität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie—ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453—INSERM US7, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, F-69373 Lyon CEDEX 8, France;
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universtität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
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Jeon EY, Song JW, Cha HJ, Lee SM, Lee J, Park JB. Intracellular transformation rates of fatty acids are influenced by expression of the fatty acid transporter FadL in Escherichia coli cell membrane. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:161-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Fathi-Roudsari M, Behmanesh M, Salmanian AH, Sadeghizadeh M, Khajeh K. Functional Surface Display of Laccase in a Phenol-Inducible Bacterial Circuit for Bioremediation Purposes. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018; 22:202-9. [PMID: 29078699 PMCID: PMC5889505 DOI: 10.22034/ibj.22.3.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Phenolic compounds, which are produced routinely by industrial and urban activities, possess dangers to live organisms and environment. Laccases are oxidoreductase enzymes with the ability of remediating a wide variety of phenolic compounds to more benign molecules. The purpose of the present research is surface display of a laccase enzyme with adhesin involved in diffuse adhesion (AIDA-I) autotransporter system on the surface of Escherichia coli cells for bioremediation of phenolic compounds. Methods: The expression of laccase was regulated by a phenol-responsive promoter (a σ54promoter). The constitutively-expressed CapR transcription activator was able to induce laccase expression in the presence of phenolic compounds. Results: Western blot analysis showed the expression and correct transfer of the enzyme to the outer membrane of E. coli cells in the presence of phenol. Activity assay confirmed the correct folding of the enzyme after translocation through the autotransporter system. HPLC analysis of residual phenol in culture medium showed a significant reduction of phenol concentration in the presence of cells displaying laccase on the surface. Conclusion: Our findings confirm that autodisplay enables functional surface display of laccase for direct substrate-enzyme availability by overcoming membrane hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Park M, Pyun JC, Jose J. Orientation and density control of proteins on solid matters by outer membrane coating: Analytical and diagnostic applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:174-184. [PMID: 28797956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autodisplay is an expression system for the display of recombinant proteins on the outer membrane (OM) of gram negative bacteria and has been developed for translocation studies, whole cell biocatalysis, bioremediation, inhibitor screening, and enzyme refolding. Recently, affinity proteins such as IgG-binding Z-domains and biotin-binding streptavidin have been autodisplayed on the OM of Escherichia coli for analytical and biomedical applications. The secretion mechanism of the autodisplay system was used and orientation and density control of these affinity proteins were determined. Affinity protein-autodisplaying E. coli cells have been used to coat solid supports in immunoassays. For this purpose, the OM of autodisplayed E. coli cells was separated and isolated by the aid of detergents. The structure of the resulting OM liposomes as well as their physico-chemical parameters, were analyzed. OM liposomes were used subsequently for coating various solid matters including microplates and biosensor transducer surfaces and the formation of OM layers were monitored. OM layer formation on solid matters was shown to increase the sensitivity of immunoassays and biosensors. In this review, analytical and diagnostic applications are described in particular concerning orientation and density control of autodisplayed affinity proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Park
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
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12
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Mei Y, Zhao L, Liu Y, Gong H, Song Y, Lei L, Zhu Y, Jin Z, Ma S, Hu B, Sun Q, Liu H. Combining DNA Vaccine and AIDA-1 in Attenuated Salmonella Activates Tumor-Specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell Responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:503-514. [PMID: 28468915 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0240-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of tumor-specific responses in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells has been a challenge for effective tumor vaccines. We designed a vaccine vector containing the AIDA-1 autotransporter and DNA vaccine elements, generating a murine melanoma vaccine that was delivered by the attenuated Salmonella strain SL7207. Growth of murine subcutaneous melanoma was significantly inhibited by intranasal immunization with the Salmonella tumor vaccine. The vaccine activated tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, with increased T-cell proliferation, tumor antigen-specific Th1 cytokine production, increased percentages of tetramer positive cells, and cytotoxicity. CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell depletion resulted in the loss of antitumor activity of the Salmonella tumor vaccine, suggesting that the efficacy of the vaccine was dependent on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Lung metastasis of the tumor was also inhibited by vaccine treatment. Similarly, the percentages of tumor-specific Th1 cytokine production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, tumor, and bronchoalveolar lavage were increased after vaccine treatment. Tumor-specific proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was also promoted by the vaccine. Tetramer staining and cytotoxicity assay showed enhanced tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell response after vaccine treatment. Therefore, the Salmonella tumor vaccine could activate both tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. This vaccine strategy may be widely applicable to the development of oral or nasal vaccines against tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(6); 503-14. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mei
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lixiang Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yonghao Liu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huanle Gong
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Song
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Jin
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shoubao Ma
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qing Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Hao WR, Chen M, Chen YJ, Su YC, Cheng CM, Hsueh HY, Kao AP, Hsieh YC, Chang J, Tseng MY, Chuang KH. Poly-protein G-expressing bacteria enhance the sensitivity of immunoassays. Sci Rep 2017; 7:989. [PMID: 28428542 PMCID: PMC5430508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivities of solid-phase immunoassays are limited by the quantity of detection antibodies bound to their antigens on the solid phase. Here, we developed a poly-protein G-expressing bacterium as an antibody-trapping microparticle to enhance the signals of immunoassays by increasing the accumulation of detection antibodies on the given antigen. Eight tandemly repeated fragment crystallisable (Fc) binding domains of protein G were stably expressed on the surface of Escherichia coli BL21 cells (termed BL21/8G). BL21/8G cells showed a higher avidity for trapping antibodies on their surface than monomeric protein G-expressing BL21 (BL21/1G) cells did. In the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), simply mixing the detection antibody with BL21/8G provided a detection limit of 6 pg/mL for human interferon-α (IFN-α) and a limit of 30 pg/mL for polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated IFN-α (Pegasys), which are better than that of the traditional ELISA (30 pg/mL for IFN-α and 100 pg/mL for Pegasys). Moreover, the sensitivity of the Western blot for low-abundance Pegasys (0.4 ng/well) was increased by 25 folds upon mixing of an anti-PEG antibody with BL21/8G cells. By simply being mixed with a detection antibody, the poly-protein G-expressing bacteria can provide a new method to sensitively detect low-abundance target molecules in solid-phase immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Michael Chen
- Ph.D. program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jou Chen
- Ph.D. program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Min Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - An-Pei Kao
- Stemforce Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Johny Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Ph.D. program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Identification of a Potent Allosteric Inhibitor of Human Protein Kinase CK2 by Bacterial Surface Display Library Screening. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010006. [PMID: 28067769 PMCID: PMC5374410 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human protein kinase CK2 has emerged as promising target for the treatment of neoplastic diseases. The vast majority of kinase inhibitors known today target the ATP binding site, which is highly conserved among kinases and hence leads to limited selectivity. In order to identify non-ATP competitive inhibitors, a 12-mer peptide library of 6 × 10⁵ variants was displayed on the surface of E. coli by autodisplay. Screening of this peptide library on variants with affinity to CK2 was performed by fluorophore-conjugated CK2 and subsequent flow cytometry. Single cell sorting of CK2-bound E. coli yielded new peptide variants, which were tested on inhibition of CK2 by a CE-based assay. Peptide B2 (DCRGLIVMIKLH) was the most potent inhibitor of both, CK2 holoenzyme and the catalytic CK2α subunit (IC50 = 0.8 µM). Using different ATP concentrations and different substrate concentrations for IC50 determination, B2 was shown to be neither ATP- nor substrate competitive. By microscale thermophoresis (MST) the KD value of B2 with CK2α was determined to be 2.16 µM, whereas no binding of B2 to CK2β-subunit was detectable. To our surprise, besides inhibition of enzymatic activity, B2 also disturbed the interaction of CK2α with CK2β at higher concentrations (≥25 µM).
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Chang SY, Bong JH, Yoo G, Lee M, Kang MJ, Jose J, Pyun JC. Activity control of autodisplayed proteins on the same outer membrane layer of E. coli by using Z-domain/streptavidin/and lipase/foldase systems. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 96:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wendel S, Fischer EC, Martínez V, Seppälä S, Nørholm MHH. A nanobody:GFP bacterial platform that enables functional enzyme display and easy quantification of display capacity. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:71. [PMID: 27142225 PMCID: PMC4855350 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial surface display is an attractive technique for the production of cell-anchored, functional proteins and engineering of whole-cell catalysts. Although various outer membrane proteins have been used for surface display, an easy and versatile high-throughput-compatible assay for evaluating and developing surface display systems is missing. RESULTS Using a single domain antibody (also called nanobody) with high affinity for green fluorescent protein (GFP), we constructed a system that allows for fast, fluorescence-based detection of displayed proteins. The outer membrane hybrid protein LppOmpA and the autotransporter C-IgAP exposed the nanobody on the surface of Escherichia coli with very different efficiency. Both anchors were capable of functionally displaying the enzyme Chitinase A as a fusion with the nanobody, and this considerably increased expression levels compared to displaying the nanobody alone. We used flow cytometry to analyse display capability on single-cell versus population level and found that the signal peptide of the anchor has great effect on display efficiency. CONCLUSIONS We have developed an inexpensive and easy read-out assay for surface display using nanobody:GFP interactions. The assay is compatible with the most common fluorescence detection methods, including multi-well plate whole-cell fluorescence detection, SDS-PAGE in-gel fluorescence, microscopy and flow cytometry. We anticipate that the platform will facilitate future in-depth studies on the mechanism of protein transport to the surface of living cells, as well as the optimisation of applications in industrial biotech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Wendel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Emil C Fischer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Virginia Martínez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Susanna Seppälä
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Morten H H Nørholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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17
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Amperometric l-glutamate biosensor based on bacterial cell-surface displayed glutamate dehydrogenase. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 884:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Gratz A, Bollacke A, Stephan S, Nienberg C, Le Borgne M, Götz C, Jose J. Functional display of heterotetrameric human protein kinase CK2 on Escherichia coli: a novel tool for drug discovery. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:74. [PMID: 26036951 PMCID: PMC4451881 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human protein kinase CK2 represents a novel therapeutic target for neoplastic diseases. Inhibitors are in need to explore the druggability and the therapeutic options of this enzyme. A bottleneck in the search for new inhibitors is the availability of the target for testing. Therefore an assay was developed to provide easy access to CK2 for discovery of novel inhibitors. Results Autodisplay was used to present human CK2 on the surface of Escherichia coli. Heterotetrameric CK2 consists of two subunits, α and β, which were displayed individually on the surface. Co-display of CK2α and CK2β on the cell surface led to the formation of functional holoenzyme, as demonstrated by NaCl dependency of enzymatic activity, which differs from that of the catalytic subunit CK2α without β. In addition interaction of CK2α and CK2β at the cell surface was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Surface displayed CK2 holoenzyme enabled an easy IC50 value determination. The IC50 values for the known CK2 inhibitors TBB and Silmitasertib were determined to be 50 and 3.3 nM, respectively. Conclusion Surface-displayed CK2α and CK2β assembled on the cell surface of E. coli to an active tetrameric holoenzyme. The whole-cell CK2 autodisplay assay as developed is suitable for inhibition studies. Furthermore, it can be used to determine quantitative CK2 inhibition data such as IC50 values. In summary, this is the first report on the functional surface display of a heterotetrameric enzyme on E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gratz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Andre Bollacke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Sara Stephan
- Lehrstuhl für Biophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Christian Nienberg
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, EA 4446 Biomolécules Cancer et Chimiorésistances, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453-INSERM US7, 69373, Lyon Cedex 8, France.
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Str., Geb. 44, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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19
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Yoo G, Bong JH, Park M, Jose J, Kang MJ, Pyun JC. Electrochemical analysis of autodisplayed adrenodoxin (Adx) on the outer membrane of E. coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1509-13. [PMID: 25858110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, adrenodoxin (Adx) was expressed on the outer membrane of E. coli by autodisplay and then the iron-sulfur cluster was incorporated into apo-Adx by an anaerobic reconstitution process. For the determination of the redox potentials of the iron-sulfur clusters of the autodisplayed Adx, E. coli cells with autodisplayed Adx were immobilized on a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA). From the repeated cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis, the E. coli (10mM HEPES buffer, pH7.0) with autodisplayed Adx showed significant changes in shape with an oxidation peak at +0.4V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a reduction peak at -0.3V (vs. Ag/AgCl) after the reconstitution process for the incorporation of the iron-sulfur cluster. From the repeated CV analysis in the reduction and oxidation potential ranges, the iron-sulfur clusters of the autodisplayed Adx were observed to undergo reversible redox reactions via direct electron transfer to the MUA-modified gold electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Bong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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Going beyond E. coli: autotransporter based surface display on alternative host organisms. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:644-50. [PMID: 25579193 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autotransporters represent one of the most popular anchoring motifs used to display peptides, proteins or enzymes on the cell surface of a Gram-negative bacterium. Applications range from vaccine delivery to library screenings to biocatalysis and bioremediation. Although the underlying secretion mechanism is supposed to be available in most, if not all, Gram-negative bacteria, autotransporters have to date almost exclusively been used for surface display on Escherichia coli. However, for their utilisation beyond a laboratory scale, in particular for biocatalysis, host bacteria with specific features and industrial applicability are required. A few groups have addressed this issue and demonstrated that bacteria other than E. coli can also be used for autotransporter based surface display. We summarise these studies and discuss opportunities and challenges that arise from surface display of recombinant proteins using the autotransporter pathway in alternative hosts.
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21
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Sichwart S, Tozakidis IEP, Teese M, Jose J. Maximized Autotransporter-Mediated Expression (MATE) for Surface Display and Secretion of Recombinant Proteins in Escherichia coli. Food Technol Biotechnol 2015; 53:251-260. [PMID: 27904356 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.53.03.15.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new optimized system for the surface display and secretion of recombinant proteins is described, termed MATE (maximized autotransporter-mediated expression). It is based on an artificial gene consisting of the coding region for the signal peptide of CtxB, a multiple cloning site for passenger gene insertion, flanked by coding sequences for linear epitopes for monoclonal antibodies and OmpT, and factor Xa protease cleavage sites followed by a codon-optimized DNA sequence of the linker and the β-barrel of the type V autotransporter EhaA from Escherichia coli under control of an IPTG-inducible T5 promoter. The MATE system enabled the continuous secretion of recombinant passenger mCherry via OmpT-mediated cleavage, using native OmpT protease activity in E. coli when grown at 37 °C. It is the first example to show that native OmpT activity is sufficient to facilitate the secretion of a correctly folded target protein in preparative amounts obtaining 240 µg of purified mCherry from 800 mL of crude culture supernatant. Because the release of mCherry was achieved by a simple transfer of the encoding plasmid from an OmpT-negative to an OmpT-positive strain, it bears the option to use surface display for screening purposes and secretion for production of the selected variant. A single plasmid could therefore be used for continuous secretion in OmpT-positive strains or surface display in OmpT-negative strains. In conclusion, the MATE system appears to be a versatile tool for the surface display and for the secretion of target proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Sichwart
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Corrensstraße 48, DE-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iasson E P Tozakidis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Corrensstraße 48, DE-48149 Münster, Germany; The NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, DE-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mark Teese
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Corrensstraße 48, DE-48149 Münster, Germany; Present address: Technical University Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, DE-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Corrensstraße 48, DE-48149 Münster, Germany; The NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, DE-48149 Münster, Germany
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Fleetwood F, Andersson KG, Ståhl S, Löfblom J. An engineered autotransporter-based surface expression vector enables efficient display of Affibody molecules on OmpT-negative E. coli as well as protease-mediated secretion in OmpT-positive strains. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:179. [PMID: 25547008 PMCID: PMC4304625 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell display technologies (e.g. bacterial display) are attractive in directed evolution as they provide the option to use flow-cytometric cell sorting for selection from combinatorial libraries. The aim of this study was to engineer and investigate an expression vector system with dual functionalities: i) recombinant display of Affibody libraries on Escherichia coli for directed evolution and ii) small scale secreted production of candidate affinity proteins, allowing initial downstream characterizations prior to subcloning. Autotransporters form a class of surface proteins in Gram-negative bacteria that have potential for efficient translocation and tethering of recombinant passenger proteins to the outer membrane. We engineered a bacterial display vector based on the E. coli AIDA-I autotransporter for anchoring to the bacterial surface. Potential advantages of employing autotransporters combined with E. coli as host include: high surface expression level, high transformation frequency, alternative promoter systems available, efficient translocation to the outer membrane and tolerance for large multi-domain passenger proteins. Results The new vector was designed to comprise an expression cassette encoding for an Affibody molecule, three albumin binding domains for monitoring of surface expression levels, an Outer membrane Protease T (OmpT) recognition site for potential protease-mediated secretion of displayed affinity proteins and a histidine-tag for purification. A panel of vectors with different promoters were generated and evaluated, and suitable cultivation conditions were investigated. The results demonstrated a high surface expression level of the different evaluated Affibody molecules, high correlation between target binding and surface expression level, high signal-to-background ratio, efficient secretion and purification of binders in OmpT-positive hosts as well as tight regulation of surface expression for the titratable promoters. Importantly, a mock selection using FACS from a 1:100,000 background yielded around 20,000-fold enrichment in a single round and high viability of the isolated bacteria after sorting. Conclusions The new expression vectors are promising for combinatorial engineering of Affibody molecules and the strategy for small-scale production of soluble recombinant proteins has the potential to increase throughput of the entire discovery process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0179-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippa Fleetwood
- Division of Protein technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ken G Andersson
- Division of Protein technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Ståhl
- Division of Protein technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - John Löfblom
- Division of Protein technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Schüürmann J, Quehl P, Festel G, Jose J. Bacterial whole-cell biocatalysts by surface display of enzymes: toward industrial application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8031-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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van Ulsen P, Rahman SU, Jong WS, Daleke-Schermerhorn MH, Luirink J. Type V secretion: From biogenesis to biotechnology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1592-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Gawarzewski I, DiMaio F, Winterer E, Tschapek B, Smits SH, Jose J, Schmitt L. Crystal structure of the transport unit of the autotransporter adhesin involved in diffuse adherence from Escherichia coli. J Struct Biol 2014; 187:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bacterial Surface Display of a Co-Factor Containing Enzyme, ω-Transaminase fromVibrio fluvialisUsing theBacillus subtilisSpore Display System. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1862-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Chiral amines are important for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, and there is rapidly growing interest to use transaminases for their synthesis. Since the cost of the enzyme is an important factor for process economy, the use of whole-cell biocatalysts is attractive, since expensive purification and immobilization steps can be avoided. Display of the protein on the cell surface provides a possible way to reduce the mass transfer limitations of such biocatalysts. However, transaminases need to dimerize in order to become active, and furthermore, they require the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate; consequently, successful transaminase surface expression has not been reported thus far. In this work, we produced an Arthrobacter citreus ω-transaminase in Escherichia coli using a surface display vector based on the autotransporter adhesin involved in diffuse adherence (AIDA-I), which has previously been used for display of dimeric proteins. The correct localization of the transaminase in the E. coli outer membrane and its orientation toward the cell exterior were verified. Furthermore, transaminase activity was detected exclusively in the outer membrane protein fraction, showing that successful dimerization had occurred. The transaminase was found to be present in both full-length and proteolytically degraded forms. The removal of this proteolysis is considered to be the main obstacle to achieving sufficient whole-cell transaminase activity.
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Kranen E, Detzel C, Weber T, Jose J. Autodisplay for the co-expression of lipase and foldase on the surface of E. coli: washing with designer bugs. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:19. [PMID: 24476025 PMCID: PMC3910678 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipases including the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia are in a main focus in biotechnology research since many years because of their manifold possibilities for application in industrial processes. The application of Burkholderia cepacia lipase for these processes appears complicated because of the need for support by a chaperone, the lipase specific foldase. Purification and reconstitution protocols therefore interfere with an economic implementation of such enzymes in industry. Autodisplay is a convenient method to express a variety of passenger proteins on the surface of E. coli. This method makes subsequent purification steps to obtain the protein of interest unnecessary. If enzymes are used as passengers, the corresponding cells can simply be applied as whole cell biocatalysts. Furthermore, enzymes surface displayed in this manner often acquire stabilization by anchoring within the outer membrane of E. coli. RESULTS The lipase and its chaperone foldase from B. cepacia were co-expressed on the surface of E. coli via autodisplay. The whole cell biocatalyst obtained thereby exhibited an enzymatic activity of 2.73 mU mL⁻¹ towards the substrate p-nitrophenyl palmitate when applied in an OD₅₇₈ =1. Outer membrane fractions prepared from the same culture volume showed a lipase activity of 4.01 mU mL⁻¹. The lipase-whole cell biocatalyst as well as outer membrane preparations thereof were used in a standardized laundry test, usually adopted to determine the power of washing agents. In this test, the lipase whole cell biocatalyst and the membrane preparation derived thereof exhibited the same lipolytic activity as the purified lipase from B. cepacia and a lipase preparation which is already applied in commercial washing agents. CONCLUSIONS Co-expression of both the lipase and its chaperone foldase on the surface of E. coli yields a lipid degrading whole cell biocatalyst. Therefore the chaperone supported folding process, absolutely required for the lipolytic activity appears not to be hindered by surface display. Furthermore, the cells and the membrane preparations appeared to be stable enough to endure a European standard laundry test and show efficient fat removal properties herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Corrensstr, 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Schrewe M, Julsing MK, Bühler B, Schmid A. Whole-cell biocatalysis for selective and productive C-O functional group introduction and modification. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:6346-77. [PMID: 23475180 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, biocatalysis became of increasing importance for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Regarding regio- and stereospecificity, enzymes have shown to be superior compared to traditional chemical synthesis approaches, especially in C-O functional group chemistry. Catalysts established on a process level are diverse and can be classified along a functional continuum starting with single-step biotransformations using isolated enzymes or microbial strains towards fermentative processes with recombinant microorganisms containing artificial synthetic pathways. The complex organization of respective enzymes combined with aspects such as cofactor dependency and low stability in isolated form often favors the use of whole cells over that of isolated enzymes. Based on an inventory of the large spectrum of biocatalytic C-O functional group chemistry, this review focuses on highlighting the potentials, limitations, and solutions offered by the application of self-regenerating microbial cells as biocatalysts. Different cellular functionalities are discussed in the light of their (possible) contribution to catalyst efficiency. The combined achievements in the areas of protein, genetic, metabolic, and reaction engineering enable the development of whole-cell biocatalysts as powerful tools in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schrewe
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Nicolay T, Vanderleyden J, Spaepen S. Autotransporter-based cell surface display in Gram-negative bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:109-23. [PMID: 23855358 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.804032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface display of proteins can be used for several biotechnological applications such as the screening of protein libraries, whole cell biocatalysis and live vaccine development. Amongst all secretion systems and surface appendages of Gram-negative bacteria, the autotransporter secretion pathway holds great potential for surface display because of its modular structure and apparent simplicity. Autotransporters are polypeptides made up of an N-terminal signal peptide, a secreted or surface-displayed passenger domain and a membrane-anchored C-terminal translocation unit. Genetic replacement of the passenger domain allows for the surface display of heterologous passengers. An autotransporter-based surface expression module essentially consists of an application-dependent promoter system, a signal peptide, a passenger domain of interest and the autotransporter translocation unit. The passenger domain needs to be compatible with surface translocation although till now no general rules have been determined to test this compatibility. The autotransporter technology for surface display of heterologous passenger domains is critically discussed for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Nicolay
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics , Leuven , Belgium
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Expression of β-glucuronidase on the surface of bacteria enhances activation of glucuronide prodrugs. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:276-81. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Cornelissen S, Julsing MK, Volmer J, Riechert O, Schmid A, Bühler B. Whole-cell-based CYP153A6-catalyzed (S)-limonene hydroxylation efficiency depends on host background and profits from monoterpene uptake via AlkL. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1282-92. [PMID: 23239244 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Living microbial cells are considered to be the catalyst of choice for selective terpene functionalization. However, such processes often suffer from side product formation and poor substrate mass transfer into cells. For the hydroxylation of (S)-limonene to (S)-perillyl alcohol by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (pGEc47ΔB)(pCom8-PFR1500), containing the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP153A6, the side products perillyl aldehyde and perillic acid constituted up to 26% of the total amount of oxidized terpenes. In this study, it is shown that the reaction rate is substrate-limited in the two-liquid phase system used and that host intrinsic dehydrogenases and not CYP153A6 are responsible for the formation of the undesired side products. In contrast to P. putida KT2440, E. coli W3110 was found to catalyze perillyl aldehyde reduction to the alcohol and no oxidation to the acid. Furthermore, E. coli W3110 harboring CYP153A6 showed high limonene hydroxylation activities (7.1 U g CDW-1). The outer membrane protein AlkL was found to enhance hydroxylation activities of E. coli twofold in aqueous single-phase and fivefold in two-liquid phase biotransformations. In the latter system, E. coli harboring CYP153A6 and AlkL produced up to 39.2 mmol (S)-perillyl alcohol L tot-1 within 26 h, whereas no perillic acid and minor amounts of perillyl aldehyde (8% of the total products) were formed. In conclusion, undesired perillyl alcohol oxidation was reduced by choosing E. coli's enzymatic background as a reaction environment and co-expression of the alkL gene in E. coli represents a promising strategy to enhance terpene bioconversion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjef Cornelissen
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Schumacher SD, Jose J. Expression of active human P450 3A4 on the cell surface of Escherichia coli by Autodisplay. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jose J, Maas RM, Teese MG. Autodisplay of enzymes—Molecular basis and perspectives. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Autodisplay of nitrilase from Klebsiella pneumoniae and whole-cell degradation of oxynil herbicides and related compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:4887-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Petermann K, Vordenbäumen S, Maas R, Braukmann A, Bleck E, Saenger T, Schneider M, Jose J. Autoantibodies to αS1-casein are induced by breast-feeding. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32716. [PMID: 22496735 PMCID: PMC3319542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of antibodies is impaired in newborns due to an immature immune system and reduced exposure to pathogens due to maternally derived antibodies and placental functions. During nursing, the immune system of newborns is challenged with multiple milk-derived proteins. Amongst them, caseins are the main constituent. In particular, human αS1-casein (CSN1S1) was recently shown to possess immunomodulatory properties. We were thus interested to determine if auto-antibodies to CSN1S1 are induced by breast-feeding and may be sustained into adulthood. Methods 62 sera of healthy adult individuals who were (n = 37) or were not (n = 25) breast-fed against human CSN1S1 were investigated by a new SD (surface display)-ELISA. For cross-checking, these sera were tested for anti Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies by a commercial ELISA. Results IgG-antibodies were predominantly detected in individuals who had been nursed. At a cut-off value of 0.4, the SD-ELISA identified individuals with a history of having been breast-fed with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 92%. Under these conditions, 35 out of 37 sera from healthy donors, who where breast-fed, reacted positively but only 5 sera of the 25 donors who were not breast-fed. The duration of breast-feeding was of no consequence to the antibody reaction as some healthy donors were only short term breast-fed (5 days minimum until 6 weeks maximum), but exhibited significant serum reaction against human CSN1S1 nonetheless. Conclusion We postulate that human CSN1S1 is an autoantigen. The antigenicity is orally determined, caused by breast-feeding, and sustained into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Petermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Vordenbäumen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruth Maas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Achim Braukmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ellen Bleck
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Saenger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Schumacher SD, Hannemann F, Teese MG, Bernhardt R, Jose J. Autodisplay of functional CYP106A2 in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:104-12. [PMID: 22426093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyse a wide variety of reactions, including the hydroxylation and epoxidation of CC bonds, and dealkylation reactions. There is high interest in these reactions for biotechnology and pharmaceutical processes. Many P450s require membrane surroundings and have substrates that do not cross biological membranes. To circumvent these obstacles, CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium was expressed on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli cells by Autodisplay. Exposure on the surface was confirmed by a protease accessibility test and flow cytometry after immunolabelling. HPLC assays showed that 0.5 ml of cells displaying the enzyme (OD₅₇₈ = 6) converted 9.13 μmol of deoxycorticosterone to 15β-OH-deoxycorticosterone within 1h. Imipramine and abietic acid were also accepted as substrates. The number of active enzyme molecules per cell was calculated to be 20,000. Surprisingly, surface-exposed CYP106A2 was active in E. coli BL21 without the external addition of the heme group. However, when CYP106A2 was expressed on the surface of an E. coli strain lacking the TolC channel protein (JW5503), enzymatic activity was almost completely abolished. The activity of CYP106A2 on the surface of E. coli JW5503 could be restored by the external addition of the heme group. This suggests, as has been reported before, that E. coli uses a TolC-dependent mechanism to export heme into the growth media, where it can be scavenged by a surface-displayed apoenzyme. Our results indicate that Autodisplay enables the functional surface display of P450 enzymes and provides a new platform to access their synthetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Schumacher
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Salamanca-Pinzón SG, Guengerich FP. A tricistronic human adrenodoxin reductase-adrenodoxin-cytochrome P450 27A1 vector system for substrate hydroxylation in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 79:231-6. [PMID: 21621619 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 27A1 catalyzes 27-hydroxylation of cholesterol and 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D(3), serving as an important component for the maintenance of lipid homeostasis. In eukaryotic cells P450 27A1 is a membrane-bound protein located on the inner mitochondrial membrane and requires two auxiliary reduction partners, adrenodoxin (Adx) and NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase (Adr), for catalysis in the bile acid biosynthesis pathway. A strategy was developed for the functional coexpression of P450 27A1 with Adr and Adx in a tricistronic fashion (single RNA, three proteins) in Escherichia coli, mimicking the mitochondrial P450 system. Intact bacterial cells coexpressing the P450 vector (pTC27A1) efficiently hydroxylated cholesterol at the 27 position as well as vitamin D(3) at the 25 position when supplemented with glycerol as a carbon source. Thus, E. coli containing pTC27A1 is able to hydroxylate cholesterol in a self-sufficient fashion and is suitable for further applications of protein interaction, drug discovery, and inhibitor evaluation and for the study of other mitochondrial P450s and oxysterol production in microorganisms without a need for membrane reconstitution, membrane simulation by detergents, or purification of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giovanna Salamanca-Pinzón
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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Detzel C, Maas R, Jose J. Autodisplay of Nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis in E. coli Yields a Whole Cell Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (R)-Mandelic Acid. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Surface display of recombinant protein on the cell surface of Bacillus subtilis by the CotB anchor protein. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [PMCID: PMC7088572 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel surface display system based on the CotB anchoring motif in order to express foreign protein on the surface of vegetative Bacillus subtilis cells. CotB is a protein in the B. subtilis spore coat. In this system, three repeats of the immunodominant ovalbumin T-cell epitope (OVA323–339) were linked with the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) to construct a fusion protein, CTB-OVA epi, which was then fused to the C-terminal of the CotB protein so that CTB-OVA epi was expressed in vegetatively-growing B. subtilis. The expression and localization of the CTB-OVA epi protein was confirmed by western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. The results indicated that a CotB-based surface display system was successfully used to express the CTB-OVA epi protein on the surface of vegetative B. subtilis cells.
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Ewen KM, Kleser M, Bernhardt R. Adrenodoxin: the archetype of vertebrate-type [2Fe-2S] cluster ferredoxins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1814:111-25. [PMID: 20538075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adrenodoxin is probably the best characterized member of the vertebrate-type [2Fe-2S]-cluster ferredoxins. It has been in the spotlight of scientific interest for many years due to its essential role in mammalian steroid hormone biosynthesis, where it acts as electron mediator between the NADPH-dependent adrenodoxin reductase and several mitochondrial cytochromes P450. In this review we will focus on the present knowledge about protein-protein recognition in the mitochondrial cytochrome P450 system and the modulation of the electron transfer between Adx and its redox partners, AdR and CYP(s). We also intend to point out the potential biotechnological applications of Adx as a versatile electron donor to different cytochromes P450, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally we will address the comparison between the mammalian cytochrome P450-associated adrenodoxin and ferredoxins involved in iron-sulfur-cluster biosynthesis. Despite their different functions, these proteins display an amazing similarity regarding their primary sequence, tertiary structure and biophysical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Maria Ewen
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Jose J, Park M, Pyun JC. Highly sensitive immunoassay based on E. coli with autodisplayed Z-domain. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 667:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Park M, Jose J, Pyun JC. Hypersensitive immunoassay by using Escherichia coli outer membrane with autodisplayed Z-domains. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jose J. Bioanalyse en chimie médicinale : de la mise au point d’analyses à la conception évolutive de médicaments. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2009; 67:399-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jose J, Chung JW, Jeon BJ, Maas RM, Nam CH, Pyun JC. Escherichia coli with autodisplayed Z-domain of protein A for signal amplification of SPR biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Esterase autodisplay: enzyme engineering and whole-cell activity determination in microplates with pH sensors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4782-91. [PMID: 18515492 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01575-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the GDSL family of serine esterases/lipases is a group of bacterial enzymes that posses C-terminal extensions involved in outer membrane anchoring or translocation. ApeE from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a member of this group, has been expressed in Escherichia coli and was resistant to protease digestion when the protease was added to whole cells, indicating a periplasmic localization. The five consensus blocks conserved within all GDSL esterases were identified in ApeE by multiple sequence alignment and separated from the C-terminal extension. The DNA sequence spanning the four invariant residues Ser, Gly, Asn, and His, and hence representing the catalytic domains of ApeE, was amplified by PCR and fused in frame to the transport domains of the autodisplay system. The resulting artificial esterase, called EsjA, was overexpressed in the cell envelope of E. coli and was shown to be active by the use of alpha-naphthyl acetate (alpha-NA) as a substrate in an in-gel activity stain after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Surface exposure of EsjA was indicated by its accessibility to protease added to whole cells. The esterase activity of whole cells displaying EsjA was determined by a pH agar assay and by the use of microplates with integrated pH-dependent optical sensors. alpha-NA, alpha-naphthyl butyrate, and alpha-naphthyl caproate were used as substrates, and it turned out that the substrate preferences of artificial EsjA were altered in comparison to original ApeE. Our results indicate that autodisplay of esterase in combination with pH sensor microplates can provide a new platform technology for the screening of tailor-made hydrolase activities.
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Julsing MK, Cornelissen S, Bühler B, Schmid A. Heme-iron oxygenases: powerful industrial biocatalysts? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The autodisplay story, from discovery to biotechnical and biomedical applications. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 71:600-19. [PMID: 18063719 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00011-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the pathways used by gram-negative bacteria for protein secretion, the autotransporter pathway represents a solution of impressive simplicity. Proteins are transported, independent of their nature as recombinant or native passengers, as long as the coding nucleotide sequence is inserted in frame between those of an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal domain, referred to as the beta-barrel of the outer membrane translocation unit. The immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease from Neisseria gonorrhoeae was the first identified member of the autotransporter family of secreted proteins. The IgA1 protease was employed in initial experiments investigating autotransporter-mediated surface display of recombinant proteins and to investigate structural and functional requirements. Various other autotransporter proteins have since been described, and the autodisplay system was developed on the basis of the natural Escherichia coli autotransporter protein AIDA-I (adhesin involved in diffuse adherence). Autodisplay has been used for the surface display of random peptide libraries to successfully screen for novel enzyme inhibitors. The autodisplay system was also used for the surface display of functional enzymes, including esterases, oxidoreductases, and electron transfer proteins. Whole E. coli cells displaying enzymes have been utilized to efficiently synthesize industrially important rare organic compounds with specific chirality. Autodisplay of epitopes on the surface of attenuated Salmonella carriers has also provided a novel way to induce immune protection after oral vaccination. This review summarizes the structural and functional features of the autodisplay system, illustrating its discovery and most recent applications. Autodisplay facilitates the export of more than 100,000 recombinant molecules per single cell and permits the oligomerization of subunits on the cell surface as well as the incorporation of inorganic prosthetic groups after transport of apoproteins onto the bacterial surface without disturbing bacterial integrity or viability. We discuss future biotechnical and biomedical applications in the light of these achievements.
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Hannemann F, Bernhardt R, Jose J. Biocatalytic synthesis of 4-pregnen-20,21-diol-3-one, a selective inhibitor of human 5alpha-reductase type II. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:570-6. [PMID: 18035825 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701425311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysis, the conversion of substrates into valuable products by the use of enzymes, has some striking advantages in comparison to standard organic chemistry for drug synthesis. By biocatalysis, substrates that contain several identical reactive groups at different positions can be converted with high regio-selectivity and enantio-selectivity. In this study, an E. coli isolate (E132) was identified which was able to convert the steroid desoxycorticosterone into the product 4-pregnen-20,21-diol-3-one in real terms. The product was purified from the cell culture supernatant by HPLC and its structure was demonstrated by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. It was tested on inhibition of human 5alpha-reductases type I and type II. At a concentration of 10 microM, inhibition was 49.0% for type I and 81.8% for type II, whereas there was no inhibition of human aromatase (CYP19) at 20 microM and human 17alpha-hydroxylase-C17,20-lyase (CYP17) at 2.5 microM detectable. The IC50 value of 4-pregnen-20,21-diol-3-one for human 5alpha-reductase type II was determined to be 1.56 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hannemann
- Biochemistry, Saarland University, PO. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Yim SK, Jung HC, Pan JG, Kang HS, Ahn T, Yun CH. Functional expression of mammalian NADPH–cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase on the cell surface of Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 49:292-8. [PMID: 16829136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To develop a whole-cell oxidoreductase system without the practical limitation of substrate/product transport, easy preparation, stability of enzymes, and low expression levels, we here report the development of a whole cell biocatalyst displaying rat NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR, 77-kDa) on the surface of Escherichia coli by using ice-nucleation protein from Pseudomonas syringae. Surface localization and functionality of the CPR were verified by flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and measurements of enzyme activities. The results of this study comprise the first report of microbial cell-surface display of diflavin-containing mammalian enzymes. This system will allow us to select and develop oxidoreductases, containing bulky and complex prosthetic groups of FAD and FMN, into practically useful whole-cell biocatalysts for broad biological and biotechnological applications including the selective synthesis of new chemicals and pharmaceuticals, bioconversion, bioremediation, and bio-chip development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kun Yim
- Hormone Research Center and School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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