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The features that distinguish lichenases from other polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes and the relevance of lichenases for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3951-3965. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Mao S, Gao P, Lu Z, Lu F, Zhang C, Zhao H, Bie X. Engineering of a thermostable β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus altitudinis YC-9 to improve its catalytic efficiency. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:109-115. [PMID: 25546703 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is frequently used in directed evolution of enzymes to modify their quality. In this study, error-prone PCR was used to improve the catalytic efficiency of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus altitudinis YC-9. RESULTS By screening, the mutant Glu-3060 with higher activity was selected among 5000 transformants. After induction with isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), the activity of the mutant Glu-3060 reached 474.6 U mL(-1), resulting in a 48.6% increment of the parent enzyme activity. Research on the characterization of the mutated enzyme showed the optimal pH of the mutated enzyme to be 5.0, which is lower than the parent enzyme, but thermal stability was almost the same between them. Sequence analysis of the mutated enzyme revealed that three amino acids were changed compared with the parent enzyme, including K142N, Q203L and N214D. CONCLUSION The three-dimensional structure predicted by SWISS-MODEL of the mutated enzyme Glu-3060 showed that the substitution of three amino acids had an effect on the catalytic activity, stability and optimal pH of the enzyme, through changing the charge properties or electron density, forming secondary keys, the acidity of the amino acids and the side chain group. The sum effects of all the factors were increased activity of the mutated enzyme and decreased optimal pH, while the same thermostability was maintained, thereby increasing the suitability of the enzyme for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurui Mao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Xu T, Zhu T, Li S. β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene from Bacillus velezensis ZJ20 exerts antifungal effect on plant pathogenic fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Purification, characterization, and heterologous expression of a thermostable β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus altitudinis YC-9. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:960-75. [PMID: 23292246 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purification, characterization, gene cloning, and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of a thermostable β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus altitudinis YC-9 have been investigated in this paper. The donor strain B. altitudinis YC-9 was isolated from spring silt. The native enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose anion exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The purified β-1,3-1,4-glucanase was observed to be stable at 60 °C and retain more than 90% activity when incubated for 2 h at 60 °C and remain about 75% and 44% activity after incubating at 70 °C and 80 °C for 10 min, respectively. Acidity and temperature optimal for this enzyme was pH 6 and 65 °C. The open reading frame of the enzyme gene was measured to be 732 bp encoding 243 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 27.47 kDa. The gene sequence of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase showed a homology of 98% with that of Bacillus licheniformis. After being expressed in E. coli BL21, active recombinant enzyme was detected both in the supernatants of the culture and the cell lysate, with the activity of 102.7 and 216.7 U/mL, respectively. The supernatants of the culture were used to purify the recombinant enzyme. The purified recombinant enzyme was characterized to show almost the same properties to the wild enzyme, except that the specific activity of the recombinant enzyme reached 5392.7 U/mg, which was higher than those ever reported β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus strains. The thermal stability and high activity make this enzyme broad prospect for industry application. This is the first report on β-1,3-1,4-glucanase produced by B. altitudinis.
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Abstract
The availability of the sequence of the Saccharomyces genome in combination with the development of chemical analytical technologies with dynamic ranges sensitive enough to detect volatile aromatic compounds has generated a renewed interest in defining the role of yeast in the generation of wine aroma and flavor. Genetic differences among wine strains are well documented and aroma profiles also appear to vary, implying that specific allelic alterations may exist and impact the production of compounds associated with flavor. Partial or complete sequencing data on several wine strains are available and reveal underlying genetic differences across strains in key genes implicated in flavor formation. This review discusses the current understanding of the roles of Saccharomyces in wine flavor with an emphasis on positive contributions to flavor and highlights the discoveries of the underlying enzymatic and metabolic mechanisms responsible for the yeast contribution to wine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda F Bisson
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Kim MJ, Nam SW, Tamano K, Machida M, Kim SK, Kim YH. Optimization for Production of Exo-β-1,3-glucanase (Laminarinase) from Aspergillus oryzae in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7841/ksbbj.2011.26.5.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sun J, Wang H, Lv W, Ma C, Lou Z, Yao H, Dai Y. Cloning and expression of a thermostable β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Genetically modified wine yeasts and risk assessment studies covering different steps within the wine making process. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Guo Q, Zhang W, Ma LL, Chen QH, Chen JC, Zhang HB, Ruan H, He GQ. A food-grade industrial arming yeast expressing beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase with enhanced thermal stability. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:41-51. [PMID: 20043351 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to construct a novel food-grade industrial arming yeast displaying beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase and to evaluate the thermal stability of the glucanase for practical application. For this purpose, a bi-directional vector containing galactokinase (GAL1) and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) promoters in different orientations was constructed. The beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene from Bacillus subtilis was fused to alpha-agglutinin and expressed under the control of the GAL1 promoter. alpha-galactosidase induced by the constitutive PGK1 promoter was used as a food-grade selection marker. The feasibility of the alpha-galactosidase marker was confirmed by the growth of transformants harboring the constructed vector on a medium containing melibiose as a sole carbon source, and by the clear halo around the transformants in Congo-red plates owing to the expression of beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase. The analysis of beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity in cell pellets and in the supernatant of the recombinant yeast strain revealed that beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase was successfully displayed on the cell surface of the yeast. The displayed beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity in the recombinant yeast cells increased immediately after the addition of galactose and reached 45.1 U/ml after 32-h induction. The thermal stability of beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase displayed in the recombinant yeast cells was enhanced compared with the free enzyme. These results suggest that the constructed food-grade yeast has the potential to improve the brewing properties of beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Moore JP, Divol B, Young PR, Nieuwoudt HH, Ramburan V, du Toit M, Bauer FF, Vivier MA. Wine biotechnology in South Africa: Towards a systems approach to wine science. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:1355-67. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang Q, Chen QH, Fu ML, Wang JL, Zhang HB, He GQ. Construction of recombinant industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with bglS gene insertion into PEP4 locus by homologous recombination. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 9:527-35. [PMID: 18600782 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bglS gene encoding endo-l,3-1,4-beta-glucanase from Bacillus subtilis was cloned and sequenced in this study. The bglS expression cassette, including PGK1 promoter, bglS gene fused to the signal sequence of the yeast mating pheromone alpha-factor (MFalpha1(S)), and ADH1 terminator with G418-resistance as the selected marker, was constructed. Then one of the PEP4 allele of Saccharomyces cerevisiae WZ65 strain was replaced by bglS expression cassette using chromosomal integration of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated homologous recombination, and the bglS gene was expressed simultaneously. The recombinant strain S. cerevisiae (SC-betaG) was preliminarily screened by the clearing hydrolysis zone formed after the barley beta-glucan was hydrolyzed in the plate and no proteinase A (PrA) activity was measured in fermenting liquor. The results of PCR analysis of genome DNA showed that one of the PEP4 allele had been replaced and bglS gene had been inserted into the locus of PEP4 gene in recombinant strains. Different endo-l,3-1,4-beta-glucanase assay methods showed that the recombinant strain SC-betaG had high endo-l,3-1,4-beta-glucanase expression level with the maximum of 69.3 U/(h.ml) after 60 h of incubation. Meanwhile, the Congo Red method was suitable for the determination of endo-l,3-1,4-beta-glucanase activity during the actual brewing process. The current research implies that the constructed yeast strain could be utilized to improve the industrial brewing property of beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Geymonat M, Spanos A, Sedgwick SG. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoselection system for optimised recombinant protein expression. Gene 2007; 399:120-8. [PMID: 17566670 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts are attractive organisms for recombinant protein production. They combine highly developed genetic systems and ease of use with reductions in time and costs. We describe an autoselection system for recombinant protein expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which increases yields 5-10-fold compared to conditional selection for expression plasmids. Multicopy expression plasmids encoding essential MOB1 or CDC28 genes are absolutely necessary for the viability of host cells with mob1 or cdc28 deletions in their genomes. Such plasmids are stably maintained, even in rich medium, so optimising biomass production and yields of recombinant protein. Plasmid copy numbers are also increased by limiting selective MOB1 and CDC28 gene expression prior to induction. GST- or 6His-tagged proteins are produced for affinity purification and are expressed from a conditional GAL1-10 promoter to avoid potentially toxic effects of recombinant proteins on growth. Autoselection systems for expressing single or pairs of proteins are described. We demonstrate the versatility of this system by expressing proteins from a number of organisms and include several large and problematic products. The in vitro reconstruction of a step in mitotic regulation shows how this expression system can be successfully applied to the detailed analysis of complex metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Geymonat
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Teng D, Fan Y, Yang YL, Tian ZG, Luo J, Wang JH. Codon optimization of Bacillus licheniformis beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene and its expression in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:1074-83. [PMID: 17216453 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase (EC3.2.1.73) as an important industrial enzyme has been widely used in the brewing and animal feed additive industry. To improve expression efficiency of recombinant beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus licheniformis EGW039(CGMCC 0635) in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris GS115, the DNA sequence encoding beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase was designed and synthesized based on the codon bias of P. pastoris, the codons encoding 96 amino acids were optimized, in which a total of 102 nucleotides were changed, the G+C ratio was simultaneously increased from 43.6 to 45.5%. At shaking flask level, beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity is 67.9 and 52.3 U ml(-1) with barley beta-glucan and lichenan as substrate, respectively. At laboratory fermentor level, the secreted protein concentration is approximately 250 mg l(-1). The beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity is 333.7 and 256.7 U ml(-1) with barley beta-glucan and lichenan as substrate, respectively; however, no activity of this enzyme on cellulose is observed. Compared to the nonoptimized control, expression level of the optimized beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase based on preferred codons in P. pastoris shown a 10-fold higher level. The codon-optimized enzyme was approximately 53.8% of the total secreted protein. The optimal acidity and temperature of this recombinant enzyme were pH 6.0 and 45 degrees C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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van Zyl WH, Lynd LR, den Haan R, McBride JE. Consolidated bioprocessing for bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 108:205-35. [PMID: 17846725 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulose to bioethanol refers to the combining of the four biological events required for this conversion process (production of saccharolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of the polysaccharides present in pretreated biomass, fermentation of hexose sugars, and fermentation of pentose sugars) in one reactor. CBP is gaining increasing recognition as a potential breakthrough for low-cost biomass processing. Although no natural microorganism exhibits all the features desired for CBP, a number of microorganisms, both bacteria and fungi, possess some of the desirable properties. This review focuses on progress made toward the development of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for CBP. The current status of saccharolytic enzyme (cellulases and hemicellulases) expression in S. cerevisiae to complement its natural fermentative ability is highlighted. Attention is also devoted to the challenges ahead to integrate all required enzymatic activities in an industrial S. cerevisiae strain(s) and the need for molecular and selection strategies pursuant to developing a yeast capable of CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa.
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Development of a screening method for the indentification of a novelSaccharomyces cerevisiae mutant over-expressingTrichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II. ANN MICROBIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03174996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Teng D, Wang JH, Fan Y, Yang YL, Tian ZG, Luo J, Yang GP, Zhang F. Cloning of beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene from Bacillus licheniformis EGW039 (CGMCC 0635) and its expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:705-12. [PMID: 16470364 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Revised: 01/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase has been applied in the brewing and animal feed additive industry. It can effectively improve digestibility of barley-based diets and reduce enteritis. It also reduces viscosity during mashing for high-quality brewers malt. The aim of this work is to clone beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase-encoding gene and express it heterogeneously. The gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using Bacillus licheniformis genomic DNA as the template and ligated into the expression vector pET28a. The recombinant vector was transformed into Escherichia coli. The estimated molecular weight of the recombinant enzyme with a six-His tag at the N terminus was about 28 kDa, and its activities in cell lysate supernatant were 1,286 and 986 U ml(-1) for 1% (w/v) barley beta-glucan and 1% (w/v) lichenan, respectively. Accordingly, the specific activities were 2,479 and 1,906 U mg(-1) for these two substrates. The expression level of recombinant beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase was about 60.9% of the total protein and about 12.5% of the total soluble protein in crude cell lysate supernatant. Acidity and temperature optimal for this recombinant enzyme was pH 5.6 and 40 degrees C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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Moses SBG, Otero RRC, Pretorius IS. Domain engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exoglucanases. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:355-62. [PMID: 15834798 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-1014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To illustrate the effect of a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) on the enzymatic characteristics of non-cellulolytic exoglucanases, 10 different recombinant enzymes were constructed combining the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exoglucanases, EXG1 and SSG1, with the CBD2 from the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase, CBH2, and a linker peptide. The enzymatic activity of the recombinant enzymes increased with the CBD copy number. The recombinant enzymes, CBD2-CBD2-L-EXG1 and CBD2-CBD2-SSG1, exhibited the highest cellobiohydrolase activity (17.5 and 16.3 U mg(-1) respectively) on Avicel cellulose, which is approximately 1.5- to 2-fold higher than the native enzymes. The molecular organisation of CBD in these recombinant enzymes enhanced substrate affinity, molecular flexibility and synergistic activity, contributing to their elevated action on the recalcitrant substrates as characterised by adsorption, kinetics, thermostability and scanning electron microscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Gundllapalli Moses
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology and Department of Viticulture & Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Victoria Street, Stellenbosch, ZA 7602, South Africa
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Moreno-Arribas MV, Polo MC. Winemaking Biochemistry and Microbiology: Current Knowledge and Future Trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 45:265-86. [PMID: 16047495 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490478118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The fermentation of grape must and the production of premium quality wines are a complex biochemical process that involves the interactions of enzymes from many different microbial species, but mainly yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. Yeasts are predominant in wine and carry out the alcoholic fermentation, while lactic acid bacteria are responsible for malolactic fermentation. Moreover, several optional winemaking techniques involve the use of technical enzyme preparations. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the biochemistry and interactions of enzymes during the winemaking process. In this study, some of these recent contributions in the biochemistry of winemaking are reviewed. This article intends to provide an updated overview (including works published until December, 2003) on the main biochemical and microbiological contributions of the different techniques that can be used in winemaking. As well as considering the transformations that take place in traditional winemaking, the production of special wines, such as sparkling wines, 'sur lie' wines, and biologically aged wines, are also studied.
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Lynd LR, Weimer PJ, van Zyl WH, Pretorius IS. Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002; 66:506-77, table of contents. [PMID: 12209002 PMCID: PMC120791 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.66.3.506-577.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2307] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for "consolidated bioprocessing" (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Lynd
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Thayer School of Engineering and Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Planas A. Bacterial 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanases: structure, function and protein engineering. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1543:361-382. [PMID: 11150614 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1,3-1,4-beta-Glucanases (or lichenases, EC 3.2.1.73) hydrolyse linear beta-glucans containing beta-1,3 and beta-1,4 linkages such as cereal beta-glucans and lichenan, with a strict cleavage specificity for beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds on 3-O-substituted glucosyl residues. The bacterial enzymes are retaining glycosyl hydrolases of family 16 with a jellyroll beta-sandwich fold and a substrate binding cleft composed of six subsites. The present paper reviews the structure-function aspects of the enzymatic action including mechanistic enzymology, protein engineering and X-ray crystallographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Yeasts are predominant in the ancient and complex process of winemaking. In spontaneous fermentations, there is a progressive growth pattern of indigenous yeasts, with the final stages invariably being dominated by the alcohol-tolerant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This species is universally known as the 'wine yeast' and is widely preferred for initiating wine fermentations. The primary role of wine yeast is to catalyze the rapid, complete and efficient conversion of grape sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide and other minor, but important, metabolites without the development of off-flavours. However, due to the demanding nature of modern winemaking practices and sophisticated wine markets, there is an ever-growing quest for specialized wine yeast strains possessing a wide range of optimized, improved or novel oenological properties. This review highlights the wealth of untapped indigenous yeasts with oenological potential, the complexity of wine yeasts' genetic features and the genetic techniques often used in strain development. The current status of genetically improved wine yeasts and potential targets for further strain development are outlined. In light of the limited knowledge of industrial wine yeasts' complex genomes and the daunting challenges to comply with strict statutory regulations and consumer demands regarding the future use of genetically modified strains, this review cautions against unrealistic expectations over the short term. However, the staggering potential advantages of improved wine yeasts to both the winemaker and consumer in the third millennium are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Pretorius
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, ZA-7600, South Africa.
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Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces several beta-1,3-glucanases, but lacks the multicomponent cellulase complexes that hydrolyse the beta-1,4-linked glucose polymers present in cellulose-rich biomass as well as in haze-forming glucans in certain wines and beers. We have introduced into S. cerevisiae a functional cellulase complex for efficient cellulose degradation by cloning the Endomyces fibuliger cellobiase (BGL1) gene and co-expressing it with the Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (END1), the Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase (CBH1) and the Ruminococcus flavefacies cellodextrinase (CEL1) gene constructs in this yeast. The END1, CBH1 and CEL1 genes were inserted into yeast expression/secretion cassettes. Expression of END1, CBH1 and CEL1 was directed by the promoter sequences derived from the alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH2), the phosphoglycerate kinase I (PKG1) and the alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH1) genes, respectively. In contrast, BGL1 was expressed under the control of its native promoter. Secretion of End1p and Cel1p was directed by the signal sequence of the yeast mating pheromone alpha-factor (MF alpha 1), whereas Cbh1p and Bgl1p were secreted using their authentic leader peptides. The construction of a fur1 ura3 S. cerevisiae strain allowed for the autoselection of this multicopy URA3-based plasmid in rich medium. S. cerevisiae transformants secreting biologically active endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, cellobiohydrolase, cellodextrinase and cellobiase were able to degrade various substrates including carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, laminarin, barley glucan, cellobiose, polypectate, birchwood xylan and methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. This study could lead to the development of industrial strains of S. cerevisiae capable of converting cellulose in a one-step process into commercially important commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Van Rensburg
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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