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Jiang J, Wang YE, Palazzo AF, Shen Q. Roles of Nucleoporin RanBP2/Nup358 in Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Type 1 (ANE1) and Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073548. [PMID: 35408907 PMCID: PMC8998323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ran Binding Protein 2 (RanBP2 or Nucleoporin358) is one of the main components of the cytoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore complex. Mutations in the RANBP2 gene are associated with acute necrotizing encephalopathy type 1 (ANE1), a rare condition where patients experience a sharp rise in cytokine production in response to viral infection and undergo hyperinflammation, seizures, coma, and a high rate of mortality. Despite this, it remains unclear howRanBP2 and its ANE1-associated mutations contribute to pathology. Mounting evidence has shown that RanBP2 interacts with distinct viruses to regulate viral infection. In addition, RanBP2 may regulate innate immune response pathways. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how mutations in RANBP2 contribute to ANE1 and discusses how RanBP2 interacts with distinct viruses and affects viral infection. Recent findings indicate that RanBP2 might be an important therapeutic target, not only in the suppression of ANE1-driven cytokine storms, but also to combat hyperinflammation in response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Yifan E. Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada;
| | - Alexander F. Palazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.F.P.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qingtang Shen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
- Correspondence: (A.F.P.); (Q.S.)
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Piirsoo A, Piirsoo M, Kala M, Sankovski E, Lototskaja E, Levin V, Salvi M, Ustav M. Activity of CK2α protein kinase is required for efficient replication of some HPV types. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007788. [PMID: 31091289 PMCID: PMC6538197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of human papillomavirus (HPV) replication is a promising therapeutic approach for intervening with HPV-related pathologies. Primary targets for interference are two viral proteins, E1 and E2, which are required for HPV replication. Both E1 and E2 are phosphoproteins; thus, the protein kinases that phosphorylate them might represent secondary targets to achieve inhibition of HPV replication. In the present study, we show that CX4945, an ATP-competitive small molecule inhibitor of casein kinase 2 (CK2) catalytic activity, suppresses replication of different HPV types, including novel HPV5NLuc, HPV11NLuc and HPV18NLuc marker genomes, but enhances the replication of HPV16 and HPV31. We further corroborate our findings using short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of CK2 α and α' subunits in U2OS and CIN612 cells; we show that while both subunits are expressed in these cell lines, CK2α is required for HPV replication, but CK2α' is not. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CK2α acts in a kinase activity-dependent manner and regulates the stability and nuclear retention of endogenous E1 proteins of HPV11 and HPV18. This unique feature of CK2α makes it an attractive target for developing antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Piirsoo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marko Piirsoo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Kala
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Sankovski
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Viktor Levin
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mart Ustav
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Lentz MR, Shideler T. Phosphorylation of bovine papillomavirus E1 by the protein kinase CK2 near the nuclear localization signal does not influence subcellular distribution of the protein in dividing cells. Arch Virol 2015; 161:165-9. [PMID: 26467928 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bovine papillomavirus E1 helicase is essential for viral replication. In dividing cells, DNA replication maintains, but does not increase, the viral genome copy number. Replication is limited by low E1 expression and an E1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mechanism. Shuttling is controlled in part by phosphorylation of E1 by cellular kinases. Here we investigate conserved sites for phosphorylation by kinase CK2 within the E1 nuclear localization signal. When these CK2 sites are mutated to either alanine or aspartic acid, no change in replication phenotype is observed, and there is no effect on the subcellular distribution of E1, which remains primarily nuclear. This demonstrates that phosphorylation of E1 by CK2 at these sites is not a factor in regulating viral DNA replication in dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lentz
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Tess Shideler
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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Abstract
E1, an ATP-dependent DNA helicase, is the only enzyme encoded by papillomaviruses (PVs). It is essential for replication and amplification of the viral episome in the nucleus of infected cells. To do so, E1 assembles into a double-hexamer at the viral origin, unwinds DNA at the origin and ahead of the replication fork and interacts with cellular DNA replication factors. Biochemical and structural studies have revealed the assembly pathway of E1 at the origin and how the enzyme unwinds DNA using a spiral escalator mechanism. E1 is tightly regulated in vivo, in particular by post-translational modifications that restrict its accumulation in the nucleus. Here we review how different functional domains of E1 orchestrate viral DNA replication, with an emphasis on their interactions with substrate DNA, host DNA replication factors and modifying enzymes. These studies have made E1 one of the best characterized helicases and provided unique insights on how PVs usurp different host-cell machineries to replicate and amplify their genome in a tightly controlled manner.
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Abstract
Papillomaviruses establish persistent infection in the dividing, basal epithelial cells of the host. The viral genome is maintained as a circular, double-stranded DNA, extrachromosomal element within these cells. Viral genome amplification occurs only when the epithelial cells differentiate and viral particles are shed in squames that are sloughed from the surface of the epithelium. There are three modes of replication in the papillomavirus life cycle. Upon entry, in the establishment phase, the viral genome is amplified to a low copy number. In the second maintenance phase, the genome replicates in dividing cells at a constant copy number, in synchrony with the cellular DNA. And finally, in the vegetative or productive phase, the viral DNA is amplified to a high copy number in differentiated cells and is destined to be packaged in viral capsids. This review discusses the cis elements and protein factors required for each stage of papillomavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Vasiljević N, Hazard K, Eliasson L, Ly H, Hunziker A, de Villiers EM, Norrild B, Dillner J, Forslund O. Characterization of two novel cutaneous human papillomaviruses, HPV93 and HPV96. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1479-1483. [PMID: 17412976 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel human papillomaviruses (HPVs), HPV93 and HPV96, with genomes of 7450 and 7438 bp, respectively, are described. The L1 open reading frame of HPV93 showed highest identity to HPV24 (79%) and that of HPV96 had highest identity to HPV92 (71%). Real-time PCR for HPV92, 93 and 96 on stripped biopsies from tumours and healthy skin from 269 immunocompetent patients found HPV DNA in 2.6% of tumours and in 0.4% of healthy skin samples. Double infections were observed in two tumours. HPV92 was detected in four, HPV93 in two and HPV96 in three tumours. The range of viral loads spanned from one copy per 45 cells to one copy per 10,000 cells. The E7 proteins of HPV92, 93 and 96 were found to bind the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). These results suggest a possible role for these HPV types in skin carcinogenesis that deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Vasiljević
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Kristina Hazard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Linda Eliasson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Hoang Ly
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Hunziker
- Division for Tumorvirus Characterization, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Bodil Norrild
- The DNA Tumorvirus Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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Lentz MR, Stevens SM, Raynes J, Elkhoury N. A phosphorylation map of the bovine papillomavirus E1 helicase. Virol J 2006; 3:13. [PMID: 16524476 PMCID: PMC1450263 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillomaviruses undergo a complex life cycle requiring regulated DNA replication. The papillomavirus E1 helicase is essential for viral DNA replication and plays a key role in controlling viral genome copy number. The E1 helicase is regulated at least in part by protein phosphorylation, however no systematic approach to phosphate site mapping has been attempted. We have utilized mass spectrometry of purified bovine papillomavirus E1 protein to identify and characterize new sites of phosphorylation. RESULTS Mass spectrometry and in silico sequence analysis were used to identify phosphate sites on the BPV E1 protein and kinases that may recognize these sites. Five new and two previously known phosphorylation sites were identified. A phosphate site map was created and used to develop a general model for the role of phosphorylation in E1 function. CONCLUSION Mass spectrometric analysis identified seven phosphorylated amino acids on the BPV E1 protein. Taken with three previously identified sites, there are at least ten phosphoamino acids on BPV E1. A number of kinases were identified by sequence analysis that could potentially phosphorylate E1 at the identified positions. Several of these kinases have known roles in regulating cell cycle progression. A BPV E1 phosphate map and a discussion of the possible role of phosphorylation in E1 function are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lentz
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 4567 St. Johns Bluff Rd., S., Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Stanley M Stevens
- Proteomics Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joshua Raynes
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 4567 St. Johns Bluff Rd., S., Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nancy Elkhoury
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 4567 St. Johns Bluff Rd., S., Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Rosas-Acosta G, Langereis MA, Deyrieux A, Wilson VG. Proteins of the PIAS family enhance the sumoylation of the papillomavirus E1 protein. Virology 2005; 331:190-203. [PMID: 15582666 PMCID: PMC3481860 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sumoylation of the papillomavirus (PV) origin binding helicase E1 protein is critical for its function. Consequently, factors modulating the sumoylation of E1 could ultimately alter the outcome of a papillomavirus infection. We investigated the role played by phosphorylation and two known SUMO E3 ligases, RanBP2 and PIAS proteins, on the sumoylation of E1. E1 sumoylation was unaffected by phosphorylation as both wild-type and pseudo-phosphorylation mutants of BPV E1 exhibited similar sumoylation profiles. RanBP2 bound to BPV E1, but not to HPV11 E1, and lacked sumoylation enhancing activity for either E1. In contrast, proteins of the PIAS family (except PIASy) bound to both BPV and HPV11 E1 and stimulated their sumoylation. The structural integrity of the RING finger domain of the PIAS proteins was required for their E3 SUMO ligase activity on PV E1 sumoylation but was dispensable for their PV E1 binding activity. Miz1, the PIAS protein exerting the strongest E1 sumoylation enhancing activity, favored SUMO1 versus SUMO2 as the modifier and was shown to be transcribed in a keratinocyte cell line. This study indicates PIAS proteins as possible modulators of PV E1 sumoylation during papillomavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Rosas-Acosta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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Colletti KS, Xu Y, Yamboliev I, Pari GS. Human cytomegalovirus UL84 is a phosphoprotein that exhibits UTPase activity and is a putative member of the DExD/H box family of proteins. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:11955-60. [PMID: 15778228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c400603200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL84 is required for lytic DNA replication and is proposed to be the key factor in initiation of viral DNA synthesis. We now show that UL84 has a high degree of homology to the DExD/H (where x can be any amino acid) box family of helicases, displays UTPase activity, and is phosphorylated at serine residues. Affinity column-purified UL84-FLAG fusion protein was used in an in vitro nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) assay to show that UL84 has NTPase activity, preferring UTP. This UTPase activity was linear with respect to enzyme concentration and slightly enhanced by the addition of nucleic acid substrates. UL84 UTPase was the highest at low salt concentrations, a pH of 7.5, and a temperature of 45 degrees C. The enzyme preferred Mg2+ as the divalent cation but was also able to catalyze the UTPase reaction in the presence of Mn2+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ albeit at lower levels. The evidence presented here suggests that the UL84 UTPase activity may be part of an energy-generating system for helicase activity associated with the initiation of HCMV DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Colletti
- University of Nevada-Reno, Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Lentz M, Zanardi T, Filzen R, Carter J, Hella M. Functional analysis of a carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation mutant of the bovine papillomavirus E1 protein. J Mol Biol 2002; 316:599-609. [PMID: 11866520 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The papillomavirus E1 protein is essential for viral DNA replication, and phosphorylation of E1 appears to regulate protein function and DNA replication. Serine 584 of bovine papillomavirus E1 is in a conserved motif resembling a CK2 consensus site, and is phosphorylated by CK2 in vitro. Mutation of serine 584 to alanine eliminates replication of the viral genome in transient replication assays. Wild-type and mutant E1 proteins were expressed from recombinant baculoviruses and used to assess biochemical functions of the amino acid 584 substitution. Helicase enzyme activity, E1 binding to the viral E2 protein and to cellular DNA polymerase alpha-primase were all unaffected in the mutant protein. Binding of E1 to viral replication origin DNA sequences was reduced in the mutant, but not eliminated. The carboxyl-terminal region of the protein appears to play a role in regulating E1 function, and adds to a complex picture emerging for papillomavirus DNA replication control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lentz
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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