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Yang X, Guan H, Li C, Li Y, Wang S, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Characteristics of human encephalitis caused by pseudorabies virus: A case series study. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 87:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Zhao H, Wang S, Liu C, Han J, Tang J, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H. The pUL56 of pseudorabies virus variant induces downregulation of swine leukocyte antigen class I molecules through the lysosome pathway. Virus Res 2018; 251:56-67. [PMID: 29634995 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR) which causes large economic losses for Chinese swine industry since breaking out in late 2011. As a member of herpesviruses, PRV is able to escape the host immune elimination and establish latency, resulting in persistent infection. Here, we report that a currently prevalent Chinese PRV variant down-regulated swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I) molecules on the surface of PK-15 cells and targeted them for degradation through lysosome pathway. Viral pUL56 protein, independent of other viral proteins, was associated with this function by inducing degradation of cellular SLA-I heavy chain (HC) in a manner that was dependent on the lysosome machinery. In addition, pUL56 interacted with SLA-I HC and increased its ubiquitination. Further studies demonstrated that the late domains (PPXY motifs) of pUL56 were required for the ubiquitination and degradation of SLA-I HC by pUL56. Together, our findings reveal the mechanisms by which PRV interferes with cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and provide novel insights into the roles of PRV pUL56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Liu CW, Lin HW, Yang DJ, Chen SY, Tseng JK, Chang TJ, Chang YY. Luteolin inhibits viral-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells via suppression of STAT1/3 dependent NF-κB and activation of HO-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:180-9. [PMID: 27016074 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin is a common dietary flavonoid present in Chinese herbal medicines that has been reported to have important anti-inflammatory properties. Previous studies have shown that luteolin is an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. In this study, the anti-virus inflammatory capacity of luteolin and its molecular mechanisms of action were analyzed. The cytotoxic effects of luteolin were assessed in the presence or absence of pseudorabies virus (PRV) via LDH and MTT assays. The results showed that luteolin (<10μM) had no toxic effects and there were tendencies toward higher cell survival. In PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells, luteolin potently inhibited the production of NO, iNOS, COX-2 and inflammatory cytokine production. Luteolin did not inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, p38, and JNK 1/2 either. We found that PRV-induced NF-κB activation is regulated through inhibition of STAT1and STAT3 phosphorylation in response to luteolin. Additionally, luteolin caused the induction of HO-1 via upregulation of Nrf2, both of which are involved in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. The blockade of HO-1 expression with SnPP, a HO-1 inhibitor, attenuated HO-1 induction by luteolin and thus mitigated its anti-inflammatory effects during PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that luteolin diminishes the proinflammatory mediators NO, inflammatory cytokines and the expression of their regulatory genes, iNOS and COX-2, in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting STAT1/3 dependent NF-κB activation and inducing Nrf2mediated HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Liu
- Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, Changhua 52345, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management and Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, and School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Kai Tseng
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Jye Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, and Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Dong W, Yin X, Sun L, Wang J, Sun S, Zhu G, Wu S, Bao W. Age-associated methylation change of TAP1 promoter in piglet. Gene 2015; 573:70-4. [PMID: 26169022 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhea and edematous disease are two major causes of mortality in postweaning piglets. These conditions lead to huge economic losses in the swine industry. Escherichia coli F18 is the primary causative agent of these two diseases. Transported associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays an important role in the immune response and the TAP1 gene could be an effective anti-E. coli F18 molecular marker in pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between TAP1 gene promoter CpG island methylation status and mRNA expression in piglets. In this study, bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was used to detect the methylation status of the TAP1 gene promoter CpG islands and fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect TAP1 expression in the jejunum of Sutai piglets from birth to weaning age. The fragment of the TAP1 gene promoter region under investigation has no mutation, has 13 putative transcription factor binding sites containing 19 CpG sites, and may be important for regulation of gene expression. With increasing age, the overall methylation levels decreased, while the TAP1 expression levels increased, indicating a negative correlation between TAP1 expression and promoter methylation levels. Variance analysis showed significant differences in the methylation status of CpG_4, CpG_13 and CpG_15 among the different age groups (P<0.05). Our data indicate that TAP1 expression is increased by demethylation of promoter CpG islands, with CpG_4, CpG_13 and CpG_15 implicated as the critical regulatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Dong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuemei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shouyong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Lin HW, Chen YC, Liu CW, Yang DJ, Chen SY, Chang TJ, Chang YY. Regulation of virus-induced inflammatory response by Dunaliella salina alga extract in macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lin HW, Chang TJ, Yang DJ, Chen YC, Wang M, Chang YY. Regulation of virus-induced inflammatory response by β-carotene in RAW264.7 cells. Food Chem 2012; 134:2169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Deruelle MJ, Van den Broeke C, Nauwynck HJ, Mettenleiter TC, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies virus US3- and UL49.5-dependent and -independent downregulation of MHC I cell surface expression in different cell types. Virology 2009; 395:172-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Montagnaro S, Longo M, Pacilio M, Indovina P, Roberti A, De Martino L, Iovane G, Pagnini U. Feline herpesvirus-1 down-regulates MHC class I expression in an homologous cell system. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:179-85. [PMID: 19009565 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are an essential component of the immune defense against many virus infections. CTLs recognize viral peptides in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of infected cells. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to interfere with MHC class I expression as a means of evading the host immune response. In the present research we have studied the effect of in vitro Feline Herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) infection on MHC class I expression. The results of this study demonstrate that FeHV-1 down regulates surface expression of MHC class I molecules on infected cells, presumably to evade cytotoxic T-cell recognition and, perhaps, attenuate induction of immunity. Sensitivity to UV irradiation and insensitivity to a viral DNA synthesis inhibitor, like phosphonacetic acid, revealed that immediate early or early viral gene(s) are responsible. Use of the protein translation inhibitor cycloheximide confirmed that an early gene is primarily responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Montagnaro
- Department of Pathology and animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino no 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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Flori L, Rogel-Gaillard C, Cochet M, Lemonnier G, Hugot K, Chardon P, Robin S, Lefèvre F. Transcriptomic analysis of the dialogue between Pseudorabies virus and porcine epithelial cells during infection. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:123. [PMID: 18331636 PMCID: PMC2335119 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptomic approaches are relevant for studying virus-host cell dialogues to better understand the physiopathology of infection and the immune response at the cellular level. Pseudorabies virus (PrV), a porcine Alphaherpesvirus, is a good model for such studies in pig. Since PrV displays a strong tropism for mucous epithelial cells, we developed a kinetics study of PrV infection in the porcine PK15 epithelial cell line. To identify as completely as possible, viral and cellular genes regulated during infection, we simultaneously analyzed PrV and cellular transcriptome modifications using two microarrays i.e. a laboratory-made combined SLA/PrV microarray, consisting of probes for all PrV genes and for porcine genes contained in the Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA) complex, and the porcine generic Qiagen-NRSP8 oligonucleotide microarray. We confirmed the differential expression of a selected set of genes by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Results An increase in the number of differentially expressed cellular genes and PrV genes especially from 4 h post-infection (pi) was observed concomitantly with the onset of viral progeny while no early global cellular shutoff was recorded. Many cellular genes were down-regulated from 4 h pi and their number increased until 12 h pi. UL41 transcripts encoding the virion host shutoff protein were first detected as differentially expressed at 8 h pi. The viral gene UL49.5 encoding a TAP inhibitor protein was differentially expressed as soon as 2 h pi, indicating that viral evasion via TAP inhibition may start earlier than the cellular gene shutoff. We found that many biological processes are altered during PrV infection. Indeed, several genes involved in the SLA class I antigenic presentation pathway (SLA-Ia, TAP1, TAP2, PSMB8 and PSMB9), were down-regulated, thus contributing to viral immune escape from this pathway and other genes involved in apoptosis, nucleic acid metabolism, cytoskeleton signaling as well as interferon-mediated antiviral response were also modulated during PrV infection. Conclusion Our results show that the gene expression of both PrV and porcine cells can be analyzed simultaneously with microarrays, providing a chronology of PrV gene transcription, which has never been described before, and a global picture of transcription with a direct temporal link between viral and host gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Flori
- INRA, DGA, UMR 314, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et d'Etude du Génome, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350 France.
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García-Borges CN, Phanavanh B, Crew MD. Characterization of porcine TAP genes: alternative splicing of TAP1. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:374-82. [PMID: 16555068 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a heterodimer composed of TAP1 and TAP2 subunits that belong to the ATP-binding cassette family of transporters. TAP translocates small peptides (usually 8- to 12-amino-acid-long) from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum for subsequent loading onto the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The translocated peptides are required for the stable cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules. Virus-encoded proteins, which inhibit TAP activity, include ICP47 from herpes simplex virus and US6 from human cytomegalovirus. We have previously shown that ICP47 downregulated porcine MHC class I [swine leukocyte Ag class I (SLA I)] cell-surface expression in the pig epithelial cell line PK(15). Here we show that SLA I cell-surface expression in the pig epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 is relatively unaffected by expression of ICP47. Anticipating that this might be due to differences in the primary structure of TAP1 or TAP2 expressed by these two cell lines, cDNAs from PK(15) and LLC-PK1 encoding the complete open reading frames of porcine TAP1 and TAP2 were cloned and sequenced. Porcine TAP1 and TAP2 exhibited 80% amino acid identity with their human orthologs. Two splice variants of TAP1 were found. In LLC-PK1 cells, an alternatively spliced TAP1 transcript was detected, which was predicted to encode a protein with nine fewer amino acids. While the deleted amino acids may be in close proximity to the putative peptide/ICP47-binding site, we were unable to demonstrate that this imparted an apparent resistance to the effects of ICP47 on SLA I surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen N García-Borges
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 151 Research, 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
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van der Meulen KM, Favoreel HW, Pensaert MB, Nauwynck HJ. Immune escape of equine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses of veterinary importance. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 111:31-40. [PMID: 16472872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus (EHV)-1 is a pathogen of horses, well known for its ability to induce abortion and nervous system disorders. Clinical signs may occur despite the presence of a virus-specific immune response in the horse. The current review will summarize the research, on how, EHV-1-infected cells can hide from recognition by the immune system. Research findings on immune evasion of EHV-1 will be compared with those of other herpesviruses of veterinary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M van der Meulen
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Pomeranz LE, Reynolds AE, Hengartner CJ. Molecular biology of pseudorabies virus: impact on neurovirology and veterinary medicine. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005; 69:462-500. [PMID: 16148307 PMCID: PMC1197806 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.69.3.462-500.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a herpesvirus of swine, a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, and the etiological agent of Aujeszky's disease. This review describes the contributions of PRV research to herpesvirus biology, neurobiology, and viral pathogenesis by focusing on (i) the molecular biology of PRV, (ii) model systems to study PRV pathogenesis and neurovirulence, (iii) PRV transsynaptic tracing of neuronal circuits, and (iv) veterinary aspects of pseudorabies disease. The structure of the enveloped infectious particle, the content of the viral DNA genome, and a step-by-step overview of the viral replication cycle are presented. PRV infection is initiated by binding to cellular receptors to allow penetration into the cell. After reaching the nucleus, the viral genome directs a regulated gene expression cascade that culminates with viral DNA replication and production of new virion constituents. Finally, progeny virions self-assemble and exit the host cells. Animal models and neuronal culture systems developed for the study of PRV pathogenesis and neurovirulence are discussed. PRV serves asa self-perpetuating transsynaptic tracer of neuronal circuitry, and we detail the original studies of PRV circuitry mapping, the biology underlying this application, and the development of the next generation of tracer viruses. The basic veterinary aspects of pseudorabies management and disease in swine are discussed. PRV infection progresses from acute infection of the respiratory epithelium to latent infection in the peripheral nervous system. Sporadic reactivation from latency can transmit PRV to new hosts. The successful management of PRV disease has relied on vaccination, prevention, and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Pomeranz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
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Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family that specializes in delivering cytosolic peptides to class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. The TAP is a major target of genetic alteration in tumours and disruption by viral inhibitors. In some species, TAP genes have co-evolved with MHC class I molecules to deliver peptides that are customised for particular alleles. In humans, MHC class I polymorphism determines the level of tapasin-mediated association with TAP and subsequent peptide optimisation within the peptide-loading complex (PLC). MHC class I molecules that still load peptides without complexing to the TAP might be more resistant to viral interference of the PLC and less sensitive to competition for TAP by other class I allotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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