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Mendes C, Thirupathi A, Zaccaron RP, Corrêa MEAB, Bittencourt JVS, Casagrande LDR, de Lima ACS, de Oliveira LL, de Andrade TAM, Gu Y, Feuser PE, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Silveira PCL. Microcurrent and Gold Nanoparticles Combined with Hyaluronic Acid Accelerates Wound Healing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2257. [PMID: 36421443 PMCID: PMC9686715 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of iontophoresis and hyaluronic acid (HA) combined with a gold nanoparticle (GNP) solution in an excisional wound model. Fifty Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were randomly assigned to the following groups: excisional wound (EW); EW + MC; EW + MC + HA; EW + MC + GNPs; and EW + MC + HA + GNPs. The animals were induced to a circular excision, and treatment started 24 h after injury with microcurrents (300 µA) containing gel with HA (0.9%) and/or GNPs (30 mg/L) in the electrodes (1 mL) for 7 days. The animals were euthanized 12 h after the last treatment application. The results demonstrate a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNϒ, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6) in the group in which the therapies were combined, and they show increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and growth factors (FGF and TGF-β) in the EW + MC + HA and EW + MC + HA + GNPs groups. As for the levels of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and nitrite, as well as oxidative damage (carbonyl and sulfhydryl), they decreased in the combined therapy group when compared to the control group. Regarding antioxidant defense, there was an increase in glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the combined therapy group. A histological analysis showed reduced inflammatory infiltrate in the MC-treated groups and in the combination therapy group. There was an increase in the wound contraction rate in all treated groups when compared to the control group, proving that the proposed therapies are effective in the epithelial healing process. The results of this study demonstrate that the therapies in combination favor the tissue repair process more significantly than the therapies in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolini Mendes
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Anand Thirupathi
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Rubya Pereira Zaccaron
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Anastácio Borges Corrêa
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - João V. S. Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Laura de Roch Casagrande
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Anadhelly C. S. de Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Lara L. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago A. M. de Andrade
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Science, Herminio Ometto Foundation, Araras 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Paulo Emílio Feuser
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. Machado-de-Ávila
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Program of Postgraduate in Science of Health, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
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Wang Y, Zeng L, Song W, Liu J. Influencing factors and drug application of iontophoresis in transdermal drug delivery: an overview of recent progress. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:15-26. [PMID: 33486687 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is limited by the stratum corneum of skin, which blocks most molecules, and thus, only few molecules with specific physicochemical properties (molecular weight < 500 Da, adequate lipophilicity, and low melting point) are able to penetrate the skin. Recently, various technologies have been developed to overcome the strong barrier properties of stratum corneum. Iontophoresis technology, which uses a small current to improve drug permeation through skin, is one of the effective ways to circumvent the stratum corneum. This approach not only provides a more efficient, noninvasive, and patient-friendly method of drug delivery but also widens the scope of drugs for transdermal delivery. In this review, the mechanisms underlying iontophoresis and affecting factors are outlined. The focus will be on the latest advancements in iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery and application of iontophoresis with other enhancing technologies. The challenges of this technology for drug administration have also been highlighted, and some iontophoretic systems approved for clinical use are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Lijuan Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenting Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Yang M, Gu Y, Tang X, Wang T, Liu J. Advancement of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Combination Application with Physical Penetration Technique. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:312-324. [PMID: 30657039 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190118125427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
On account of the advantages of transdermal delivery and the application situation of transcutaneous technology in transdermal delivery, the article critically comments on nanosystems as permeation enhancement model. Nanosystems possess great potential for transcutaneous drug delivery. This review focuses on recent advances in lipid-based nanocarriers, including liposome, transfersomes, ethosomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and combination application of the lipid-based nanocarriers with microneedle, iontophoresis, electroporation and sonophoresis in the field for the development of the transdermal drug delivery system. We attempted to give an overview of lipid-based nanocarriers with the aim to improve transdermal and dermal drug delivery. A special focus is given to the nanocarrier composition, characteristic and interaction mechanisms through the skin. Recent combination applications of lipid-based nanocarriers with the physical penetration technology demonstrate the superiority of the combined use of nanocarriers and physical methods in drug penetration enhancement compared to their single use. In the future, lipidbased nanocarriers will play a greater role in the field of transdermal and dermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yongwei Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Abstract
Skin-mediated therapeutic delivery is a potential alternative to traditional drug delivery approaches. However, dermal drug delivery is limited to the molecules with optimal physico-chemical properties. To overcome this barrier for delivering ‘nonideal’ drug molecules across the skin, different drug carriers and penetration enhancement methods have been investigated. Conventional chemical and physical approaches for dermal drug delivery are limited by their skin irritation potential, complexity of application and poor patient compliance. In recent years, dendritic polymers have shown potential in improving the dermal delivery of various molecules. With minimal skin irritation potential and high drug loading capacity, dendrimers offer multiple advantages for improving delivery of drugs across the skin. The current review aims to provide an overview of dendritic polymers for dermal (topical and transdermal) drug delivery. [Formula: see text]
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Pannuzzo M, Grassi A, Raudino A. Hydrodynamic enhancement of the diffusion rate in the region between two fluctuating membranes in close opposition: a theoretical and computational study. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:8662-72. [PMID: 24992344 DOI: 10.1021/jp505617b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodic variation of the distance between two weakly adhering bodies gives rise to a huge tangential motions of the sandwiched solvent layer (squeezing flow). Oscillations either can be induced by an external applied field or can spontaneously arise from the coupling with the solvent heat bath. First we calculated by the Navier-Stokes equation the components of the fluid velocity near two oscillating juxtaposed plates. Then we evaluated the influence of plate oscillations on the transport properties of a trace diffusant dissolved at t = 0 in the outer medium for both deterministic and stochastic excitations. By employing both analytical (Fokker-Planck) and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we proved that the entry and migration rates of the diffusant sharply increases with the oscillation amplitudes. Enhancement was related to relevant parameters like oscillation frequency, fluid layer thickness, fluid viscosity, and temperature. An extension to the case of oscillating multistacked lamellae has been also made. Theoretical and MD results suggest a significant enhancement of the diffusant flux even in the worse situation of thermally excited small amplitude fluctuations. Excitation arising from other sources (e.g., microwave or ultrasound irradiation of solid-fluid layered systems) could have a dramatic effect on the transport phenomena. Possible implications to relevant biological problems have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pannuzzo
- Department of Computational Biology, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Dubey S, Kalia Y. Understanding the poor iontophoretic transport of lysozyme across the skin: When high charge and high electrophoretic mobility are not enough. J Control Release 2014; 183:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang S, Qiu Y, Gao Y. Enhanced delivery of hydrophilic peptides in vitro by transdermal microneedle pretreatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:100-4. [PMID: 26579370 PMCID: PMC4590292 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the utility of solid microneedle arrays (150 µm in length) in enhancing transdermal delivery of peptides and to examine the relationship between peptide permeation rates and D2O flux. Four model peptides were used (Gly-Gln-Pro-Arg [tetrapeptide-3, 456.6 Da], Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly [hexapeptide, 498.6 Da], AC-Glu-Glu-Met-Gln-Arg-Arg-NH2 [acetyl hexapeptide-3, 889 Da] and Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 [oxytocin, 1007.2 Da]). The influence of microneedle pretreatment on skin permeation was evaluated using porcine ear skin with Franze diffusion cell. Peptide permeation across the skin was significantly enhanced by microneedle pretreatment, and permeation rates were dependent on peptide molecular weights. A positive correlation between D2O flux and acetyl hexapeptide-3 clearances suggests that convective solvent flow contributes to the enhanced transdermal peptide delivery. It is concluded that solid microneedle arrays are effective devices to enhance skin delivery of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunhua Gao
- Lab of Organic Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Molecular Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Mitragotri S. Engineering approaches to transdermal drug delivery: a tribute to contributions of prof. Robert Langer. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:263-76. [PMID: 23921113 DOI: 10.1159/000351947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery continues to provide an advantageous route of drug administration over injections. While the number of drugs delivered by passive transdermal patches has increased over the years, no macromolecule is currently delivered by the transdermal route. Substantial research efforts have been dedicated by a large number of researchers representing varied disciplines including biology, chemistry, pharmaceutics and engineering to understand, model and overcome the skin's barrier properties. This article focuses on engineering contributions to the field of transdermal drug delivery. The article pays tribute to Prof. Robert Langer, who pioneered the engineering approach towards transdermal drug delivery. Over a period spanning nearly 25 years since his first publication in the field of transdermal drug delivery, Bob Langer has deeply impacted the field by quantitative analysis and innovative engineering. At the same time, he has inspired several generations of engineers by collaborations and mentorship. His scientific insights, innovative technologies, translational efforts and dedicated mentorship have transformed the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Mathematical models of skin permeability: An overview. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:115-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vemulapalli V, Banga AK, Friden PM. Optimization of Iontophoretic Parameters for the Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate. Drug Deliv 2008; 15:437-42. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540802035145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Pacini S, Gulisano M, Punzi T, Ruggiero M. Transdermal delivery of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A by pulsed current iontophoresis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:1097-9. [PMID: 18021859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Kavanagh GM, Shams K. Botulinum toxin type A by iontophoresis for primary palmar hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 55:S115-7. [PMID: 17052528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Morimoto Y, Mutoh M, Ueda H, Fang L, Hirayama K, Atobe M, Kobayashi D. Elucidation of the transport pathway in hairless rat skin enhanced by low-frequency sonophoresis based on the solute–water transport relationship and confocal microscopy. J Control Release 2005; 103:587-97. [PMID: 15820406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined a relationship between hydrophilic solute and water (vehicle) transports in the excised hairless rat skin in the presence of ultrasound (41 kHz, 60-300 mW/cm2) irradiation and also conducted skin surface observation using confocal microscopy. When the applied intensity was increased stepwise over the rage of 60-300 mW/cm2, the transport of tritiated water (3H2O) was increased 140-fold in an intensity-dependent manner and this returned to normal on stopping the ultrasound application. The skin permeation clearance (mul/h) of model hydrophilic solutes, calcein (MW 623) and FITC-labeled dextrans [MW 4400 (FD-4) and MW 38000 (FD-40)], across the skin under the influence of ultrasound was plotted against the corresponding 3H2O flux (microl/h) to estimate the potential contribution of convective solvent flow, induced by the ultrasound application, to the solute transport. Good correlations were observed between the 3H2O flux and solute clearances and, unexpectedly, the slope values obtained from linear regression of the plots were consistent for all solutes examined (1.04+/-0.29 for calcein, 1.07+/-0.17 for FD-4, and 1.08+/-0.23 for FD-40, respectively). Transport of intact FD-4 and FD-40 was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography. When the skin surface and deeper regions of the skin after sonophoresis of FD-40 were observed using a confocal microscope, the fluorescence of FD-40 was uniformly distributed in the area under the ultrasound horn and also evident in crack-like structures in the boundary of the horn. On the other hand, a hexagonal structure of horny cells in the stratum corneum (SC) observed by post-staining with rhodamine B was fully conserved in the area under the horn. These findings suggest that 41 kHz ultrasound can increase the transdermal transport of hydrophilic solutes by inducing convective solvent flow probably via both corneocytes and SC lipids as well as newly developed routes. Our observation also suggests that 41 kHz (low-frequency) ultrasound has the potential to deliver hydrophilic large molecules transdermally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Morimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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Abstract
We report two patients with severe palmar hyperhidrosis who responded to BOTOX delivered not by injection, the usual method of delivery, but by iontophoresis. The Botulinum molecule has been considered too large for delivery into the skin this way. However, other large peptides, both non-ionic and cationic, have been delivered successfully by this method, so we suspected that BOTOX could in fact be iontophoresed. Our saline-controlled treatment of these two patients with a small iontophoresis unit (Iomed Phoresor II) allowed small volumes of standard BOTOX dilutions to be used, and demonstrates that iontophoresis can indeed deliver BOTOX successfully. This has important therapeutic potential for the large number of patients with focal hyperhidrosis. They may be spared painful injections, and in more severe cases, invasive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Kavanagh
- University Department of Dermatology, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Lauriston Building, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, Scotland, UK.
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Ting WW, Vest CD, Sontheimer RD. Review of traditional and novel modalities that enhance the permeability of local therapeutics across the stratum corneum. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43:538-47. [PMID: 15230899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William W Ting
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa College of Medicine/University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Pirot F, Morel B, Peyrot G, Vuillet T, Faivre V, Bodeau C, Falson F. Effects of Osmosis on Water-Holding Capacity of Stratum corneum and Skin Hydration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1159/000078693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Doliwa A, Santoyo S, Ygartua P. Effect of passive and iontophoretic skin pretreatments with terpenes on the in vitro skin transport of piroxicam. Int J Pharm 2001; 229:37-44. [PMID: 11604256 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The enhancing effect of several terpenes (thymol, menthone and 1,8-cineole) in the percutaneous permeation of piroxicam (Px), either passive or iontophoretically, was investigated. These terpenes were applied, on the skin membrane, as a passive and iontophoretic skin pretreatment. Px was delivered from carbopol gels containing hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2% w/w Px). An increase in Px flux values, both passive and iontophoretic after skin pretreatment with 5% terpenes/50% EtOH, was found to be in the following order: thymol>menthone>1,8-cineole. Iontophoretic skin pretreatment with terpenes produced a slight increase in the passive flux of Px, in comparison with the passive skin pretreatment. This result indicated that iontophoresis could modify the skin morphology and consequently, increase the passive transport of Px. However, when Px was transported iontophoretically, passive skin pretreatment with terpenes, produced higher flux values than iontophoretic skin pretreatment. These results could be explained by the fact that with the iontophoretic pretreatment, terpenes could penetrate into the skin and limitate the movement of the ionized species, across the skin, during the iontophoretic experiments. The amount of Px retained in the skin after all experiments was related to flux values across skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doliwa
- Centro Galénico, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
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