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Han J, Lee C, Jung Y. Current Evidence and Perspectives of Cluster of Differentiation 44 in the Liver's Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4749. [PMID: 38731968 PMCID: PMC11084344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a multi-functional cell surface receptor, has several variants and is ubiquitously expressed in various cells and tissues. CD44 is well known for its function in cell adhesion and is also involved in diverse cellular responses, such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and activation. To date, CD44 has been extensively studied in the field of cancer biology and has been proposed as a marker for cancer stem cells. Recently, growing evidence suggests that CD44 is also relevant in non-cancer diseases. In liver disease, it has been shown that CD44 expression is significantly elevated and associated with pathogenesis by impacting cellular responses, such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and activation, in different cells. However, the mechanisms underlying CD44's function in liver diseases other than liver cancer are still poorly understood. Hence, to help to expand our knowledge of the role of CD44 in liver disease and highlight the need for further research, this review provides evidence of CD44's effects on liver physiology and its involvement in the pathogenesis of liver disease, excluding cancer. In addition, we discuss the potential role of CD44 as a key regulator of cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Institute of Systems Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021176. [PMID: 36674692 PMCID: PMC9864482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological importance of the liver is demonstrated by its unique and essential ability to regenerate following extensive injuries affecting its function. By regenerating, the liver reacts to hepatic damage and thus enables homeostasis to be restored. The aim of this review is to add new findings that integrate the regenerative pathway to the current knowledge. An optimal regeneration is achieved through the integration of two main pathways: IL-6/JAK/STAT3, which promotes hepatocyte proliferation, and PI3K/PDK1/Akt, which in turn enhances cell growth. Proliferation and cell growth are events that must be balanced during the three phases of the regenerative process: initiation, proliferation and termination. Achieving the correct liver/body weight ratio is ensured by several pathways as extracellular matrix signalling, apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, and molecules including transforming growth factor-beta, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The actors involved in the regenerative process are numerous and many of them are also pivotal players in both the immune and non-immune inflammatory process, that is observed in the early stages of hepatic regeneration. Balance of Th17/Treg is important in liver inflammatory process outcomes. Knowledge of liver regeneration will allow a more detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that are crucial in the interplay between proliferation and inflammation.
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Generation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells from the Primary Hepatocytes of Nonhuman Primates Using Small Molecules. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:305-313. [PMID: 33591557 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since primates have more biological similarities to humans than do other animals, they are a valuable resource in various field of research, including biomedicine, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. However, there remain limitations to maintenance and expansion of primary hepatocytes derived from nonhuman primates. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel culture system for primate cells. METHODS Primary hepatocytes from Macaca fascicularis (mf-PHs) were isolated from hepatectomized liver. To generate chemically derived hepatic progenitor cells (mf-CdHs), mf-PHs were cultured with reprogramming medium containing A83-01, CHIR99021, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The bi-potent differentiation capacity of mf-CdHs into hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells was confirmed by treatment with hepatic differentiation medium (HDM) and cholangiocytic differentiation medium (CDM), respectively. RESULTS mf-PHs cultured with reprogramming medium showed rapid proliferation capacity in vitro and expressed progenitor-specific markers. Moreover, when cultured in HDM, these progenitor cells stably differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells expressing the mature hepatic markers. On the other hand, when cultured in CDM, the differentiated biliary epithelial cells expressed mature cholangiocyte characteristics. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrate that we successfully induced the formation of hepatic progenitor cells from mf-PHs by culturing them with a combination of small molecules, including growth factors. These results offer a means of expanding nonhuman primate hepatocytes without genetic manipulation for cellular resource, preclinical applications and regenerative medicine for the liver.
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Bellet MM, Masri S, Astarita G, Sassone-Corsi P, Della Fazia MA, Servillo G. Histone Deacetylase SIRT1 Controls Proliferation, Circadian Rhythm, and Lipid Metabolism during Liver Regeneration in Mice. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23318-23329. [PMID: 27634039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration offers a distinctive opportunity to study cell proliferation in vivo Mammalian silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase, is an important regulator of various cellular processes, including proliferation, metabolism, and circadian rhythms. In the liver, SIRT1 coordinates the circadian oscillation of clock-controlled genes, including genes that encode enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. We performed partial hepatectomy in WT and liver-specific Sirt1-deficient mice and analyzed the expression of cell cycle regulators in liver samples taken at different times during the regenerative process, by real time PCR, Western blotting analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Lipidomic analysis was performed in the same samples by MS/HPLC. We showed that G1/S progression was significantly affected by absence of SIRT1 in the liver, as well as circadian gene expression. This was associated to lipid accumulation due to defective fatty acid beta-oxidation. Our study revealed for the first time the importance of SIRT1 in the regulation of hepatocellular proliferation, circadian rhythms, and lipid metabolism during liver regeneration in mice. These results represent an additional step toward the characterization of SIRT1 function in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Maria Bellet
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy,
| | - Selma Masri
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Health Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Giuseppe Servillo
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy,
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Bartoli D, Piobbico D, Bellet MM, Bennati AM, Roberti R, Della Fazia MA, Servillo G. Impaired cell proliferation in regenerating liver of 3 β-hydroxysterol Δ14-reductase (TM7SF2) knock-out mice. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2164-2173. [PMID: 27341299 PMCID: PMC4993425 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1195939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most important organ in cholesterol metabolism, which is instrumental in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The gene Tm7sf2 codifies for 3 β-hydroxysterol-Δ14-reductase (C14-SR), an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein catalyzing the reduction of C14-unsaturated sterols during cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol. In this study we analyzed the role of C14-SR in vivo during cell proliferation by evaluating liver regeneration in Tm7sf2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Tm7sf2 KO mice showed no alteration in cholesterol content. However, accumulation and delayed catabolism of hepatic triglycerides was observed, resulting in persistent steatosis at all times post hepatectomy. Moreover, delayed cell cycle progression to the G1/S phase was observed in Tm7sf2 KO mice, resulting in reduced cell division at the time points examined. This was associated to abnormal ER stress response, leading to alteration in p53 content and, consequently, induction of p21 expression in Tm7sf2 KO mice. In conclusion, our results indicate that Tm7sf2 deficiency during liver regeneration alters lipid metabolism and generates a stress condition, which, in turn, transiently unbalances hepatocytes cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bartoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Piobbico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Bennati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Roberti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Servillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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6
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Bellet MM, Piobbico D, Bartoli D, Castelli M, Pieroni S, Brunacci C, Chiacchiaretta M, Del Sordo R, Fallarino F, Sidoni A, Puccetti P, Romani L, Servillo G, Della Fazia MA. NEDD4 controls the expression of GUCD1, a protein upregulated in proliferating liver cells. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1902-11. [PMID: 24743017 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a unique means of studying cell proliferation in vivo. Screening of a large cDNA library from regenerating liver has previously allowed us to identify and characterize a cluster of genes encoding proteins with important roles in proliferative processes. Here, by examining different rat and human tissues as well as cell lines, we characterized a highly conserved gene, guanylyl cyclase domain containing 1 (GUCD1), whose modulation occurs in liver regeneration and cell cycle progression in vitro. High-level expression of GUCD1 transcripts was observed in livers from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. A yeast two-hybrid interaction assay, aimed at identifying any relevant interaction partners of GUCD1, revealed direct interactions with NEDD4-1 (E3 ubiquitin protein ligase neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated gene 4), resulting in control of GUCD1 stability. Thus, we have characterized expression and function of a ubiquitous protein, GUCD1, which might have a role in regulating normal and abnormal cell growth in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Piobbico
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Bartoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Castelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pieroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Brunacci
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Rachele Del Sordo
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Sidoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Servillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
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Ichinohe N, Kon J, Sasaki K, Nakamura Y, Ooe H, Tanimizu N, Mitaka T. Growth ability and repopulation efficiency of transplanted hepatic stem cells, progenitor cells, and mature hepatocytes in retrorsine-treated rat livers. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:11-22. [PMID: 21669046 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x580626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies as an alternative to liver transplantation have been anticipated for the treatment of potentially fatal liver diseases. Not only mature hepatocytes (MHs) but also hepatic stem/progenitor cells are considered as candidate cell sources. However, whether the stem/progenitor cells have an advantage to engraft and repopulate the recipient liver compared with MHs has not been comprehensively assessed. Therefore, we used Thy1(+) (oval) and CD44(+) (small hepatocytes) cells isolated from GalN-treated rat livers as hepatic stem and progenitor cells, respectively. Cells from dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV)(+) rat livers were transplanted into DPPIV(-) livers treated with retrorsine following partial hepatectomy. Both stem and progenitor cells could differentiate into hepatocytes in host livers. In addition, the growth of the progenitor cells was faster than that of MHs until days 14. However, their repopulation efficiency in the long term was very low, since the survival period of the progenitor cells was much shorter than that of MHs. Most foci derived from Thy1(+) cells disappeared within 2 months. Many cells expressed senescence-associated β-galactosidase in 33% of CD44-derived foci at day 60, whereas the expression was observed in 13% of MH-derived ones. The short life of the cells may be due to their cellular senescence. On the other hand, the incorporation of sinusoidal endothelial cells into foci and sinusoid formation, which might be correlated to hepatic maturation, was completed faster in MH-derived foci than in CD44-derived ones. The survival of donor cells may have a close relation to not only early integration into hepatic plates but also the differentiated state of the cells at the time of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Brunacci C, Piobbico D, Bartoli D, Castelli M, Pieroni S, Bellet MM, Viola-Magni M, Della Fazia MA, Servillo G. Identification and characterization of a novel peptide interacting with cAMP-responsive elements binding and cAMP-responsive elements modulator in mouse liver. Liver Int 2010; 30:388-95. [PMID: 19968777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Transcription factors coupled to cyclic adenosine mono phosphate (cAMP) signalling in the cAMP-responsive elements binding (CREB)/ATF family constitute a family of activators or repressors that bind to cAMP-responsive promoter elements (CREs) in the regulatory regions of cAMP-inducible genes. A role for CREB/ATF family has been advocated in the control of hepatocellular carcinoma progression. CREB appears to be activated by the X protein of hepatitis B virus, which links to the unphosphorylated form of CREB and activates transcription, thus obviating an otherwise indispensable Ser-133 phosphorylation. Identification of factors capable of triggering transcription via cAMP-responsive elements modulator (CREM)/CREB signalling in the absence of Ser phosphorylation will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of liver cell proliferation. METHODS To isolate and study proteins binding and activating CREB and/or CREM in the liver, we performed the screening of a mouse liver cDNA library using the Two-Hybrid System. RESULTS We report the identification and characterization of a novel peptide, VTIP-peptide (VTIP-P), which binds and enhances the activation of CREM/CREB, obviating the need for transcription factor phosphorylation. We demonstrated that VTIP-P physically interacts with the activation domain (AD) of the transcription factors CREB/CREM and activates transcription by modifying their phosphorylation pattern in hepatoma cells. The data allowed the conclusion that VTIP-P binds the AD of CREB and CREM by stabilizing their phosphorylation. CONCLUSION The characterization of molecules capable of interfering in the liver with an important pathway such as CREB could be significant in designing and/or developing new therapeutic approaches to the control of liver cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Brunacci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Medina J, Yamada S, Kojima I. Identification of differentially expressed genes during proliferative response of the liver induced by follistatin. Endocr J 2009; 56:1067-77. [PMID: 19734694 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver mass is controlled strictly and maintained constant in normal and pathological situations. An exception is observed after an administration of follistatin, which induces proliferation in intact liver. In the present study, we identified genes differentially expressed in proliferating liver caused by overexpression of follistatin-288. Adenovirus vector encoding follistatin-288 (Ad-FS) or green fluorescent protein was injected intraperitoneally in rats. Changes in the liver weight, expression of follistatin and nuclear bromodeoxyuridine labeling were measured. Samples taken on day 5 and day 7 were used to prepare RNA for microarray analysis. The expression of the genes was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. After the injection of Ad-FS follistatin mRNA peaked on day 3, which was followed by progressive increase in the protein expression. A peak in bromodeoxyuridine labeling was observed on day 7. Microarray data from day 5 and day 7 samples showed that follistatin modified the expression of 907 genes, of which 575 were overexpressed and 332 were downregulated taking into consideration a two fold change reference compared to control rats. In particular, significant increases and time related changes in gene expression after the Ad-FS injection were found in nine genes including growth differentiation factor 15 and fibroblast growth factor 21. This study confirmed that follistatin induced proliferation in intact liver, and identified candidate genes involved in follistatin-induced liver cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Medina
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
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Della Fazia MA, Castelli M, Bartoli D, Pieroni S, Pettirossi V, Piobbico D, Viola-Magni M, Servillo G. HOPS: a novel cAMP-dependent shuttling protein involved in protein synthesis regulation. J Cell Sci 2006; 118:3185-94. [PMID: 16014383 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver has the ability to autonomously regulate growth and mass. Following partial hepatectomy, hormones, growth factors, cytokines and their coupled signal transduction pathways have been implicated in hepatocyte proliferation. To understand the mechanisms responsible for the proliferative response, we studied liver regeneration by characterization of novel genes that are activated in residual hepatocytes. A regenerating liver cDNA library screening was performed with cDNA-subtracted probes derived from regenerating and normal liver. Here, we describe the biology of Hops (for hepatocyte odd protein shuttling). HOPS is a novel shuttling protein that contains an ubiquitin-like domain, a putative NES and a proline-rich region. HOPS is rapidly exported from the nucleus and is overexpressed during liver regeneration. Evidence shows that cAMP governs HOPS export in hepatocytes of normal and regenerating liver and is mediated via CRM-1. We demonstrate that HOPS binds to elongation factor eEF-1A and interferes in protein synthesis. HOPS overexpression in H-35-hepatoma and 3T3-NIH cells strongly reduces proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agnese Della Fazia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Policlinico Monteluce, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
The hyaluronic acid receptor, CD44, exists as multiple splice variants that appear to have a role in migration of tumor cells. The role of this receptor and its variants in normal wound repair is poorly understood. A central feature of wound repair in the liver is activation and migration of perisinusoidal stellate cells. We have examined CD44 expression by stellate cells from normal or injured rat liver, finding that it increases with injury and involves a distinct set of CD44 splice variants. Among the latter, variants containing the v6 exon (CD44v6) are strikingly increased. Analysis of migration of primary cells on transwell filter inserts reveals that only cells isolated from injured liver are migratory. Also, they move more rapidly on hyaluronic acid than on collagen I or collagen IV. A polyclonal antibody to recombinant CD44v6 blocks migration by 50%, whereas antibody to CD44v4 has no effect. The inhibition is specific for cells migrating on hyaluronic acid and is reversed by synthetic peptide representing the N terminus of the v6 protein. In conclusion, activated stellate cells use CD44v6 and hyaluronic acid for migration. Given the evidence that migration is required for progression of injury with scar formation, blockers of CD44v6 expression or function are candidates for preventing the deleterious effects of chronic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shojiro Kikuchi
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Krettek A, Sukhova GK, Schönbeck U, Libby P. Enhanced expression of CD44 variants in human atheroma and abdominal aortic aneurysm: possible role for a feedback loop in endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1571-81. [PMID: 15509527 PMCID: PMC1618684 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD44, a polymorphic hyaluronate receptor, may participate in chronic inflammation. We hypothesized that CD44 variants contribute to the development of arterial diseases. CD44 levels vary in normal and diseased arterial tissues in the following order: unaffected arteries < fibrous plaques < or = abdominal aortic aneurysm < atheromatous plaques; and correlate with macrophage content. Furthermore, plaque microvessels express CD44, and anti-CD44v3 or anti-CD44v6 treatment reduces endothelial cell proliferation but not apoptosis in vitro, suggesting functionality of these receptors. Endothelial cells express CD44H and CD44v6 after exposure to interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Macrophages, a major source of abundant CD44 in vitro, express not only CD44H but also variants CD44v4/5, CD44v6, and CD44v7/8, isoforms distinctively regulated by proinflammatory cytokines. Several proinflammatory cytokines induce shedding of CD44 from the surface of macrophages and endothelial cells. Soluble CD44 stimulates the expression and release of interleukin-1beta from endothelial cells, suggesting a positive feedback loop of this cytokine. By demonstrating augmented expression of CD44 and variants within human atheroma and in abdominal aortic aneurysm as well as the vascular cell release of sCD44, a process regulated by proinflammatory cytokines, this study provides new insights on the functions of CD44 in arterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Krettek
- Brigham and Womens Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-741, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Xu CS, Han HP, Yuan JY, Chang CF, Li WQ, Yang KJ, Zhao LF, Li YC, Zhang HY, Salman R, Zhang JB. Gene expression difference in regenerating rat liver after 0-36-40-44h short interval successive partial hepatectomy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:654-663. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i3.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify genes related to rat liver regeneration (LR) after 0-36-40-44h short interval successive partial hepatectomy (SISPH) and to analyze their action and expression profile in LR.
METHODS: A cDNA microarray containing 551 elements (liver chip) was made to analyze extensively expression changes of them in 0-36-40-44h SISPH, which were selected from subtractive cDNA libraries of the LR. Cluster analysis of these gene expression profile was performed by Genemath.
RESULTS: Among the selected 551 cDNA, 157 were up- ordown-regulated more than twofold at one or more time points. Of the 157 elements, 86 were up-regulated and 71 down-regulated, and 70 were not reported and 87 were reported, which had not been previously reported to be involved in LR. By cluster analysis and generalization analysis, 6 distinct temporal induction or suppression patterns showed that immediate induction, intermediate induction, late induction, immediate suppression, intermediate suppression, and late suppression. Comparison of the gene expression in SISPH with after PH found that 38 genes were specially altered in SISPH, and the expression trends for other 119 genes were similar between SISPH and PH, except of the various abundance at the different time points.
CONCLUSION: In 0-36-40-44h SISPH, the numbers of the up-regulated and down-regulated genes show no apparent difference. The genes expressed lately are more than that immediately, and much more than that intermediately. The genes expressed abundantly are much less than that increased 2-5 folds.
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Xie Y, Nishi S, Fukase S, Nakamura H, Chen X, Imai N, Sakatsume M, Saito A, Ueno M, Narita I, Yamamoto T, Gejyo F. Different type and localization of CD44 on surface membrane of regenerative renal tubular epithelial cells in vivo. Am J Nephrol 2004; 24:188-97. [PMID: 14967965 DOI: 10.1159/000076758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 01/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein comprising an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Previous studies demonstrated that CD44 was generally restricted to lateral-basal plasma membrane (PM) of epithelial cells, whether it localized on apical PM in vivo has not been clarified. METHODS In this study, we used a gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and spontaneous recovery model in rats and two distinct antibodies, an anti-rat distal extracellular domain (OX49) of standard CD44 (CD44-OX49) and an anti-rat CD44 cytoplasmic tail (CD44CPT), to survey the localization of CD44-OX49 and CD44CPT on the PM in renal tubular epithelial cells in different recovery stages after ATN with immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron-microscopic examinations. RESULTS CD44-OX49 was localized not only on the lateral-basal PM in tubular epithelial cells, but also on the apical surface membrane in PCNA-positive newly regenerative tubular epithelial cells in early recovery stages after ATN. However, CD44CPT was only localized on the lateral-basal PM. The immunoelectron-microscopic results showed that CD44-OX49 localization was changed from the apical to lateral to basal surface membrane in renal tubular epithelial cells during the recovery process after ATN, finally disappearing from basal PM when normal polarized epithelial cells formed. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that there were two types of CD44 including CD44 without a cytoplasmic tail localizing on the apical surface membrane related to newly regenerative epithelial cells, and CD44 with a cytoplasmic tail localizing on the lateral-basal PM related to establishment of tubular epithelial cell polarity after ATN in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Xie
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Qin JM, Fu XY, Li SJ, Liu SQ, Zeng JZ, Qiu XH, Wu MC, Wang HY. Gene and protein expressions of p28GANK in rat with liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2523-7. [PMID: 14606089 PMCID: PMC4656533 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i11.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2002] [Revised: 02/01/2003] [Accepted: 02/11/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the gene and protein expression changes of p28GANK in regenerating liver tissues, and to reveal the biological function of p28GANK on the regulation of liver regeneration. METHODS One hundred and thirty two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected, weighing 200-250 g, and divided randomly into sham operation (SO) group and partial hepatectomy (PH) group. Each group had eleven time points: 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 30, 48, 72, 120, 168 and 240 h, six rats were in each time point. The rats were undergone 70% PH under methoxyflurane anesthesia by resection of the anterior and left lateral lobes of the liver. SO was conducted by laparotomy plus slight mobilization of the liver without resection. Liver specimens were collected at the indicated time points after PH or SO. The expression level of p28GANK mRNA was determined by Northern blot as well as at protein level via immunohistochemical staining. The expressions of p28GANK mRNA in these tissues were analyzed by imaging analysis system of FLA-2000 FUJIFILM and one way analysis of variance. The protein expressions of p28GANK in these tissues were analyzed with Fromowitz' method and Rank sum test. RESULTS The expression of p28GANK mRNA in the regenerating liver tissues possessed two transcripts, which were 1.5 kb and 1.0 kb. There was a significantly different expression patterns of p28GANK mRNA between SO and PH groups (P<0.01). The expression of p28GANK mRNA increased 2 h after PH, the peak time was 72 h (SO group: 163.83+/-1.4720; PH group: 510.5+/-17.0499, P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the 1.5 kb transcript, which decreased gradually after 72 hours. The protein expression of p28GANK was mainly in the cytoplasm of regenerating hepatocytes, and increased near the central region 24 h after PH, and became strongly positive at 48 h (+++, vs the other time points P<0.05), but decreased 72 h after PH. CONCLUSION The expression of p28GANK mRNA increases in the early stage of rat liver regeneration, the protein expression of p28GANK is mainly in the cytoplasm of regenerating liver cells. It suggests that the gene of p28GANK may be an important regulatory and controlled factor involved in hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Qin
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Young MB, DiSilvestro MR, Sendera TJ, Freund J, Kriete A, Magnuson SR. Analysis of gene expression in carbon tetrachloride-treated rat livers using a novel bioarray technology. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2003; 3:41-52. [PMID: 12629582 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study successfully utilizes a new ADME Rat Expression Bioarray, containing 1040 metabolism- and toxicology-linked genes, to monitor gene expression from the livers of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). Histopathological analysis, hierarchical clustering methods, and gene expression profiling are compared between the control and CCl(4)-treated animals. A total of 44 transcripts were found to be altered in response to the hepatotoxin, 19 of which were upregulated and 25 were downregulated. Some of these gene expression changes were expected and concurred with previously published data while others were novel findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Young
- Motorola Life Sciences, Northbrook, IL, USA
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