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Cao YW, Song M, Bi MM, Yang PP, He GR, Wang J, Yang Y, Xu LF, Ming J. Lily (Lilium spp.) LhERF4 negatively affects anthocyanin biosynthesis by suppressing LhMYBSPLATTER transcription. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 342:112026. [PMID: 38342186 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are among the main pigments involved in the colouration of Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium spp.). Ethylene, a plant ripening hormone, plays an important role in promoting plant maturation and anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, whether and how ethylene regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily tepals have not been characterized. Using yeast one-hybrid screening, we previously identified an APETALA2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) named LhERF4 as a potential inhibitor of LhMYBSPLATTER-mediated negative regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily. Here, transcript and protein analysis of LhERF4, a transcriptional repressor, revealed that LhERF4 directly binds to the promoter of LhMYBSPLATTER. In addition, overexpression of LhERF4 in lily tepals negatively regulates the expression of key structural genes and the total anthocyanin content by suppressing the LhMYBSPLATTER gene. Moreover, the LhERF4 gene inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to ethylene, affecting anthocyanin accumulation and pigmentation in lily tepals. Collectively, our findings will advance and elucidate a novel regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily, and this research provides new insight into colouration regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nanling Plant Resource Protection and Utilization, GanNan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Meng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meng-Meng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pan-Pan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guo-Ren He
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Lei-Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jun Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Liu B, Mao P, Yang Q, Qin H, Xu Y, Zheng Y, Li Q. Appropriate Nitrogen form Ratio and UV-A Supplementation Increased Quality and Production in Purple Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16791. [PMID: 38069114 PMCID: PMC10705952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purple lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Zhongshu Purple Lettuce) was chosen as the trial material, and LED intelligent light control consoles were used as the light sources. The purpose was to increase the yield and quality of purple lettuce while lowering its nitrate level. By adding various ratios of NO3--N and NH4+-N to the nutrient solution and 20 µmol m-2 s-1 UV-A based on white, red, and blue light (130, 120, 30 µmol m-2 s-1), the effects of different NO3--N/NH4+-N ratios (NO3--N, NO3--N/NH4+-N = 3/1, NH4+-N) and UV-A interaction on yield, quality, photosynthetic characteristics, anthocyanins, and nitrogen assimilation of purple lettuce were studied. In order to produce purple lettuce hydroponically under controlled environmental conditions, a theoretical foundation and technological specifications were developed, taking into account an appropriate UV-A dose and NO3--N/NH4+-N ratio. Results demonstrate that adding a 20 µmol m-2 s-1 UV-A, and a NO3--N/NH4+-N treatment of 3/1, significantly reduced the nitrate level while increasing the growth, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin content of purple lettuce. The purple leaf lettuce leaves have an enhanced capacity to absorb nitrogen. Furthermore, plants have an acceleration of nitrogen metabolism, which raises the concentration of free amino acids and soluble proteins and promotes biomass synthesis. Thus, based on the NO3--N/NH4+-N (3/1) treatment, adding 20 µmol m-2 s-1 UV-A will be helpful in boosting purple lettuce production and decreasing its nitrate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Pengpeng Mao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610218, China; (P.M.); (Y.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
| | - Hengshan Qin
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Yaliang Xu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610218, China; (P.M.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yinjian Zheng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610218, China; (P.M.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qingming Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610218, China; (P.M.); (Y.X.)
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Lee KY, Shin JY, Ahn MS, Kim SJ, An HR, Kim YJ, Kwon OH, Lee SY. Callus Derived from Petals of the Rosa hybrida Breeding Line 15R-12-2 as New Material Useful for Fragrance Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2986. [PMID: 37631197 PMCID: PMC10457957 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Rose (Rosa hybrida) is a major flower crop worldwide and has long been loved for its variety of colors and scents. Roses are mainly used for gardening or cutting flowers and are also used as raw materials for perfumes, cosmetics, and food. Essential oils, which are extracted from the flowers of plants, including roses, have various scents, and the essential oil market has been growing steadily owing to the growing awareness of the benefits of natural and organic products. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a system that stably supplies raw materials with uniform ingredients in line with the continuous increase in demand. In this study, conditions for the efficient induction of callus were established from the petals of the rose breeding line 15R-12-2, which has a strong scent developed by the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration. The highest callus induction rate (65%) was observed when the petals of the fully open flower (FOF) were placed on the SH11DP medium so that the abaxial surface was in contact with the medium. In addition, the VOCs contained in the petals of 15R-12-2 and the petal-derived callus were analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Thirty components, including esters and alcohols, were detected in the petal-derived callus. Among them, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, which showed 59.01% relative content when extracted with hexane as a solvent, was the same component as detected in petals. Therefore, petal-derived callus is expected to be of high industrial value and can be suggested as an alternative pathway to obtaining VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Su Young Lee
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (K.Y.L.); (J.Y.S.); (M.S.A.); (S.J.K.); (H.R.A.); (Y.J.K.); (O.H.K.)
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Zhang X, Qi Z, Fan X, Zhang H, Pei J, Zhao L. Biochemical Characterization of a Flavone Synthase I from Daucus carota and its Application for Bioconversion of Flavanones to Flavones. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:933-946. [PMID: 36242726 PMCID: PMC9568992 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we studied the biochemical characterization of flavone synthase I from Daucus carota (DcFNS I) and applied it with flavonoid 6-hydroxylase from Scutellaria baicalensis (SbCYP) to convert flavanones to flavones. The recombinant DcFNS I was expressed in the form of the glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein. Rather than taxifolin, naringenin, pinocembrin, and eriodictyol were accepted as substrates. The optimal temperature and pH for reaction in vitro were 35 °C and 7.5, respectively, and 2-oxoglutarate was essential in the assay system. Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ were not substitutes for Fe2+. EDTA and pyruvic acid inhibited the activity, except for Fe3+. Kinetic analysis revealed that the Vmax and kcat values of the recombinant DcFNS I against naringenin were 0.183 nmol mg-1 s-1 and 0.0121 s-1, and 0.175 nmol mg-1 s-1 and 0.0116 s-1 against pinocembrin. However, the recombinant DcFNS I had a higher affinity for naringenin than pinocembrin, with kM values for each of 0.076 mM and 0.174 mM respectively. Thus, it catalyzed naringenin more efficiently than pinocembrin. Subsequently, using an Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-culture system, we successfully converted naringenin and pinocembrin to scutellarein and baicalein respectively. In a synthetic complete medium, the titers of scutellarein and baicalein reached 5.63 mg/L and 0.78 mg/L from 200 mg/L precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Zhipeng Qi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xianyu Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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Biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanin pathway genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1783-1798. [PMID: 35171341 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are the phenolic compounds responsible for coloring pigments in fruits and vegetables. Anthocyanins offer a wide range of health benefits to human health. Their scope has expanded dramatically in the past decade, making anthocyanin control, influx, and outflow regulation fascinating for many researchers. The main culprit is anthocyanin stability and concentration form, which demands novel ways because these are critical in the food industry. This review aims to examine anthocyanin synthesis via triggering transcription genes that code for anthocyanin-producing enzymes. The balance between production and breakdown determines anthocyanin accumulation. Thus, increasing the anthocyanin content in food requires the stability of molecules in the vacuolar lumen, the pigment fading process, and a better understanding of the mechanism. The promising option is biosynthesis by metabolically engineered microorganisms with a lot of success. This study aims to look into and evaluate the existing literature on anthocyanin production, namely the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pathway genes, production by microbial cell factories, and the regulatory factors that can modulate the production of anthocyanins. Understanding these mechanisms will provide new biotechnological approaches.Key points• Factors affecting the regulation of anthocyanins• Focus on degradation, biosynthesis pathway genes, and alternative systems for the production of anthocyanins• Microbial cell factories can be used to produce large amounts of anthocyanins.
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Dar NA, Mir MA, Mir JI, Mansoor S, Showkat W, Parihar TJ, Haq SAU, Wani SH, Zaffar G, Masoodi KZ. MYB-6 and LDOX-1 regulated accretion of anthocyanin response to cold stress in purple black carrot (Daucus carota L.). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5353-5364. [PMID: 35088377 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Anthocyanin, an essential ingredient of functional foods, is present in a wide range of plants, including black carrots. The current investigation was carried out to analyse the effect of cold stress on the expression of major anthocyanins and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes, MYB6 and LDOX-1. METHODS AND RESULTS Five cultivated carrot genotypes belonging to the eastern group, having anthocyanin pigment, were used in the current study. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that relative gene expression of transcription factor MYB-6 and LDOX1gene was highly expressed upon cold stress compared to non-stress samples. High-performance liquid chromatography-based quantification of Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Kuromanin chloride), Ferulic acid, 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Sinapic acid), and Rutin revealed a significant increase in these major anthocyanins in response to cold stress when compared to control plants. CONCLUSION We conclude that MYB6 and LDOX1 gene expression increases upon cold stress, which induces accumulation of major anthocyanins in purple black carrot and suggests a possible cross-link between cold stress and anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple black carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz A Dar
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Mudasir A Mir
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Javid I Mir
- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 191132, India
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Wasia Showkat
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Tasmeen J Parihar
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Shabir H Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, SKUAST-Kashmir, Khudwani, Jammu and Kashmir, 192101, India
| | - Gul Zaffar
- Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India.
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Belwal T, Singh G, Jeandet P, Pandey A, Giri L, Ramola S, Bhatt ID, Venskutonis PR, Georgiev MI, Clément C, Luo Z. Anthocyanins, multi-functional natural products of industrial relevance: Recent biotechnological advances. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107600. [PMID: 32693016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, the color compounds of plants, are known for their wide applications in food, nutraceuticals and cosmetic industry. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins is well established with the identification of potential key regulatory genes, which makes it possible to modulate its production by biotechnological means. Various biotechnological systems, including use of in vitro plant cell or tissue cultures as well as microorganisms have been used for the production of anthocyanins under controlled conditions, however, a wide range of factors affects their production. In addition, metabolic engineering technologies have also used the heterologous production of anthocyanins in recombinant plants and microorganisms. However, these approaches have mostly been tested at the lab- and pilot-scales, while very few up-scaling studies have been undertaken. Various challenges and ways of investigation are proposed here to improve anthocyanin production by using the in vitro plant cell or tissue culture and metabolic engineering of plants and microbial culture systems. All these methods are capable of modulating the production of anthocyanins , which can be further utilized for pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Belwal
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gopal Singh
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi- Katarmal, Almora 263643, India; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Aseesh Pandey
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Sikkim Regional Centre, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India
| | - Lalit Giri
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi- Katarmal, Almora 263643, India
| | - Sudipta Ramola
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Indra D Bhatt
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi- Katarmal, Almora 263643, India
| | - Petras Rimantas Venskutonis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Laboratory of Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Christophe Clément
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang R&D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China.
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Li W, Tan L, Zou Y, Tan X, Huang J, Chen W, Tang Q. The Effects of Ultraviolet A/B Treatments on Anthocyanin Accumulation and Gene Expression in Dark-Purple Tea Cultivar 'Ziyan' ( Camellia sinensis). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020354. [PMID: 31952238 PMCID: PMC7024295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Ziyan’ is a novel anthocyanin-rich tea cultivar with dark purple young shoots. However, how its anthocyanin accumulation is affected by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet (UV), remains unclear. In this study, we observed that UV light treatments stimulated anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Ziyan’ leaves, and we further analyzed the underlying mechanisms at gene expression and enzyme activity levels. In addition, the catechins and chlorophyll contents of young shoots under different light treatments were also changed. The results showed that the contents of total anthocyanins and three major anthocyanin molecules, i.e., delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin, were significantly higher in leaves under UV-A, UV-B, and UV-AB treatments than those under white light treatment alone. However, the total catechins and chlorophyll contents in these purple tea plant leaves displayed the opposite trends. The anthocyanin content was the highest under UV-A treatment, which was higher by about 66% than control. Compared with the white light treatment alone, the enzyme activities of chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) under UV treatments increased significantly, whereas the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) activities reduced. There was no significant difference in dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) activity under all treatments. Comparative transcriptome analyses unveiled that there were 565 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of 29,648 genes in three pair-wise comparisons (white light versus UV-A, W vs. UV-A; white light versus UV-B, W vs. UV-A; white light versus UV-AB, W vs. UV-AB). The structural genes in anthocyanin pathway such as flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), F3′5′H, DFR, and ANS, and regulatory gene TT8 were upregulated under UV-A treatment; F3′5′H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT and regulatory genes EGL1 and TT2 were upregulated under UV-AB treatment. However, most structural genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways were downregulated under UV-B treatment compared with control. The expression of LAR and ANR were repressed in all UV treatments. Our results indicated that UV-A and UV-B radiations can induce anthocyanin accumulation in tea plant ‘Ziyan’ by upregulating the structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, UV radiation repressed the expression levels of LAR, ANR, and FLS, resulting in reduced ANR activity and a metabolic flux shift toward anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Tang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-1748
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9
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Li Z, Vickrey TL, McNally MG, Sato SJ, Clemente TE, Mower JP. Assessing Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Solanaceae as a Model Pathway for Secondary Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080559. [PMID: 31349565 PMCID: PMC6723469 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Solanaceae have played an important role in elucidating how flower color is specified by the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (FBP), which produces anthocyanins and other secondary metabolites. With well-established reverse genetics tools and rich genomic resources, Solanaceae provide a robust framework to examine the diversification of this well-studied pathway over short evolutionary timescales and to evaluate the predictability of genetic perturbation on pathway flux. Genomes of eight Solanaceae species, nine related asterids, and four rosids were mined to evaluate variation in copy number of the suite of FBP enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Comparison of annotation sources indicated that the NCBI annotation pipeline generated more and longer FBP annotations on average than genome-specific annotation pipelines. The pattern of diversification of each enzyme among asterids was assessed by phylogenetic analysis, showing that the CHS superfamily encompasses a large paralogous family of ancient and recent duplicates, whereas other FBP enzymes have diversified via recent duplications in particular lineages. Heterologous expression of a pansy F3′5′H gene in tobacco changed flower color from pink to dark purple, demonstrating that anthocyanin production can be predictably modified using reverse genetics. These results suggest that the Solanaceae FBP could be an ideal system to model genotype-to-phenotype interactions for secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Li
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Trisha L Vickrey
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Moira G McNally
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Biology Department, University of Jamestown, Jamestown, ND 58405, USA
| | - Shirley J Sato
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Mower
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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10
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Que F, Hou XL, Wang GL, Xu ZS, Tan GF, Li T, Wang YH, Khadr A, Xiong AS. Advances in research on the carrot, an important root vegetable in the Apiaceae family. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31231527 PMCID: PMC6544626 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carrots (Daucus carota L.), among the most important root vegetables in the Apiaceae family, are cultivated worldwide. The storage root is widely utilized due to its richness in carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins and other nutrients. Carrot extracts, which serve as sources of antioxidants, have important functions in preventing many diseases. The biosynthesis, metabolism, and medicinal properties of carotenoids in carrots have been widely studied. Research on hormone regulation in the growth and development of carrots has also been widely performed. Recently, with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, many efficient tools have been adopted in carrot research. A large amount of sequence data has been produced and applied to improve carrot breeding. A genome editing system based on CRISPR/Cas9 was also constructed for carrot research. In this review, we will briefly summarize the origins, genetic breeding, resistance breeding, genome editing, omics research, hormone regulation, and nutritional composition of carrots. Perspectives about future research work on carrots are also briefly provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Que
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, 223003 Huaian, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmed Khadr
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
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Kodama M, Brinch-Pedersen H, Sharma S, Holme IB, Joernsgaard B, Dzhanfezova T, Amby DB, Vieira FG, Liu S, Gilbert MTP. Identification of transcription factor genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrot (Daucus carota L.) using RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:811. [PMID: 30409110 PMCID: PMC6225646 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are water-soluble colored flavonoids present in multiple organs of various plant species including flowers, fruits, leaves, stems and roots. DNA-binding R2R3-MYB transcription factors, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, and WD40 repeat proteins are known to form MYB-bHLH-WD repeat (MBW) complexes, which activates the transcription of structural genes in the anthocyanin pathway. Although black cultivars of carrots (Daucus carota L.) can accumulate large quantities of anthocyanin in their storage roots, the regulatory genes responsible for their biosynthesis are not well characterized. The current study aimed to analyze global transcription profiles based on RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), and mine MYB, bHLH and WD40 genes that may function as positive or negative regulators in the carrot anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways. RESULTS RNA was isolated from differently colored calli, as well as tissue samples from taproots of various black carrot cultivars across the course of development, and gene expression levels of colored and non-colored tissue and callus samples were compared. The expression of 32 MYB, bHLH and WD40 genes were significantly correlated with anthocyanin content in black carrot taproot. Of those, 11 genes were consistently up- or downregulated in a purple color-specific manner across various calli and cultivar comparisons. The expression of 10 out of these 11 genes was validated using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide insights into regulatory genes that may be responsible for carrot anthocyanin biosynthesis, and suggest that future focus on them may help improve our overall understanding of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kodama
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Genome Research and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Brinch-Pedersen
- Research Centre Flakkebjerg, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Shrikant Sharma
- Research Centre Flakkebjerg, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inger Bæksted Holme
- Research Centre Flakkebjerg, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | | | - Daniel Buchvaldt Amby
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Shanlin Liu
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NTNU University Museum, Erling Skakkes gate 47A, 7012 Trondheim, Norway
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Barba-Espín G, Glied S, Crocoll C, Dzhanfezova T, Joernsgaard B, Okkels F, Lütken H, Müller R. Foliar-applied ethephon enhances the content of anthocyanin of black carrot roots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:70. [PMID: 28376712 PMCID: PMC5381149 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) constitute a valuable source of anthocyanins, which are used as natural red, blue and purple food colourants. Anthocyanins and phenolic compounds are specialised metabolites, accumulation of which often requires elicitors, which act as molecular signals in plant stress responses. In the present study, ethephon, an ethylene-generating compound was explored as enhancer of anthocyanin and phenolic contents during growth of 'Deep Purple' black carrots. The effects of ethephon on several parameters were investigated, and the expression of biosynthetic anthocyanin genes was studied during growth and anthocyanin accumulation. RESULTS Roots of ethephon-treated carrot plants exhibited an increase in anthocyanin content of approximately 25%, with values ranging from 2.25 to 3.10 mg g-1 fresh weight, compared with values ranging from 1.50 to 1.90 mg g-1 fresh weight in untreated roots. The most rapid accumulation rate for anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, soluble solids and dry matter was observed between 10 and 13 weeks after sowing in both untreated and ethephon-treated carrots. The differences in anthocyanin contents between untreated and treated carrots increased for several weeks after the ethephon treatment was terminated. Five cyanidin-based anthocyanin forms were identified, with variable relative abundance values detected during root growth. Overall, the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes analysed (PAL1, PAL3, F3H1, DFR1, LDOX2) increased in response to ethephon treatment, as did the expression of the MYB1 transcription factor, which is associated with activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway under stress conditions. In addition, a correlation was proposed between ethylene and sugar contents and the induction of anthocyanin synthesis. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a novel method for enhancing anthocyanin content in black carrots. This finding is of economic importance as increased pigment concentration per unit of biomass implies improved profitability parameters in food colour production. We provide new insight into the accumulation patterns of the different cyanidin-based anthocyanins and phenolic compounds during root growth. Moreover, we show that enhanced anthocyanin content in ethephon-treated carrots is accompanied by increased expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Barba-Espín
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Stephan Glied
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tsaneta Dzhanfezova
- Natural Colors Division, Chr. Hansen A/S, Agern Allé 24, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Joernsgaard
- Natural Colors Division, Chr. Hansen A/S, Agern Allé 24, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Finn Okkels
- Natural Colors Division, Chr. Hansen A/S, Agern Allé 24, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Renate Müller
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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Bartley GE, Avena-Bustillos RJ, Du WX, Hidalgo M, Cain B, Breksa AP. Transcriptional regulation of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in carrot root slices exposed to UV-B light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Su N, Lu Y, Wu Q, Liu Y, Xia Y, Xia K, Cui J. UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation in hypocotyls of radish sprouts continues in the dark after irradiation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:886-92. [PMID: 25754879 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raphanus sativus L. cv. Yanghua sprouts are rich in health-promoting anthocyanins; thus hypocotyls show a red color under light. In this study, effects of UV-B irradiation at 5 W m(-2) on anthocyanin biosynthesis in the hypocotyls of radish sprouts were investigated. RESULTS Anthocyanins began to accumulate rapidly from 24 h irradiation and increased continuously until 48 h, showing a similar pattern to phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.804. The expression of DFR and ANS paralleled the upward trend in anthocyanin accumulation, while CHS, CHI and F3H were upregulated before accumulation. When sprouts were moved into the dark from UV-B, the anthocyanin accumulation did not stop immediately. By contrast, anthocyanin accumulated continuously for more than 12 h in the dark, which was further supported by the significantly higher PAL activity monitored at 24 h after irradiation. Similarly, the transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were much higher over 6 h after 12 h UV-B irradiation. CONCLUSION UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation continues in the dark after irradiation, which was supported by unfading PAL activity and high levels of biosynthesis-related genes. This will provide evidence to produce high-quality sprouts with more anthocyanins but less energy wastage in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Su
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Yanwu Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Kai Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
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Zhang J, Chen C, Zhang D, Li H, Li P, Ma F. Reactive oxygen species produced via plasma membrane NADPH oxidase regulate anthocyanin synthesis in apple peel. PLANTA 2014; 240:1023-35. [PMID: 25000919 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet irradiation regulates anthocyanin synthesis in apple peel by modulating the production of reactive oxygen species via plasma membrane NADPH oxidase instead of other pathways. The synthesis of anthocyanin in apple peels is dependent upon solar irradiation. Using 3-mm commercial glass to attenuate solar UV-A and UV-B light, we confirmed that solar UV irradiation regulated anthocyanin synthesis in apple peels after exposing previously bagged fruit to sunlight. During sunlight exposure, UV attenuation did not affect the expression of MdHY5, MdCOP1, or MdCRY2, but significantly lowered plasma membrane NADPH oxidase activity and superoxide anion concentrations. UV attenuation also reduced the expression levels of MdMYB10, MdPAL, MdCHS, MdF3H, MdDFR, MdANS and MdUFGT1, UDP-glycose:flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (UFGT) activity, and local concentrations of anthocyanin and quercetin-3-glycoside. In contrast, exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide could enhance anthocyanin and quercetin-3-glycoside synthesis. Xanthophyll cycle pool size on a chlorophyll basis was higher but its de-epoxidation was lower under direct sunlight irradiation than that under UV-attenuating conditions. This suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in chloroplast are not major contributors to anthocyanin synthesis regulation. Inhibition of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase activity lowered the production of ROS through this mechanism, significantly inhibited the synthesis of anthocyanin, and increased the total production of ROS in apple peel under direct sunlight irradiation, suggesting that ROS produced via plasma membrane NADPH oxidase regulates anthocyanin synthesis. In summary, solar UV irradiation regulated anthocyanin synthesis in apple peels by modulating the production of ROS via plasma membrane NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Taicheng Rd. No. 3, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Xu ZS, Huang Y, Wang F, Song X, Wang GL, Xiong AS. Transcript profiling of structural genes involved in cyanidin-based anthocyanin biosynthesis between purple and non-purple carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars reveals distinct patterns. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:262. [PMID: 25269413 PMCID: PMC4190390 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are among the 10 most economically important vegetable crops grown worldwide. Purple carrot cultivars accumulate rich cyanidin-based anthocyanins in a light-independent manner in their taproots whereas other carrot color types do not. Anthocyanins are important secondary metabolites in plants, protecting them from damage caused by strong light, heavy metals, and pathogens. Furthermore, they are important nutrients for human health. Molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation in purple carrot cultivars and loss of anthocyanin production in non-purple carrot cultivars remain unknown. RESULTS The taproots of the three purple carrot cultivars were rich in anthocyanin, and levels increased during development. Conversely, the six non-purple carrot cultivars failed to accumulate anthocyanins in the underground part of taproots. Six novel structural genes, CA4H1, CA4H2, 4CL1, 4CL2, CHI1, and F3'H1, were isolated from purple carrots. The expression profiles of these genes, together with other structural genes known to be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, were analyzed in three purple and six non-purple carrot cultivars at the 60-day-old stage. PAL3/PAL4, CA4H1, and 4CL1 expression levels were higher in purple than in non-purple carrot cultivars. Expression of CHS1, CHI1, F3H1, F3'H1, DFR1, and LDOX1/LDOX2 was highly correlated with the presence of anthocyanin as these genes were highly expressed in purple carrot taproots but not or scarcely expressed in non-purple carrot taproots. CONCLUSIONS This study isolated six novel structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrots. Among the 13 analyzed structural genes, PAL3/PAL4, CA4H1, 4CL1, CHS1, CHI1, F3H1, F3'H1, DFR1, and LDOX1/LDOX2 may participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the taproots of purple carrot cultivars. CHS1, CHI1, F3H1, F3'H1, DFR1, and LDOX1/LDOX2 may lead to loss of light-independent anthocyanin production in orange and yellow carrots. These results suggest that numerous structural genes are involved in anthocyanin production in the taproots of purple carrot cultivars and in the loss of anthocyanin production in non-purple carrots. Unexpressed or scarcely expressed genes in the taproots of non-purple carrot cultivars may be caused by the inactivation of regulator genes. Our results provide new insights into anthocyanin biosynthesis at the molecular level in carrots and for other root vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Yildiz M, Willis DK, Cavagnaro PF, Iorizzo M, Abak K, Simon PW. Expression and mapping of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in carrot. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:1689-702. [PMID: 23525633 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin gene expression has been extensively studied in leaves, fruits and flowers of numerous plants. Little, however, is known about anthocyanin accumulation in roots of carrots or other species. We quantified expression of six anthocyanin biosynthetic genes [phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL3), chalcone synthase (CHS1), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR1), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX2), and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT)] in three carrot inbreds with contrasting root color: solid purple (phloem and xylem); purple outer phloem/orange xylem; and orange phloem and xylem. Transcripts for five of these genes (CHS1, DFR1, F3H, LDOX2, PAL3) accumulated at high levels in solid purple carrots, less in purple-orange carrot, and low or no transcript in orange carrots. Gene expression coincided with anthocyanin accumulation. In contrast, UFGT expression was comparable in purple and orange carrots and relatively unchanged during root development. In addition, five anthocyanin biosynthesis genes [FLS1 (flavonol synthase), F3H, LDOX2, PAL3, and UFGT] and three anthocyanin transcription factors (DcEFR1, DcMYB3 and DcMYB5) were mapped in a population segregating for the P 1 locus that conditions purple root color. P 1 mapped to chromosome 3 and of the eight anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, only F3H and FLS1 were linked to P 1. The gene expression and mapping data suggest a coordinated regulatory control of anthocyanin expression in carrot root and establish a framework for studying the anthocyanin pathway in carrots, and they also suggest that none of the genes evaluated is a candidate for P 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Yildiz
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Zhang ZZ, Li XX, Chu YN, Zhang MX, Wen YQ, Duan CQ, Pan QH. Three types of ultraviolet irradiation differentially promote expression of shikimate pathway genes and production of anthocyanins in grape berries. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 57:74-83. [PMID: 22683531 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berries has always aroused great attention among researchers. However, little study has been made on the shikimate pathway that guides photo-assimilate flow into flavonoid metabolism. The present study indicated that the treatments of three ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths differentially up-regulated transcriptional expression of some structural genes in the shikimate pathway and post-chorismate pathway of grape berries and this up-regulation was developmental stage-dependent and not synchronous. Of these genes, VvDAHPS-1 and VvDAHPS-2 encoding the entry enzymes of the shikimate pathway showed most significant UV-response and their transcription was strongly promoted by UV-A stimuli in the 3-week grapes and by UV-B and UV-C in the 7-week and 11-week grapes. The elevation of VvAS expression by UV induction appeared in the 3-week grapes and VvCM-1 was expressed relatively more concomitantly with berry mature. Correspondently, UV-B and UV-C irradiation increased the content of various anthocyanins in the 11-week grapes, but UV-A did not. These data suggest that UV-responsive production of anthocyanins is in part a consequence of the increase in carbon supply via promoting the shikimate pathway and the Phe/Trp specific pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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He F, Pan QH, Shi Y, Duan CQ. Biosynthesis and genetic regulation of proanthocyanidins in plants. Molecules 2008; 13:2674-703. [PMID: 18971863 PMCID: PMC6245171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also known as condensed tannins, are a group of polyphenolic secondary metabolites synthesized in plants as oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol units via the flavonoid pathway. Due to their structural complexity and varied composition, only in the recent years has the study on the biosynthesis and regulation of PAs in plants taken off, although some details of the synthetic mechanism remain unclear. This paper aims to summarize the status of research on the structures of PAs in plants, the genes encoding key enzymes of biosynthetic pathway, the transport factors, the transcriptional regulation of PA biosynthesis and the genetic manipulation of PAs. The problems of this field were also discussed, including the nature of the final "enzyme" which catalyzes the polymerization reaction of PAs and the possible mechanism of how the elementary units of flavanols are assembled in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
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Cunningham OD, Edwards R. Modifying the acylation of flavonols in Petunia hybrida. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2016-2021. [PMID: 18534638 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential for chemically-regulating the acylation of natural products in whole plants has been determined by treating petunia leaves with phenylpropanoid acyl donors supplied as the respective methyl esters. Treatment with derivatives of the naturally-occurring acylating species caffeic acid resulted in a general increase in flavonol derivatives, notably caffeoylated quercetin-3-O-diglucoside (QDG) and kaempferol-3-O-diglucoside (KDG). Similarly, methyl ferulate increased the content of feruloylated KDG 40-fold. Treatment with methyl coumarate resulted in the appearance of a coumaroylated derivative of quercetin-3-O-glucuronyl-glucoside (QGGA). When the feeding studies were repeated with the equivalent phenylpropanoid isosubstituted with fluorine groups a semi-synthetic 4-fluorocinnamoyl ester of QGGA was observed. Our results demonstrate the potential to regulate the acylation of flavonols and potentially other natural products by treating whole plants with methyl esters of natural and unnatural acyl donors.
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Gebhardt Y, Witte S, Forkmann G, Lukacin R, Matern U, Martens S. Molecular evolution of flavonoid dioxygenases in the family Apiaceae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1273-84. [PMID: 15913674 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant species of the family Apiaceae are known to accumulate flavonoids mainly in the form of flavones and flavonols. Three 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, flavone synthase or flavanone 3 beta-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase are involved in the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites. The corresponding genes were cloned recently from parsley (Petroselinum crispum) leaves. Flavone synthase I appears to be confined to the Apiaceae, and the unique occurrence as well as its high sequence similarity to flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase laid the basis for evolutionary studies. In order to examine the relationship of these two enzymes throughout the Apiaceae, RT-PCR based cloning and functional identification of flavone synthases I or flavanone 3beta-hydroxylases were accomplished from Ammi majus, Anethum graveolens, Apium graveolens, Pimpinella anisum, Conium maculatum and Daucus carota, yielding three additional synthase and three additional hydroxylase cDNAs. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of these sequences were compatible with the phylogeny based on morphological characteristics and suggested that flavone synthase I most likely resulted from gene duplication of flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase, and functional diversification at some point during the development of the apiaceae subfamilies. Furthermore, the genomic sequences from Petroselinum crispum and Daucus carota revealed two introns in each of the synthases and a lack of introns in the hydroxylases. These results might be explained by intron losses from the hydroxylases occurring at a later stage of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Gebhardt
- Philipps Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Deutschhausstr. 17A, D-35037 Marburg/Lahn, Germany
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Lila MA. Anthocyanins and Human Health: An In Vitro Investigative Approach. J Biomed Biotechnol 2004; 2004:306-313. [PMID: 15577194 PMCID: PMC1082894 DOI: 10.1155/s111072430440401x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments and associated flavonoids have demonstrated ability to protect against a myriad of human diseases, yet they have been notoriously difficult to study with regard to human health. Anthocyanins frequently interact with other phytochemicals to potentiate biological effects, thus contributions from individual components are difficult to decipher. The complex, multicomponent structure of compounds in a bioactive mixture and the degradation of flavonoids during harsh extraction procedures obscure the precise assignment of bioactivity to individual pigments. Extensive metabolic breakdown after ingestion complicates tracking of anthocyanins to assess absorption, bioavailability, and accumulation in various organs. Anthocyanin pigments and other flavonoids that are uniformly, predictably produced in rigorously controlled plant cell culture systems can be a great advantage for health and nutrition research because they are quickly, easily isolated, lack interferences found in whole fruits, can be elicited to provoke rapid and prolific accumulation, and are amenable to biolabeling so that metabolic fate can be investigated after ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Lila
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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