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Krauss T, Heisz S, Honecker J, Prokopchuk O, Martignoni M, Janssen KP, Claussnitzer M, Hauner H, Seeliger C. Specific miRNAs are associated with human cancer cachexia in an organ-specific manner. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023. [PMID: 37021483 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia (CCx) is a complex and multi-organ wasting syndrome characterized by substantial weight loss and poor prognosis. An improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of cancer cachexia is essential. How microRNAs contribute to the clinical manifestation and progression of CCx remains elusive. The aim of this study was to identify specific miRNAs related to organ-specific CCx and explore their functional role in humans. METHODS miRNA patterns in serum and in cachexia target organs (liver, muscle and adipose tissue) from weight stable (N ≤ 12) and cachectic patients (N ≤ 23) with gastrointestinal cancer were analysed. As a first step, a miRNA array (158 miRNAs) was performed in pooled serum samples. Identified miRNAs were validated in serum and corresponding tissue samples. Using in silico prediction, related genes were identified and evaluated. The findings were confirmed in vitro by siRNA knock-down experiments in human visceral preadipocytes and C2C12 myoblast cells and consecutive gene expression analyses. RESULTS Validating the results of the array, a 2-fold down-regulation of miR-122-5p (P = 0.0396) and a 4.5-fold down-regulation of miR-194-5p (P < 0.0001) in serum of CCx patients in comparison with healthy controls were detected. Only miR-122-5p correlated with weight loss and CCx status (P = 0.0367). Analysing corresponding tissues six muscle and eight visceral adipose tissue (VAT) cachexia-associated miRNAs were identified. miR-27b-3p, miR-375 and miR-424-5p were the most consistently affected miRNAs in tissues of CCx patients correlating negatively with the severity of body weight loss (P = 0.0386, P = 0.0112 and P = 0.0075, respectively). We identified numerous putative target genes of the miRNAs in association with muscle atrophy and lipolysis pathways. Knock-down experiments in C2C12 myoblast cells revealed an association of miR-27b-3p and the in silico predicted atrophy-related target genes IL-15 and TRIM63. Both were up-regulated in miR-27b-3p knock-down cells (P < 0.05). Concordantly, in muscle tissue of CCx individuals, significant higher expression levels of IL-15 (P = 0.0237) and TRIM63 (P = 0.0442) were detected. miR-424-5p was identified to regulate the expression of lipase genes. Knock-down experiments in human visceral preadipocytes revealed an inverse association of miR-424-5p with its predicted target genes LIPE, PNPLA2, MGLL and LPL (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The identified miRNAs, in particular miR-122-5p, miR-27b-3p, miR-375 and miR-424-5p, represent features of human CCx and may contribute to tissue wasting and skeletal muscle atrophy through the regulation of catabolic signals. Further studies are needed to explore the potential of the identified miRNAs as a screening tool for early detection of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Krauss
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Simone Heisz
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Julius Honecker
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University Hospital of the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University Hospital of the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University Hospital of the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hans Hauner
- School of Medicine, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Claudine Seeliger
- School of Medicine, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Sunil L, Shetty NP. Biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanin pathway genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022. [PMID: 35171341 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are the phenolic compounds responsible for coloring pigments in fruits and vegetables. Anthocyanins offer a wide range of health benefits to human health. Their scope has expanded dramatically in the past decade, making anthocyanin control, influx, and outflow regulation fascinating for many researchers. The main culprit is anthocyanin stability and concentration form, which demands novel ways because these are critical in the food industry. This review aims to examine anthocyanin synthesis via triggering transcription genes that code for anthocyanin-producing enzymes. The balance between production and breakdown determines anthocyanin accumulation. Thus, increasing the anthocyanin content in food requires the stability of molecules in the vacuolar lumen, the pigment fading process, and a better understanding of the mechanism. The promising option is biosynthesis by metabolically engineered microorganisms with a lot of success. This study aims to look into and evaluate the existing literature on anthocyanin production, namely the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pathway genes, production by microbial cell factories, and the regulatory factors that can modulate the production of anthocyanins. Understanding these mechanisms will provide new biotechnological approaches.Key points• Factors affecting the regulation of anthocyanins• Focus on degradation, biosynthesis pathway genes, and alternative systems for the production of anthocyanins• Microbial cell factories can be used to produce large amounts of anthocyanins.
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Han YX, Jia QJ, Yang DF, Chai WG, Zhang XM, He QL, Liang ZS. Current advances in environmental stimuli regulating the glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis pathway. Fitoterapia 2021; 151:104860. [PMID: 33582265 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid, the main active ingredient of licorice, has good antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory activities. However, the content of glycyrrhizic acid fluctuates greatly in different licorice cultivars, and production depends on plant sources, which greatly limits its development and applications. Therefore, increasing glycyrrhizic acid content has become a research priority. In recent years, regulation of the glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis pathway has been analyzed, the downstream synthesis pathway in licorice has been fully investigated, some key genes have been cloned, polymorphisms have been studied, and the content of glycyrrhizic acid was shown to be regulated by environmental stimuli. This work has provided a basis for studying the regulation mechanism of the glycyrrhizic acid synthesis pathway. This review summarizes and discusses relevant research to provide a current understanding of the glycyrrhizic acid synthesis pathway and its regulation in licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Han
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Jun Jia
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Feng Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Guo Chai
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhang
- Tianjing Tasly Modern TCM Resources CO.,LTD, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiu-Ling He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zong-Suo Liang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
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Pal S, Yadav AK, Singh AK, Rastogi S, Gupta MM, Verma RK, Nagegowda DA, Pal A, Shasany AK. Nitrogen treatment enhances sterols and withaferin A through transcriptional activation of jasmonate pathway, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthesis genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Protoplasma 2017; 254:389-399. [PMID: 26971099 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Withania somnifera is researched extensively to increase the quantity of withanolides and specifically withaferin A, which finds implications in many pharmacological activities. Due to insufficient knowledge on biosynthesis and unacceptability of transgenic approach, it is preferred to follow alternative physiological methods to increase the yield of withanolides. Prior use of elicitors like salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, fungal extracts, and even mechanical wounding have shown to increase the withanolide biosynthesis with limited success; however, the commercial viability and logistics of application are debatable. In this investigation, we tested the simple nitrogeneous fertilizers pertaining to the enhancement of withaferin A biosynthesis. Application of ammonium sulfate improved the sterol contents required for the withanolide biosynthesis and correlated to higher expression of pathway genes like FPPS, SMT1, SMT2, SMO1, SMO2, and ODM. Increased expression of a gene homologous to allene oxide cyclase, crucial in jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, suggested the involvement of jasmonate signaling. High levels of WRKY gene transcripts indicated transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes. Increase in transcript level could be correlated with a corresponding increase in the protein levels for WsSMT1 and WsWRKY1. The withaferin A increase was also demonstrated in the potted plants growing in the glasshouse and in the open field. These results implicated simple physiological management of nitrogen fertilizer signal to improve the yield of secondary metabolite through probable involvement of jasmonate signal and WRKY transcription factor for the first time, in W. somnifera besides improving the foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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