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Tanaka Y, Ishizaka S. Optical manipulation and fusion of aqueous droplets containing inorganic and organic solutes in air using the dual-beam laser trapping technique. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:123-132. [PMID: 37819572 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The comparative evaluation of two aerosol droplets of different chemical compositions using the dual-beam laser trapping technique can be employed for highly sensitive and accurate measurements of the water activities of such droplets. However, it is technically difficult to load droplets of different chemical compositions into adjacent optical traps that are only a few tens of micrometers apart. To overcome this challenge, a chamber with an overhanging roof was created. This roof prevented the initially trapped droplets from being contaminated by aerosol droplets that were subsequently introduced into the chamber. Herein, we report the simultaneous laser trapping of an aqueous ammonium sulfate (AS) droplet and an aqueous succinic acid (SA) droplet in air using the dual-beam laser trapping technique. Two droplets were successfully fused through optical manipulation to form a mixed inorganic/organic droplet in air. This experimental approach is advantageous because it forms mixed inorganic/organic droplets under constant relative humidity (RH) conditions. However, in previous studies, it was necessary to compensate for changes in RH prior to and after droplet fusion. To assess the validity of theoretical predictions of the water activity of droplets containing AS and SA, the equilibrium radii of the droplet were compared with those calculated using certain theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Shoji Ishizaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
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2
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Abeyratne WMLK, Bayat H, Munasinghe-Arachchige SP, Zhang Y, Brewer CE, Nirmalakhandan N. Feasibility of ammonium sulfate recovery from wastewater sludges: Hydrothermal liquefaction pathway vs. anaerobic digestion pathway. J Environ Manage 2023; 347:119075. [PMID: 37769474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated two pathways to recover the nitrogen-content of wastewater sludges as ammonium sulfate (AmS) for use as fertilizer. The first pathway entails sludge stabilization by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) followed by recovery of AmS from the resulting aqueous product by gas permeable membrane (GPM) separation. The second one entails stabilization of the sludges by anaerobic digestion (AD) followed by recovery of AmS from the resulting centrate by GPM separation. A bench-scale GPM reactor is shown to be capable of recovering >90% of N in the feed. Recoveries of NH3-N in the HTL-pathway ranged 96-100% in 5.5-7.5 h at mass removal rates of 0.2-0.3 g N/day, yielding 3.3-6.0 g AmS/L of feed. Recoveries of 98% were noted in the AD-pathway in 4 h at mass removal rates of 0.06-0.97 g N/day and a yield of 1.7-2.1 g AmS/L of feed. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer analysis confirmed that both pathways yielded AmS meeting the US EPA and European region guidelines for land application. The GPM reactor enabled higher nitrogen-recoveries in the HTL-pathway than those reported for current practice of AD followed by ammonia stripping, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and/or struvite precipitation (96-100% vs. 50-90%). A process model for the GPM reactor is validated using performance data on three different feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M L K Abeyratne
- Dept. of Civil Engineering New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - H Bayat
- Dept. of Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | | | - Y Zhang
- Dept. of Civil Engineering New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - C E Brewer
- Dept. of Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - N Nirmalakhandan
- Dept. of Civil Engineering New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
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3
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Yuan Y, Xu F, Ke X, Lu J, Huang M, Chu J. Ammonium sulfate supplementation enhances erythromycin biosynthesis by augmenting intracellular metabolism and precursor supply in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023:10.1007/s00449-023-02898-x. [PMID: 37392219 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the cellular metabolic mechanisms regarding ammonium sulfate supplementation on erythromycin production were investigated by employing targeted metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis. The results suggested that the addition of ammonium sulfate stimulates erythromycin biosynthesis. Targeted metabolomics analysis uncovered that the addition of ammonium sulfate during the late stage of fermentation resulted in an augmented intracellular amino acid metabolism pool, guaranteeing an ample supply of precursors for organic acids and coenzyme A-related compounds. Therefore, adequate precursors facilitated cellular maintenance and erythromycin biosynthesis. Subsequently, an optimal supplementation rate of 0.02 g/L/h was determined. The results exhibited that erythromycin titer (1311.1 μg/mL) and specific production rate (0.008 mmol/gDCW/h) were 101.3% and 41.0% higher than those of the process without ammonium sulfate supplementation, respectively. Moreover, the erythromycin A component proportion increased from 83.2% to 99.5%. Metabolic flux analysis revealed increased metabolic fluxes with the supplementation of three ammonium sulfate rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Tola AJ, Missihoun TD. Ammonium sulfate-based prefractionation improved proteome coverage and detection of carbonylated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf extract. Planta 2023; 257:62. [PMID: 36808312 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium sulfate is well known to salt out proteins at high concentrations. The study revealed that it can serve to increase by 60% the total number of identified carbonylated proteins by LC-MS/MS. Protein carbonylation is a significant post-translational modification associated with reactive oxygen species signaling in animal and plant cells. However, the detection of carbonylated proteins involved in signaling is still challenging, as they only represent a small subset of the proteome in the absence of stress. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that a prefractionation step with ammonium sulphate will improve the detection of the carbonylated proteins in a plant extract. For this, we extracted total protein from the Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and subjected the extract to stepwise precipitation with ammonium sulfate to 40%, 60%, and 80% saturation. The protein fractions were then analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for protein identification. We found that all the proteins identified in the non-fractionated samples were also found in the prefractionated samples, indicating no loss was incurred during the prefractionation. About 45% more proteins were identified in the fractionated samples compared to the non-fractionated total crude extract. When the prefractionation steps were combined with the enrichment of carbonylated proteins labeled with a fluorescent hydrazide probe, several carbonylated proteins, which were unseen in the non-fractionated samples, became visible in the prefractionated samples. Consistently, the prefractionation method allowed to identify 63% more carbonylated proteins by mass spectrometry compared to the number of carbonylated proteins identified from the total crude extract without prefractionation. These results indicated that the ammonium sulfate-based proteome prefractionation can be used to improve proteome coverage and identification of carbonylated proteins from a complex proteome sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesola Julius Tola
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Tagnon D Missihoun
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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5
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Chen J. Preparation of Doxorubicin Liposomes by Remote Loading Method. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2622:95-101. [PMID: 36781753 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin liposome is one of the most important nano-drug formulations. DOXIL, the first FDA-approved doxorubicin liposomes, is also the first nano-drug product in market. Since it was approved in 1995, DOXIL have been widely used in the treatment of various tumors. Several important technologies used in the development of doxorubicin liposomes, especially the remote loading technology, have an extremely important impact on the later liposome research and development. This article describes a protocol to prepare doxorubicin liposomes by remote loading in a laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Beltrán R, Cebrián N, Zornoza C, García Breijo F, Reig Armiñana J, Garmendia A, Merle H. Effect of sulfur on pollen germination of Clemenules mandarin and Nova tangelo. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14775. [PMID: 36778141 PMCID: PMC9912945 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate whether sulfur can inhibit citrus pollination by affecting pollen grains. For this, four sulfur-based products (inorganic sulfur, water dispersible granular sulfur, ammonium sulfate, copper sulfate) were tested to evaluate their effect on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of two citrus varieties: Clemenules mandarin (Citrus clementina) and Nova tangelo (Citrus clementina x [Citrus paradisi x Citrus reticulata]). Pollen grains were extracted from the flowers of these two varieties and subsequently placed in Petri dishes with modified BK (boron and potassium) germination medium with six concentrations of the sulfur-based products (0.2, 2, 20, 200, 2,000, 20,000 mg l-1). All the dishes were incubated and the pollen germination rate was calculated. All the sulfur products showed progressive pollen germination inhibition with a rising sulfur concentration. CTC50 (50% cytotoxicity inhibition) was around 20 mg l-1, with significant differences among treatments. Total pollen germination inhibition took place at 20,000 mg l-1. These results demonstrate that sulfur application can affect citrus pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Beltrán
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Cebrián
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Zornoza
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco García Breijo
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Reig Armiñana
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Garmendia
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hugo Merle
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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7
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Liu H, Hu Z, Zhou M, Zhang H, Zhang X, Yue Y, Yao X, Wang J, Xi C, Zheng P, Xu X, Hu B. PM 2.5 drives bacterial functions for carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles in the atmosphere. Environ Pollut 2022; 295:118715. [PMID: 34933062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Airborne bacteria may absorb the substance from the atmospheric particles and play a role in biogeochemical cycling. However, these studies focused on a few culturable bacteria and the samples were usually collected from one site. The metabolic potential of a majority of airborne bacteria on a regional scale and their driving factors remain unknown. In this study, we collected particulates with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) from 8 cities that represent different regions across China and analyzed the samples via high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, and functional database prediction. Based on the FAPROTAX database, 326 (80.69%), 191 (47.28%) and 45 (11.14%) bacterial genera are possible to conduct the pathways of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles, respectively. The pathway analysis indicated that airborne bacteria may lead to the decrease in organic carbon while the increase in ammonium and sulfate in PM2.5 samples, all of which are the important components of PM2.5. Among the 19 environmental factors studied including air pollutants, meteorological factors, and geographical conditions, PM2.5 concentration manifested the strongest correlations with the functional genes for the transformation of ammonium and sulfate. Moreover, the PM2.5 concentration rather than the sampling site will drive the distribution of functional genera. Thus, a bi-directional relationship between PM2.5 and bacterial metabolism is suggested. Our findings shed light on the potential bacterial pathway for the biogeochemical cycling in the atmosphere and the important role of PM2.5, offering a new perspective for atmospheric ecology and pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Zhichao Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Yang Yue
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiangwu Yao
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Chuanwu Xi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Ping Zheng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Baolan Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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8
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Puzorjov A, Mert Unal S, Wear MA, McCormick AJ. Pilot scale production, extraction and purification of a thermostable phycocyanin from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Bioresour Technol 2022; 345:126459. [PMID: 34863843 PMCID: PMC8811538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phycocyanin (PC) is a soluble blue pigment-protein primarily harvested from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. PC is in high demand from several industries, but its narrow stability range limits potential applications. Here, a pilot scale (120 L total) batch production, extraction and purification process for thermostable PC (Te-PC) from a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 'Olive' strain expressing the PC operon cpcBACD from Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 on a self-replicating vector is presented. Batch cultivation without antibiotics had no impact on growth or Te-PC production and optimisation of growth conditions resulted in Te-PC contents of 75.3 ± 1.7 mg g DW-1. Wet biomass was harvested following chitosan-based flocculation with a 97 ± 2% efficiency, and Te-PC was extracted by high pressure homogenisation. Subsequent purification by heat-treatment and two-step ammonium sulfate precipitation removed chlorophyll and allophycocyanin contamination, resulting in Te-PC purities of 2.9 ± 0.7 and a mean Te-PC recovery of 84 ± 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Puzorjov
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Suleyman Mert Unal
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Martin A Wear
- The Edinburgh Protein Purification Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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9
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Zhou Y, He Y, Xiao X, Liang Z, Dai J, Wang M, Chen B. A novel and efficient strategy mediated with calcium carbonate-rich sources to remove ammonium sulfate from rare earth wastewater by heterotrophic Chlorella species. Bioresour Technol 2022; 343:125994. [PMID: 34757283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work was the first time to establish the desired approach with two heterotrophic Chlorella species for ammonium sulfate (AS)-rich rare earth elements (REEs) wastewater treatment by heterotrophic cultivation. The results showed that these two Chlorella species treated by 6 g/L CaCO3 performed the best ability to remove NH4+-N and SO42- of REEs wastewater. Moreover, the established process performed similar features in REEs wastewater treatment by replacing CaCO3 with eggshell powder (ESP) and oyster shell powder (OSP) enriched in CaCO3. Furthermore, microalgae treated by ESP/OSP in a 10-L fermenter showed 837.39 mg/(L·d) NH4+-N and 1,820 mg/(L·d) SO42- removal rates. The developed kinetic models could be well fitted to the experimental data obtained by the 10-L fermenter. Taken together, the established process mediated with two Chlorella species and ESP/OSP by heterotrophic cultivation was the great potential for AS-rich REEs wastewater treatment in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Zhou
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Yongjin He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Xuehua Xiao
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Zhibo Liang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Jingxuan Dai
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
| | - Mingzi Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China.
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, PR China
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10
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Amrani ME, Gerencser L, Huitema ADR, Hack CE, van Luin M, van der Elst KCM. A generic sample preparation method for the multiplex analysis of seven therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in human plasma or serum with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462489. [PMID: 34509691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used in the clinic, there is an increasing need for robust analytical methods to quantify total mAb concentrations in human plasma for clinical studies and therapeutic drug monitoring. We developed an easy, rapid, and robust sample preparation method for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The method was validated for infliximab (IFX), rituximab (RTX), cetuximab (CTX), dupilumab (DPL), dinutuximab (DNX), vedolizumab (VDZ), and emicizumab (EMZ). Saturated ammonium sulfate (AS) was used to precipitate immunoglobulins in human plasma. After centrifugation, supernatant containing albumin was decanted, and the precipitated immunoglobulin fraction was re-dissolved in buffer containing 6M guanidine. This fraction was then completely denatured, reduced, alkylated, and trypsin digested. Finally, signature peptides from the seven mAbs were simultaneously quantified on LC-MS/MS together with their internal standards stable isotopically labeled peptide counterparts. The linear dynamic ranges (1 - 512 mg/L) of IFX, CTX, RTX, and EMZ showed excellent (R2 > 0.999) linearity and those of DPL, DNX, and VDZ showed good (R2 > 0.995) linearity. The method was validated in accordance with the EMA guidelines. EDTA plasma, sodium citrate plasma, heparin plasma, and serum yielded similar results. Prepared samples were stable at room temperature (20°C) and at 5°C for 3 days, and showed no decline in concentration for all tested mAbs. This described method, which has the advantage of an easy, rapid, and robust pre-analytical sample preparation, can be used as a template to quantify other mAbs in human plasma or serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin El Amrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Laszlo Gerencser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs van Luin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim C M van der Elst
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Lucas M, Ryan JM, Watkins J, Early K, Kruh-Garcia NA, Mehaffy C, Dobos KM. Extraction and Separation of Mycobacterial Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2314:77-107. [PMID: 34235649 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1460-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The extraction and separation of native mycobacterial proteins remain necessary for antigen discovery, elucidation of enzymes to improve rational drug design, identification of physiologic mechanisms, use as reagents for diagnostics, and defining host immune responses. In this chapter, methods for the manipulation of whole mycobacterial cells and culture exudates are described in detail as these methods are the requisite first steps towards native protein isolation. Specifically, several methods for the inactivation of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis along with qualification assays are provided, as this is key to safe manipulation of cell pastes for downstream processes. Next, the concentration of spent culture filtrate media in order to permit separation of soluble, secreted proteins is described followed by the separation of mycobacteria extracellular vesicles (MEV) from the remaining soluble proteins in spent media. We then describe the generation of whole-cell lysate and facile separation of lysate into subcellular fractions to afford cell wall, cell membrane, and cytosol-enriched proteins. Due to the hydrophobic nature of cell wall and cell membrane proteins, several extraction protocols to resolve protein subsets (such as extraction with urea and SDS) are also provided. Finally, methods for separation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins from both whole-cell lysate and spent culture media are included. While these methods were optimized for the manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells, they have been successfully applied to extract and isolate Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium ulcerans, and Mycobacterium avium proteins.
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Tang X, Wang C, Gao F, Zhang R, Shi Y, Yi H. Acid modification enhances selective catalytic reduction activity and sulfur dioxide resistance of manganese-cerium-cobalt catalysts: Insight into the role of phosphotungstic acid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 603:291-306. [PMID: 34214720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Improving the SO2 resistance of catalysts is crucial to driving commercial applications of Mn-based catalysts. In this work, the phosphotungstic acid (HPW) modification strategy was applied to improve the N2 selectivity, SO2 and H2O resistance of the Mn-Ce-Co catalyst, and further, the mechanism of HWP modification on enhanced catalytic performance was explored. The results showed that HPW-Mn-Ce-Co catalyst exhibits higher NOx conversion (~100% at 100-250 °C) and N2 selectivity (exceed 80% at 50-350 °C) due to more oxygen vacancies, greater surface acidity, and lower redox capacity. In situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) reveal that HPW changed the reaction path of Mn-Ce-Co catalysts, promoted the adsorption and activation of NH3, and reduced the effect of SO2 on the active bidentate nitrate species, and thereby exhibiting good SO2 resistance. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption of (NH3-TPD) results show that HPW can inhibit the formation of metal sulfate, and SO2 can be combined with Ce species more easily. The generated Ce2(SO3)3 can not only protect Mn species but also increase the acid sites and weaken the poisoning effect of metal sulfate. This study provides a simple design strategy for the catalyst to improve the low-temperature catalytic performance and toxicity resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fengyu Gao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Runcao Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yiran Shi
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Honghong Yi
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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13
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Lan J, Sun Y, Tian H, Zhan W, Du Y, Ye H, Du D, Zhang TC, Hou H. Electrolytic manganese residue-based cement for manganese ore pit backfilling: Performance and mechanism. J Hazard Mater 2021; 411:124941. [PMID: 33858079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Slag backfilling with electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) is an economical and environmentally-friendly method. However, high ammonium-nitrogen and manganese ions in EMRs limit this practice. In this study, a method of highly efficient simultaneous stabilization/solidification of ultrafine EMR by making EMR-based cementitious material (named EMR-P) was proposed and tested via single-factor and response surface optimization experiments. Results show that the stabilization efficiency of NH4+ and Mn2+ were above 95%, and the unconfined compressive strength of the EMR-P was 18.85 MPa (megapascal = N/mm2). The mechanistic study concluded that the soluble manganese sulfate and ammonium sulfate in EMR were converted into the insoluble precipitates of manganite (MnOOH), gypsum (CaSO4), MnNH4PO4·H2O, and struvite (MgNH4PO4∙6 H2O), leading to the stabilization of NH4+ and Mn2+ in the EMR-P. Leaching tests of EMR-P indicated that NH4+, Mn2+, and others heavy metals in the leachate were within the permitted level of the GB/T8978-1996. The novelty of this study includes the addition of phosphate and magnesium ions to precipitate ammonium-nitrogen and the combination between calcium ions (from CaHPO4∙2 H2O) and sulfate (from the EMR) to form calcium sulfate to improve the stability and unconfined compressive strength of cementitious materials (EMR-P).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Conversion and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China; School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Conversion and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Hong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Conversion and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Wei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Conversion and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yaguang Du
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Conversion and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Hengpeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Conversion and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dongyun Du
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis Conversion and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Tian C Zhang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Haobo Hou
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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14
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Tang J, Qiao J, Xue Q, Liu F, Fan X, Liu S, Huang Y. Behavior and mechanism of different fraction lead leach with several typical sulfate lixiviants in the weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:31885-31894. [PMID: 33619617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, some new leaching agents without ammonium, such as magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3], have been developed to eliminate ammonia nitrogen pollution in in situ mining process of the weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore (WCED-REO), but they might cause heavy metal contamination. In this study, characteristics and mechanisms of different fractions of lead (Pb) released by (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 leaching agents were investigated using batch experiments and column leaching tests. The experimental results showed that the amounts of Pb released by the different leaching agents followed the trend of Al2(SO4)3 > (NH4)2SO4 > MgSO4 under the same total cationic charge, and both the acid extractable and reducible fractions of Pb were released. The release of acid extractable fraction Pb was related to the cation hydration radius of NH4+, Mg2+, and Al3+, whereas the release of reducible fraction Pb was mainly influenced by the concentration of H+, especially at pH < 4.0. Furthermore, column leaching tests indicated that pH has little effect on the Pb contents of different fractions released by (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4 in leaching the WCED-REO. Although Al2(SO4)3 released the largest contents of rare earth and Pb in leachate, the content of residual acid extractable fraction Pb in soil was the most after water injection (simulating the cleaning process after mining). This work can provide a scientific method and theoretical basis for comprehensively assessing the environmental impact of new leaching agents on WCED-REO mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyang Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Liu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Natural Resources for Eco-geochemistry, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Yuanying Huang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Natural Resources for Eco-geochemistry, Beijing, 100037, China
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15
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Gao Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Luo H, Zhou Z. Aqueous brown carbon formation by aldehyde compounds reaction with Glycine/ Ammonium sulfate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 248:119230. [PMID: 33310608 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) can absorb solar radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) and near visible (Vis) regions, which plays an important role in the Earth's radiative balance and global climate. 1,4-dioxane-2,5-diol (DD), glyoxal (GX) and acetaldehyde (AAld) appeared moderate absorbent and fluorescent, when each of them reaction with glycine (Gly)/ammonium sulfate (AS). Combined with the previous experimental studies of the methylglyoxal (MG), GX reaction with GX/AS, novelty conclusions are as following: the absorbance of the reaction products in the same reaction time followed the order: MG-Gly>DD-Gly>GX-Gly>AAld-Gly, DD-AS>MG-AS>GX-AS>AAld-AS. And for the same aldehyde compound reaction with Gly the reaction rate was faster than with AS. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) plot showed that, with the increasing of reaction time, red shift of emission peak occurred in MG-Gly/AS and GX-Gly, no shift occurred in DD-Gly/AS and AAld-Gly, and blue shift occurred in GX-AS. The H2O2 oxidation photolysis results showed that the effective H2O2 oxidation photolysis rate constants (k) in the visible region are larger than in UV region for the reaction MG, GX, DD with Gly. But for AAld-Gly system, the k in the visible region is smaller than in the UV region. Besides, the reaction MG, GX, DD, AAld with Gly clearly showed that the presence of abundant organic products by Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yingbo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhimao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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16
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Pei K, Xiao K, Hou H, Tao S, Xu Q, Liu B, Yu Z, Yu W, Wang H, Xue Y, Liang S, Hu J, Deng H, Yang J. Improvement of sludge dewaterability by ammonium sulfate and the potential reuse of sludge as nitrogen fertilizer. Environ Res 2020; 191:110050. [PMID: 32828760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel method to enhance sludge dewaterability with ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) was proposed, and the potential reuse of dewatered sludge cake and filtrate as nitrogen fertilizers was evaluated. Compared with raw sludge, 87.91% reduction of capillary suction time (CST) and 88.02% reduction of specific resistance to filtration (SRF) after adding 80% (m/m) (NH4)2SO4 were achieved, with 38.49% of protein precipitated simultaneously. The (NH4)2SO4 dose destroyed cell membrane, resulting in the release of intracellular water by converting bound water into free water, thus enhancing sludge dewaterability. In the solid phase, the content of protein-N increased, and larger protein aggregates were formed. The (NH4)2SO4 dose destroyed the hydration shell, making proteins to exhibit hydrophobic interactions, and to be aggregated, and precipitated from the liquid phase. When incubated Pennisetum alopecuroides L. with the dewatered sludge cake and filtrate after dewatering and conditioning with (NH4)2SO4, the germination rate of grass seed and shoot lengths both increased while compared with those incubated with dewatered sludge cake and filtrate of the raw sludge. This study might provide insights into sustainable sludge treatment by integrating sludge dewatering and the potential reuse of dewatered sludge cake and filtrate as nitrogen fertilizer via treatment with (NH4)2SO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyue Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Shuangyi Tao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Qi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Zecong Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Ying Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Huali Deng
- Dongjiang Environmental Company Limited, Langshan Road 9, Shenzhen, 518029, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycle Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
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17
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Hwang Y, Farooq A, Lee HW, Jang SH, Park SH, Lee MH, Choi SC, Park YK. Direct conversion of NO and SO 2 in flue gas into fertilizer using ammonia and ozone. J Hazard Mater 2020; 397:122581. [PMID: 32417605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 from an industrial flue gas stream. To evaluate the removal efficiency of NO and SO2 using O3 and NH3, the consumption of two reactants (O3 and NH3) in line with the conversion of NO and SO2 was quantified experimentally. In addition, NO and SO2 were converted to valuable fertilizers, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. To identify a principle strategy to enhance the generation of fertilizer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the reaction mechanisms for the formation of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Acceleration of SO2 oxidation could be achieved effectively by adding NO to a gas mixture of SO2, NH3, and O3. The formation of HNO3 might be enhanced by the simultaneous feeding of NO and SO2. Particle generation was also 10 times higher for NH3/(NO + SO2) than for NH3/NO and for NH3/SO2, which is a prominent feature of this study. Moreover, the introduction of steam had a positive influence on particle generation. This method offers dual applications for NO and SO2 removal from a flue gas stream and direct fertilizer generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Hwang
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Abid Farooq
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Hyung Won Lee
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Jang
- Department of BioEnvironmental Energy, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, South Korea
| | - Myong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Seuk Cheun Choi
- Clean Energy System R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, South Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea.
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18
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Zhu J, Li J, Du L. Exploring the formation potential and optical properties of secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of selected short aliphatic ethers. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:82-90. [PMID: 32653196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential for six kinds of short aliphatic ethers has been studied. The size distribution, mass concentration, and yield of SOA formed by ethers photooxidation were determined under different conditions. The results showed that all six ethers can generate SOA via reaction with OH radicals even under no seed and NOx-free condition. The mass concentration for six seedless experiments was less than 10 µg/m3 and the SOA yields were all below 1%. The strong increase in the SOA formation was observed when the system contained ammonium sulfate seed particles, while SOA yield decreased under the high-NOx condition. SOA composition was analyzed using offline methods. Infrared spectra indicated that there are complex components in the particle-phase including carbonyls acid and aldehydes species. Moreover, the aqueous filter extracts were analyzed using ultraviolet-visible spectrometer and fluorescence spectrophotometer. For the fresh methyl n-butyl ether SOA, the largest absorption peak occurs at 280 nm and there exists slightly absorption in the 300-400 nm. Excitation-emission matrices display the distinct peak at excitation/emission = 470 nm/480 nm according to the fluorescence spectrum. These findings are important considerations of formation for ether SOA that can eventually be included in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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19
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Sagar A, Sayyed RZ, Ramteke PW, Sharma S, Marraiki N, Elgorban AM, Syed A. ACC deaminase and antioxidant enzymes producing halophilic Enterobacter sp. PR14 promotes the growth of rice and millets under salinity stress. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2020; 26:1847-1854. [PMID: 32943820 PMCID: PMC7468042 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobacteria are known to ameliorate salinity stress through a wide variety of mechanisms including the production of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD). Application of ACCD positive halophilic rhizobacteria ameliorate soil salinity along with its plant growth promotion activity. An effect of the inoculation of ACCD and antioxidant positive and halophilic Enterobacter sp. PR14 was reported on the seed germination and growth of rice and millet seedlings grown in saline and alkaline soil was evaluated. The rhizobacterial strain grew well over a high level of NaCl (15-90 M); at a wide range of pH (5-9); and produced a wide variety of plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits viz. indole-acetic acid (13 µg mL-1), ACCD (5.20 M mg-1 h-1), phosphate solubilization (0.99 g mL-1) and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (5.143 IU mg-1 protein), catalase (0.43 IU mg-1 protein) and glutathione (19.077 µg mg-1 protein) during log phase (30 h) of its growth. The stress with alkaline pH (9) and high salinity (90 M) caused a further increase in the synthesis of PGP traits, ACCD, and antioxidant enzymes. The combined application of Enterobacter sp. PR14, ammonium sulfate (as a substitute of ACC), and NaCl (30 M) resulted in a further increase in the seed germination and vigor in rice and millets vis-à-vis control and other treatments. After 15 days of growth, 61.72% more seed germination in rice and millet and 63.15% increase in sorghum was recorded over the control, and after 30 days of growth, 99.67%, 30%, and 54%, root length 50%, 30% and 54% shoot length in rice, sorghum and millet were observed respectively. A significant increase of 38.13%, 30.75%, and 16.36% in dry weight of rice, sorghum, and millet shoots was recorded respectively. Enterobacter sp PR 14, showing multiple plant growth-promoting traits has a great potential to be used as an efficient bioinoculant for growth promotion of rice and millets under alkaline and saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sagar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, UP 211007 India
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Shahada, Maharashtra 425 409 India
| | - P. W. Ramteke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, UP 211007 India
| | - S. Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
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20
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Bae JW, Kwon HJ, Kim SH, Ma L, Im H, Kim E, Kim MO, Kwon WS. Inhalation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate adversely affect sperm function. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:424-31. [PMID: 32866586 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Among the components of air pollution in developing countries and Asia, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 are known as major water-soluble in-organic compounds that cause particulate matter. Several researchers have been reported that the (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 induce abnormal decreases in body weight, as well as pneumotoxic, and immunotoxic. Moreover, while it has been reported that (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 have detrimental effects on reproduction, specific effects on male fertility have not been addressed in depth. Therefore, the present study evaluated the reproductive toxicity of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 in spermatozoa under the capacitation condition. Results showed that various sperm motion parameters were significantly altered after inhalation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. In particular, alterations to a range of motion kinematic parameters and to capacitation status were observed after capacitation. In addition, protein kinase A (PKA) activity and tyrosine phosphorylation were altered by (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 regardless of capacitation. Taken together, our results show that inhalation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 may induce adverse effects on male fertility such as sperm motility, motion kinematics, and capacitation status via unusual tyrosine phosphorylation by abnormal PKA activity. Therefore, we suggest that exposure to (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 should be highlighted as a health risk, as it may lead to male reproductive toxicity in humans and animals.
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21
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Cheng T, Zhou X, Yang L, Wu H, Fan H. Transformation and removal of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip from selective catalytic reduction in wet flue gas desulfurization system. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 88:72-80. [PMID: 31862081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration may increase the emission of NH4+ and NH3. The removal and transformation characteristics of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip during the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) process, as well as the effect of desulfurization parameters, were investigated in an experimental system equipped with a simulated SCR flue gas generation system and a limestone-based WFGD system. The results indicate that the ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip in the flue gas from SCR can be partly removed by slurry scrubbing, while the entrainment and evaporation of desulfurization slurry with accumulated NH4+ will generate new ammonium-containing particles and gaseous ammonia. The ammonium-containing particles formed by desulfurization are not only derived from the entrainment of slurry droplets, but also from the re-condensation of gaseous ammonia generated by slurry evaporation. Therefore, even if the concentration of NH4+ in the desulfurization slurry is quite low, a high level of NH4+ was still contained in the fine particles at the outlet of the scrubber. When the accumulated NH4+ in the desulfurization slurry was high enough, the WFGD system promoted the conversion of NH3 to NH4+ and increased the additional emission of primary NH4+ aerosols. With the decline of the liquid/gas ratio and flue gas temperature, the removal efficiency of ammonia sulfate aerosols increased, and the NH4+ emitted from entrainment and evaporation of the desulfurization slurry decreased. In addition, the volatile ammonia concentration after the WFGD system was reduced with the decrease of the NH4+ concentration and pH values of the slurry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xincheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Frontier Electric Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China
| | - Linjun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Hongmei Fan
- Key Laboratory for Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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22
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Romero Gonzalez RR, Cobuccio L, Delatour T. Reconstitution followed by non-targeted mid-infrared analysis as a workable and cost-effective solution to overcome the blending duality in milk powder adulteration detection. Food Chem 2019; 295:42-50. [PMID: 31174777 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared analysis of reconstituted milk is proposed as a feasible solution for the detection of milk powder adulteration regardless of the blending practice. To challenge the concept, skim milk powders were spiked with three of the most reactive/unstable of potential milk adulterants: semicarbazide hydrochloride, ammonium sulfate and cornstarch. To create the wet-blended set, a fraction of each sample was reconstituted and re-spray dried at laboratory scale with a benchtop spray dryer. Dry and wet-blended adulterated samples were reconstituted prior to mid-infrared measurement and projected onto a one-class classifier SIMCA model for reconstituted skim milk. Quantitative sensitivities, determined from the normalized orthogonal distances, were compared. Although the non-industrial spray drying introduced a spectroscopic bias, as revealed by the control samples, the non-targeted mid-infrared model showed comparable sensitivities for both blending practices once the main bias-rich spectral regions were removed, validating thereby the proposed concept.
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23
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Pradhan SK, Mikola A, Heinonen-Tanski H, Vahala R. Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from human urine using membrane and precipitation process. J Environ Manage 2019; 247:596-602. [PMID: 31272048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in human urine have been recovered using struvite precipitation and N-stripping techniques. Struvite precipitation technique recovers mainly phosphorus whereas N-stripping technique only recovers nitrogen. In this study, we developed an NPharvest technique which recovered both nitrogen and phosphorus separately in the same process, enabling their use independently. The technique used Ca(OH)2 to increase the pH of urine converting ammonium into NH3 gas and simultaneously precipitating P with Ca. The NH3 gas is passed through a gas permeable hydrophobic membrane (GPHM) and reacts with H2SO4 forming ammonium sulfate. Our result showed that more than 98% (w/w) of N and P can be harvested from urine in 8 h at 30 °C. The harvested ammonium sulfate contained 19% (w/w) N, and the sediment contained 1-2% (w/w) P. The extraction of N and P from 1 m3 of urine could give a profit of 1.5 €.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Pradhan
- Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Anna Mikola
- Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Helvi Heinonen-Tanski
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riku Vahala
- Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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24
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Gao Y, Zhang Y. Optical properties investigation of the reactions between methylglyoxal and glycine/ ammonium sulfate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 215:112-121. [PMID: 30822732 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, "brown carbon" (BrC), as an important contributor to light absorption and climate forcing as aerosols, has been one of the forefronts in the field of atmospheric research. Aqueous BrC aerosols can be formed through aqueous reactions of methylglyoxal (MG) with nitrogen compounds, such as glycine (Gly) and ammonium sulfate (AS). When exposed to nitrogen compounds for several days, aqueous carbonyl compound MG became absorbent and fluorescent in the ultraviolet and near visible regions, according to UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. Experiment results showed that optical absorption of two aqueous BrC solutions in the spectral range of 250-480 nm significantly increased with increasing reaction time. After the reactions of MG with Gly and AS, the product absorbance followed the order of MG-Gly>MG-AS. For H2O2 oxidation photolysis, the atmospheric aqueous BrC showed the dynamic nature. Reaction kinetic, effective quantum yields and size distribution studies were conducted in the paper. Fluorescence lifetime values of the two BrC solutions were calculated. LC/MS analysis results clearly indicated that complicated organic compounds were formed in the reactions of MG with Gly and AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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25
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Sigurnjak I, Brienza C, Snauwaert E, De Dobbelaere A, De Mey J, Vaneeckhaute C, Michels E, Schoumans O, Adani F, Meers E. Production and performance of bio-based mineral fertilizers from agricultural waste using ammonia (stripping-)scrubbing technology. Waste Manag 2019; 89:265-274. [PMID: 31079739 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Development and optimization of nutrient recovery technologies for agricultural waste is on the rise. The full scale adoption of these technologies is however hindered by complex legal aspects that result from lack of science-based knowledge on characterization and fertilizer performance of recovered end-products. Ammonium sulfate (AS) and ammonium nitrate (AN), end-products of (stripping-)scrubbing technology, are currently listed by the European Commission as high priority products with the potential of replacing synthetic N fertilizers. The legal acceptance of AS and AN will be highly dependent on critical mass of scientific evidence. This study describes four different (stripping-)scrubbing pathways to recover ammonia with an aim to (i) assess product characteristics of ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium sulfate (AS) produced from different installations, (ii) evaluate fertilizer performance of recovered end-products in greenhouse (Lactuca sativa L.) and full field (Zea mays L.) scale settings and (iii) compare the observed performances with other published studies. Results have indicated that the recovered products might have a different legal status, as either mineral N fertilizer or yet as animal manure, depending on the used (stripping-)scrubbing process pathway. Nevertheless, no significant differences in respect to product characterization and fertilizer performance of AN and AS have been identified in this study as compared to the conventional use of synthetic N fertilizers. This indicates that recovered AS and AN are valuable N sources and therefore might be used as N fertilizers in crop cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sigurnjak
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - C Brienza
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - E Snauwaert
- Flemish Coordination Centre for Manure Processing, Baron Ruzettelaan 1 B0.3, B-8310 Brugge, Belgium.
| | - A De Dobbelaere
- Inagro, Provincial Research and Advice Center for Agriculture and Horticulture, Ieperseweg 87, B-8800 Beitem, Belgium.
| | - J De Mey
- Inagro, Provincial Research and Advice Center for Agriculture and Horticulture, Ieperseweg 87, B-8800 Beitem, Belgium; Biogas-E vzw, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 34, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - C Vaneeckhaute
- BioEngine, Research Team on Green Process Engineering and Biorefineries, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - E Michels
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - O Schoumans
- Alterra, Part of Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - F Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla, Dipartimento di Science Agrarie e Ambientali: Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - E Meers
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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26
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Yang H, Wang N, Pang SF, Zheng CM, Zhang YH. Chemical reaction between sodium pyruvate and ammonium sulfate in aerosol particles and resultant sodium sulfate efflorescence. Chemosphere 2019; 215:554-562. [PMID: 30342400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopicity of aerosols is dependent upon their chemical composition. When their chemical compositions are altered, the water content in aerosols often changes, which may further modify phase behaviour. However, the study of phase behaviour dependence on chemical reactions is still limited. In this work, internally mixed sodium pyruvate (SP)/ammonium sulfate (AS) droplets were studied using an in-situ ATR-FTIR spectrometer. FTIR spectral analysis showed that solid sodium sulfate (SS) formed during the dehydration process, indicating a chemical reaction between SP and AS. In addition, the water content decreased after a dehydration-hydration process despite organic salt (SS) to inorganic salt (AS) mole ratios (OIRs) During the second relative humidity (RH) cycle, the water content remained constant, however, the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) was lower than that in the first dehydration. The crystal relative humidities (CRHs) of SS are 66.7-53.1%, 66.0-58.2%, 62.2-57.1% and 49.6-43.6% for OIRs of 3:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:3, respectively, suggesting the crystallization of SS was favoured by higher SP content. For 2:1 OIRs, the solid SS was the greatest and an excess of either SP or AS blocked the solid SS formation. At a constant 80% RH, depletion of reagents was ∼0.97, and water loss was ∼0.6 in ∼40 min. After 90 min, solid SS formed. The chemical reaction was faster than water loss; furthermore, water loss from the chemical reaction led to solid SS above the ERH of pure SS particles (∼75% RH). When the RH changed rapidly, the reaction was slow and solid SS decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan-Ming Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Wei SP, van Rossum F, van de Pol GJ, Winkler MKH. Recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from human urine by struvite precipitation, air stripping and acid scrubbing: A pilot study. Chemosphere 2018; 212:1030-1037. [PMID: 30286532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable and closed-loop nutrient cycling require the recovery of valuable resources from wastewater. Resource recovery from diluted wastewater streams is limited by diluted concentrations and unfavorable reaction kinetics. In comparison, source separated urine allows resource recovery from a highly concentrated nutrient stream, resulting in a more sustainable and efficient recovery practice. Different nutrient recovery methods from urine have been studied in lab-scale, but pilot or full-scale process evaluations remain sparse. In this study, recovery of struvite and ammonium sulfate from urine of pregnant women was demonstrated at a pilot-scale treatment facility by means of precipitation and air stripping/acid scrubbing. The system achieved 94% struvite precipitation efficiency but merely 55% of the crystals were removed and recovered. The low phosphorus recovery was due to the washout of small crystals that escaped the sieve and settling tank, hence requiring an improved method for crystals capture. The removal and recovery efficiencies for nitrogen were 93% and 85%, respectively. Composition analysis of the produced fertilizers indicated that struvite was the dominated precipitate and quality of the ammonium sulfate met European standards. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were added in the urine to measure the fate of pharmaceuticals in the treatment system. Very little of the spiked pharmaceuticals (<0.01%) accumulated in the produced struvite and ammonium sulfate. The overall energy demand of the pilot system was 1066 MJ per m3 urine processed or 198 MJ per kg N removed. Energy efficiency was not optimized and can be improved in many ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany P Wei
- University of Washington, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | - Mari-Karoliina Henriikka Winkler
- University of Washington, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; GMB, Dalwagenseweg 51, 4043 MT Opheusden, The Netherlands.
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28
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Tang J, Qiao J, Xue Q, Liu F, Chen H, Zhang G. Leach of the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore for low environmental pollution with a combination of (NH 4) 2SO 4 and EDTA. Chemosphere 2018; 199:160-167. [PMID: 29438942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High concentration of ammonium sulfate, a typical leaching agent, was often used in the mining process of the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore. After mining, a lot of ammonia nitrogen and labile heavy metal fractions were residual in tailings, which may result in a huge potential risk to the environment. In this study, in order to achieve the maximum extraction of rare earth elements and reduce the labile heavy metal, extraction effect and fraction changes of lanthanum (La) and lead (Pb) in the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore were studied by using a compound agent of (NH4)2SO4-EDTA. The extraction efficiency of La was more than 90% by using 0.2% (NH4)2SO4-0.005 M EDTA, which was almost same with that by using 2.0% (NH4)2SO4 solution. In contrast, the extraction efficiency of Pb was 62.3% when use 0.2% (NH4)2SO4-0.005 M EDTA, which is much higher than that (16.16%) achieved by using 2.0% (NH4)2SO4 solution. The released Pb fractions were mainly acid extractable and reducible fractions, and the content of reducible fraction being leached accounted for 70.45% of the total reducible fraction. Therefore, the use of 0.2% (NH4)2SO4-0.005 M EDTA can not only reduce the amount of (NH4)2SO4, but also decrease the labile heavy metal residues in soil, which provides a new way for efficient La extraction with effective preventing and controlling environmental pollution in the process of mining the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Jiyang Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Honghan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Guochen Zhang
- Beijing Z.D.H.K. Environmental Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100011, PR China
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29
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Pham PH, Sokeechand BSH, Garver KA, Jones G, Lumsden JS, Bols NC. Fish viruses stored in RNAlater can remain infectious and even be temporarily protected from inactivation by heat or by tissue homogenates. J Virol Methods 2017; 253:31-37. [PMID: 29288073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RNAlater is a commonly used transport and storage solution for samples collected for fish health investigations, particularly those potentially involving viruses. However, the infectivity of fish viruses after storage in RNAlater have not been determined. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathogen infectivity of preserved samples is crucial for ensuring safe transport and storage protocols. Therefore, the infectivity of three fish RNA viruses in RNAlater was examined at four temperatures: -80 °C, 4 °C, room temperature (RT, approximately 22 °C) and 37 °C. The viruses were viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and chum salmon reovirus (CSV). Overall, three consistent outcomes were observed. First, all three viruses remained infectious in RNAlater at RT or lower. High log titres of these viruses remained over 30 d of storage in either RNAlater or PBS. Second, RNAlater delayed the thermal inactivation of these viruses when compared to PBS at 37 °C. For VHSV, the titre remained high in RNAlater after one day of incubation at 37 °C, but was inactivated to below threshold in PBS over the same period. For IPNV, the titre remained high in RNAlater after 30 d of incubation at 37 °C, but was inactivated to below threshold in PBS over the same period. For CSV, the titre was slightly higher in RNAlater than PBS at 37 °C over 7 d, and by day 30, only samples stored in RNAlater proved infectious at titres above the detection threshold. Third, RNAlater delayed the inactivation of these viruses when they were stored together with head kidney homogenates. For VHSV, infectious virus was recovered from samples stored at 4 °C in RNAlater by day 7 of incubation, whereas it was inactivated to below threshold in PBS over the same period. For both IPNV and CSV, infectious virus was recovered from samples stored at 37 °C in RNAlater for 7 d, but not so in PBS. In summary, fish viruses can remain infectious and are even temporarily protected from inactivation while in RNAlater. This makes RNAlater a potentially useful solution for the transport of fish viruses. At the same time, precautionary measures must be taken when transporting potentially infectious samples in RNAlater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kyle A Garver
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ginny Jones
- Elanco Canada Limited, Aqua Business R&D, Victoria, PEI, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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30
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Tang J, Xue Q, Chen H, Li W. Mechanistic study of lead desorption during the leaching process of ion-absorbed rare earths: pH effect and the column experiment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:12918-12926. [PMID: 28365846 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of ammonium sulfate, often used in the in situ mining process, can result in a decrease of pH in the environment and dissolution of rare earth metals. Ammonium sulfate can also cause desorption of toxic heavy metals, leading to environmental and human health implications. In this study, the desorption behavior and fraction changes of lead in the ion-absorbed rare earth ore were studied using batch desorption experiments and column leaching tests. Results from batch desorption experiments showed that the desorption process of lead included fast and slow stages and followed an Elovich model well. The desorption rate and the proportion of lead content in the solution to the total lead in the soil were observed to increase with a decrease in the initial pH of the ammonium sulfate solution. The lead in soil included an acid-extractable fraction, reducible fraction, oxidizable fraction, and a residual fraction, with the predominant fractions being the reducible and acid-extractable fractions. Ninety-six percent of the extractable fraction in soil was desorbed into solution at pH = 3.0, and the content of the reducible fraction was observed to initially increase (when pH >4.0) and then decrease (when pH <4.0) with a decrease in pH. Column leaching tests indicated that the content of lead in the different fractions of soil followed the trend of reducible fraction > oxidizable fraction > acid-extractable fraction > residual fraction after the simulating leaching mining process. The change in pH was also found to have a larger influence on the acid-extractable and reducible fractions than the other two fractions. The proportion of the extractable fraction being leached was ca. 86%, and the reducible fraction was enriched along the migration direction of the leaching liquid. These results suggest that certain lead fractions may desorb again and contaminate the environment via acid rain, which provides significant information for environmental assessment and remediation after mining process. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Honghan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenting Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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31
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Cheng L, Lau WKW, Fung TKH, Lau BWM, Chau BKH, Liang Y, Wang Z, So KF, Wang T, Chan CCH, Lee TMC. PM 2.5 Exposure Suppresses Dendritic Maturation in Subgranular Zone in Aged Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:50-7. [PMID: 28275902 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects of long-term inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems have been widely reported. Recent studies have shown that exposure to PM2.5 also causes adverse neurocognitive effects. This study investigates the effects of inhaled ammonium sulfate, which is a major compound of inorganic air pollutants in PM2.5, on adult neurogenesis in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 20 rats were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10) conditions, wherein they were exposed to either ammonium sulfate or sham air for 2 h per day and for 28 consecutive days. It was observed that ammonium sulfate inhibited the maturation process and diminished dendritic complexity of immature neurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus significantly, although the number of neural stem cells or the rates of differentiation were comparable between the two groups. Our findings provide clear evidence on the direct relationship between air quality and advantageous neurogenesis. Exposure to PM leads to specific adverse effects on the maturation process during neurogenesis.
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Pal S, Yadav AK, Singh AK, Rastogi S, Gupta MM, Verma RK, Nagegowda DA, Pal A, Shasany AK. Nitrogen treatment enhances sterols and withaferin A through transcriptional activation of jasmonate pathway, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthesis genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Protoplasma 2017; 254:389-399. [PMID: 26971099 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Withania somnifera is researched extensively to increase the quantity of withanolides and specifically withaferin A, which finds implications in many pharmacological activities. Due to insufficient knowledge on biosynthesis and unacceptability of transgenic approach, it is preferred to follow alternative physiological methods to increase the yield of withanolides. Prior use of elicitors like salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, fungal extracts, and even mechanical wounding have shown to increase the withanolide biosynthesis with limited success; however, the commercial viability and logistics of application are debatable. In this investigation, we tested the simple nitrogeneous fertilizers pertaining to the enhancement of withaferin A biosynthesis. Application of ammonium sulfate improved the sterol contents required for the withanolide biosynthesis and correlated to higher expression of pathway genes like FPPS, SMT1, SMT2, SMO1, SMO2, and ODM. Increased expression of a gene homologous to allene oxide cyclase, crucial in jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, suggested the involvement of jasmonate signaling. High levels of WRKY gene transcripts indicated transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes. Increase in transcript level could be correlated with a corresponding increase in the protein levels for WsSMT1 and WsWRKY1. The withaferin A increase was also demonstrated in the potted plants growing in the glasshouse and in the open field. These results implicated simple physiological management of nitrogen fertilizer signal to improve the yield of secondary metabolite through probable involvement of jasmonate signal and WRKY transcription factor for the first time, in W. somnifera besides improving the foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Sugiura Y, Ozawa H, Umemura M, Takenaka C. Soil amendments effects on radiocesium translocation in forest soils. J Environ Radioact 2016; 165:286-295. [PMID: 27835846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an experiment to investigate the potential of phytoremediation by soil amendments in a forest area. To desorb radiocesium (137Cs) from variable charges in the soil, ammonium sulfate (NH4+) and elemental sulfur (S) (which decrease soil pH) were applied to forest soil collected from contaminated area at a rate of 40 and 80 g/m2, respectively. A control condition with no soil treatment was also considered. We defined four groups of aboveground conditions: planted with Quercus serrata, planted with Houttuynia cordata, covered with rice straw as litter, and unplanted/uncovered (control). Cultivation was performed in a greenhouse with a regular water supply for four months. Following elemental sulfur treatment, soil pH values were significantly lower than pH values following ammonium sulfate treatment and no treatment. During cultivation, several plant species germinated from natural seeds. No clear differences in aboveground tissue 137Cs concentrations in planted Q. serrata and H. cordata were observed among the treatments. However, aboveground tissue 137Cs concentration values in the germinated plants following elemental sulfur treatment were higher than the values following the ammonium sulfate treatment and no treatment. Although biomass values for Q. serrata, H. cordata, and germinated plants following elemental sulfur treatment tended to be low, the total 137Cs activities in the aboveground tissue of germinated plants were higher than those following ammonium sulfate treatment and no treatment in rice straw and unplanted conditions. Although no significant differences were observed, 137Cs concentrations in rice straw following ammonium sulfate and elemental sulfur treatments tended to be higher than those in the control case. The results of this study indicate that elemental sulfur lowers the soil pH for a relatively long period and facilitates 137Cs translocation to newly emerged and settled plants or litter, but affects plant growth in large concentrations and/or anaerobic conditions. Combining elemental sulfur application with forest management practices, such as mowing and thinning, could be a suitable method of decontamination of the forest environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Hajime Ozawa
- Fukushima Prefectural Forestry Research Centre, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0112, Japan.
| | - Mitsutoshi Umemura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Chisato Takenaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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Ukwuani AT, Tao W. Developing a vacuum thermal stripping - acid absorption process for ammonia recovery from anaerobic digester effluent. Water Res 2016; 106:108-115. [PMID: 27697680 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To prevent acetoclastic methanogens from ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion of protein-rich substrates, ammonia needs to be removed or recovered from digestate. This paper presents an innovative ammonia recovery process that couples vacuum thermal stripping with acid absorption. Ammonia is stripped out of digestate boiling at a temperature below the normal boiling point due to vacuum. Stripped ammonia is absorbed to a sulfuric acid solution, forming ammonium sulfate crystals as a marketable product. Three common types of digestate were found to have boiling point temperature-vacuum curves similar to water. Seven combinations of boiling temperature and vacuum (50 °C 16.6 kPa, 58 °C 20.0 kPa, 65 °C 25.1 kPa, 70 °C 33.6 kPa, 80 °C 54.0 kPa, 90 °C 74.2 kPa, and 100 °C 101.3 kPa) were tested for batch stripping of ammonia in dairy manure digestate. 93.3-99.9% of ammonia was stripped in 3 h. The Lewis-Whitman model fitted ammonia stripping process well. Ammonia mass transfer coefficient was significantly higher at boiling temperature 65-100 °C and vacuum pressure 25.1-101.3 kPa than 50-58 °C and 16.6-20.0 kPa. The low ammonia saturation concentrations (0-24 mg N/L) suggested a large driving force to strip ammonia. The optimum boiling point temperature - vacuum pressure for ammonia recovery in a recirculation line of a mesophilic digester was 65 °C and 25.1 kPa, at which the ammonia mass transfer coefficient was as high as 37.3 mm/h. Installation of a demister and liquid trap could avoid negative effects of higher stripping temperature and stronger vacuum on formation of ammonium sulfate crystals. Pilot tests demonstrated that high-purity ammonium sulfate crystals could be produced by controlling sulfuric acid content and maintaining acid solution saturated with ammonium sulfate. Although volatile organic compounds such as cyclohexene were found in the final acid solutions, no volatile organic compounds were found in the recovered crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayo T Ukwuani
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Wendong Tao
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Muturi EJ, Ramirez JL, Rooney AP, Dunlap C. Association between fertilizer-mediated changes in microbial communities and Aedes albopictus growth and survival. Acta Trop 2016; 164:54-63. [PMID: 27562215 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic habitats with anthropogenic nutrients has been associated with an increase in mosquito larval populations but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We examined the individual and combined effects of two synthetic fertilizers (ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride) on Aedes albopictus survival, development time, and sex ratio. The bacterial and fungal communities of water samples from different fertilizer treatments were also characterized by MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (bacteria) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (fungi) and their relationship with mosquito survival and development determined. Mosquitoes from ammonium sulfate treatment had significantly lower survival rates and longer development times compared to those from control, potassium chloride or a mixture of the two fertilizers. Fertilizer treatment had no significant effects on Ae. albopictus sex ratio although ammonium sulfate treatment tended to be more biased towards males relative to the other treatments. There were no significant effects of fertilizer treatment on fungal communities. However, potassium chloride treatments had lower bacterial diversity compared to the other treatments and the bacterial community structure of control and potassium chloride treatments differed significantly from that of ammonium sulfate and a mixture of the two fertilizers. Microbial composition but not diversity was significantly associated with mosquito survival and development. These findings suggest that anthropogenic nutrients can have a profound impact on mosquito survival and development. In addition to any potential direct effects on mosquito physiology, our results suggest that fertilizers can act indirectly by disrupting the microbial communities that provide a critical food resource for mosquito larvae.
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Yongqiang Zhang, Tichang Sun, Tieqiang Lu, Chunhuan Yan. Extraction and separation of tungsten (VI) from aqueous media with Triton X-100- ammonium sulfate-water aqueous two-phase system without any extractant. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1474:40-6. [PMID: 27829497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An aqueous two-phase system composed of Triton X-100-(NH4)2SO4-H2O was proposed for extraction and separation of tungsten(VI) from aqueous solution without using any extractant. The effects of aqueous pH, concentration of ammonium sulfate, Triton X-100 and tungsten, extracting temperature on the extraction of tungsten were investigated. The extraction of tungsten has remarkable relationship with aqueous pH and are to above 90% at pH=1.0-3.0 under studied pH range (pH=1.0-7.0) and increases gradually with increasing Triton X-100 concentration, but decreases slightly with increasing ammonium sulfate concentration. The extraction percentage of tungsten is hardly relevant to temperature but its distribution coefficient linearly increases with increasing temperature within 303.15-343.15K. The distribution coefficient of tungsten increases with the increase of initial tungsten concentration (0.1-3%) and temperature (303.15 K-333.15K). The solubilization capacity of tungsten in Triton X-100 micellar phase is independent of temperature. FT-IR analysis reveals that there is no evident interaction between polytungstate anion and ether oxygen unit in Triton X-100, and DLS analysis indicates that zeta potential of Triton X-100 micellar phase have a little change from positive to negative after extracting tungsten. Based on the above-mentioned results, it can be deduced that polytungstate anions are solubilized in hydrophilic outer shell of Triton X-100 micelles by electrostatic attraction depending on its relatively high hydrophobic nature. The stripping of tungsten is mainly influenced by temperature and can be easily achieved to 95% in single stage stripping. The tungsten (VI) is separated out from solution containing Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Al(III), Cr(III) and Mn(II) under the suitable conditions.
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Yan M, Qi Z, Yang J, Li X, Ren J, Xu Z. Effect of ammonium sulfate and urea on PCDD/F formation from active carbon and possible mechanism of inhibition. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:2277-2282. [PMID: 25458682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and urea (CO(NH2)2) on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) formation from active carbon was investigated in this study. Both additives could significantly inhibit PCDD/F formation, and PCDD/F (TEQ) generation was reduced to 98.5% (98%) or 64.5% (77.2%) after 5% (NH4)2SO4 or CO(NH2)2 was added into model ash, respectively. The inhibition efficiency of PCDDs was higher than the value of PCDFs, however, the reduction of PCDD/F yield was mainly from PCDFs decreasing. In addition, the solid-phase products were reduced more than the gas-phase compounds by inhibitors. By the measurement of chlorine emission in the phase of ion (Cl[Cl(-)]) and molecule gas (Cl[Cl2]), it was observed that both Cl[Cl(-)] and Cl[Cl2] were reduced after inhibitors were added into ash. Cl[Cl2] was reduced to 51.0% by urea addition, which was supposed as one possible mechanism of PCDD/F inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yan
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; State Key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhifu Qi
- State Key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jianli Ren
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhang Xu
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Gao N, Shearwin K, Mack J, Finzi L, Dunlap D. Purification of bacteriophage lambda repressor. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 91:30-6. [PMID: 23831434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage lambda repressor controls the lysogeny/lytic growth switch after infection of E. coli by lambda phage. In order to study in detail the looping of DNA mediated by the protein, tag-free repressor and a loss-of-cooperativity mutant were expressed in E.coli and purified by (1) ammonium sulfate fractionation, (2) anion-exchange chromatography and (3) heparin affinity chromatography. This method employs more recently developed and readily available chromatography resins to produce highly pure protein in good yield. In tethered particle motion looping assays and atomic force microscopy "footprinting" assays, both the wild-type protein and a C-terminal His-tagged variant, purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography, bound specifically to high affinity sites to mediate loop formation. In contrast the G147D loss-of-cooperativity mutant bound specifically but did not secure loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- Physics Department, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Abstract
Oligomerization is one of several mechanisms that can regulate the activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but little is known about the structure of GPCR oligomers. Crystallography and NMR are the only methods able to reveal the details of receptor-receptor interactions at an atomic level, and several GPCR homodimers already have been described from crystal structures. Two clusters of symmetric interfaces have been identified from these structures that concur with biochemical data, one involving helices I, II, and VIII and the other formed mainly by helices V and VI. In this chapter, we describe the protocols used in our laboratory for the crystallization of rhodopsin and the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). For bovine rhodopsin, we developed a new purification strategy including a (NH4)2SO4-induced phase separation that proved essential to obtain crystals of photoactivated rhodopsin containing parallel dimers. Crystallization of native bovine rhodopsin was achieved by the classic vapor-diffusion technique. For β2-AR, we developed a purification strategy based on previously published protocols employing a lipidic cubic phase to obtain diffracting crystals of a β2-AR/T4-lysozyme chimera bound to the antagonist carazolol.
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Shahbaz Mohammadi H, Omidinia E, Taherkhani H. Rapid one-step separation and purification of recombinant phenylalanine dehydrogenase in aqueous two-phase systems. Iran Biomed J 2008; 12:115-122. [PMID: 18506218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH; EC 1.4.1.20) is a NAD+-dependent enzyme that performs the reversible oxidative deamination of L-phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate. It plays an important role in detection and screening of phenylketonuria (PKU) diseases and production of chiral intermediates as well. The main goal of this study was to find a simple and rapid alternative method for purifying PheDH. METHODS The purification of recombinant Bacillus sphaericus PheDH was investigated in polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ammonium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The influences of system parameters including PEG molecular weight and concentration, pH and (NH4)2SO4 concentration on enzyme partitioning were also studied. The purity of enzyme was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS A single extraction process was developed for separation and purification of recombinant PheDH from E. coli BL21 (DE3). The optimized conditions for partitioning and purification of PheDH were 9% (w/w) PEG-6,000 and 16% (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 at pH 8.0. The partition coefficient, recovery, yield, purification factor and specific activity values were achieved 58.7, 135%, 94.42%, 491.93 and 9828.88 U/mg, respectively. Also, the Km values for L-phenylalanine and NAD+ in oxidative deamination were 0.21 and 0.13 mM, respectively. CONCLUSION The data presented in this paper demonstrated the potential of ATPS as a versatile and scaleable process for downstream processing of recombinant PheDH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eskandar Omidinia
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Heshmatollah Taherkhani
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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