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Pontes NHL, Reis TDDSD, Vasconcelos CFM, Aragão PDTTDD, Souza RB, Catunda Junior FEA, Aguiar LMV, Cunha RMSD. Impact of eugenol on in vivo model of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:556-568. [PMID: 34424800 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1971662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in many pathological disturbs, such as neurodegenerative disorders. Eugenol (Eug) is a phenolic compound with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Then, this study was conducted to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of Eug on oxidative stress model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats. First, the in vivo oxidative stress model was performed by intrastriatal injection (int.) of 6-OHDA (21 µg), followed by the treatment of Eug (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg/7 d) per os (p.o.). On the 7 d, behavioral tests were performed. On the 8 d, all the animals were euthanasied and their cerebral areas were excised for neurochemical and transcriptional analyses. The results showed that the treatment with Eug promoted neuroprotective effects on in vivo through reducing of oxidative stress and modulation of genes related to antioxidant activity. Furthermore, animals treated with Eug demonstrated returning of behavioral performance and body weight gain to normal conditions. Thus, this study reports the neuroprotective effects of Eug against oxidative stress induced by 6-OHDA in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanne Hardy Lima Pontes
- Biotechnology Core of Sobral, State University of Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Franciney Moreira Vasconcelos
- Biotechnology Core of Sobral, State University of Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral, Brazil
| | - Paulo de Tarso Teles Dourado de Aragão
- Biotechnology Core of Sobral, State University of Vale do Acaraú - UVA, Sobral, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Sobral, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Basto Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Kasanga EA, Owens CL, Cantu MA, Richard AD, Davis RW, McDivitt LM, Blancher B, Pruett BS, Tan C, Gajewski A, Manfredsson FP, Nejtek VA, Salvatore MF. GFR-α1 Expression in Substantia Nigra Increases Bilaterally Following Unilateral Striatal GDNF in Aged Rats and Attenuates Nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase Loss Following 6-OHDA Nigrostriatal Lesion. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4237-4249. [PMID: 31538765 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) improved motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in Phase I clinical trials, and these effects persisted months after GDNF discontinuation. Conversely, phase II clinical trials reported no significant effects on motor improvement vs placebo. The disease duration and the quantity, infusion approach, and duration of GDNF delivery may affect GDNF efficacy in PD treatment. However, identifying mechanisms activated by GDNF that affect nigrostriatal function may reveal additional avenues to partially restore nigrostriatal function. In PD and aging models, GDNF affects tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression or phosphorylation in substantia nigra (SN), long after a single GDNF injection in striatum. In aged rats, the GDNF family receptor, GFR-α1, increases TH expression and phosphorylation in SN. To determine if GFR-α1 could be a mechanistic link in long-term GDNF impact, we conducted two studies; first to determine if a single unilateral striatal delivery of GDNF affected GFR-α1 and TH over time (1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks) in the striatum or SN in aged rats, and second, to determine if soluble GFR-α1 could mitigate TH loss following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. In aged rats, GDNF bilaterally increased ser31 TH phosphorylation and GFR-α1 expression in SN at 1 day and 4 weeks after GDNF, respectively. In striatum, GFR-α1 expression decreased 1 week after GDNF, only on the GDNF-injected side. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, recombinant soluble GFR-α1 mitigated nigral, but not striatal, TH protein loss following 6-OHDA. Together, these results show GDNF has immediate and long-term impact on dopamine regulation in the SN, which includes a gradual increase in GFR-α1 expression that may sustain TH expression and dopamine function therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella A Kasanga
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Catherine L Owens
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Mark A Cantu
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Adam D Richard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Richard W Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Lisa M McDivitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Blake Blancher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Brandon S Pruett
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Christopher Tan
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Austin Gajewski
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology , Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix , Arizona 85013 , United States
| | - Vicki A Nejtek
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Michael F Salvatore
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
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Weilnau JN, Carcella MA, Miner KM, Bhatia TN, Hutchison DF, Pant DB, Nouraei N, Leak RK. Evidence for cross-hemispheric preconditioning in experimental Parkinson's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1255-1273. [PMID: 29103154 PMCID: PMC11061878 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine loss and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease typically commence unilaterally and remain asymmetric for many years, raising the possibility that endogenous defenses slow the cross-hemispheric transmission of pathology. It is well-established that the biological response to subtoxic stress prepares cells to survive subsequent toxic challenges, a phenomenon known as preconditioning, tolerance, or stress adaptation. Here we demonstrate that unilateral striatal infusions of the oxidative toxicant 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) precondition the contralateral nigrostriatal pathway against the toxicity of a second 6-OHDA infusion in the opposite hemisphere. 6-OHDA-induced loss of dopaminergic terminals in the contralateral striatum was ablated by cross-hemispheric preconditioning, as shown by two independent markers of the dopaminergic phenotype, each measured by two blinded observers. Similarly, loss of dopaminergic somata in the contralateral substantia nigra was also abolished, according to two blinded measurements. Motor asymmetries in floor landings, forelimb contacts with a wall, and spontaneous turning behavior were consistent with these histological observations. Unilateral 6-OHDA infusions increased phosphorylation of the kinase ERK2 and expression of the antioxidant enzyme CuZn superoxide dismutase in both striata, consistent with our previous mechanistic work showing that these two proteins mediate preconditioning in dopaminergic cells. These findings support the existence of cross-hemispheric preconditioning in Parkinson's disease and suggest that dopaminergic neurons mount impressive natural defenses, despite their reputation as being vulnerable to oxidative injury. If these results generalize to humans, Parkinson's pathology may progress slowly and asymmetrically because exposure to a disease-precipitating insult induces bilateral upregulation of endogenous defenses and elicits cross-hemispheric preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Weilnau
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Michael A Carcella
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Kristin M Miner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Daniel F Hutchison
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Deepti B Pant
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Negin Nouraei
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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Salvatore MF. ser31 Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation parallels differences in dopamine recovery in nigrostriatal pathway following 6-OHDA lesion. J Neurochem 2014; 129:548-58. [PMID: 24410633 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory mechanisms in dopamine (DA) signaling have long been proposed to delay onset of locomotor symptoms during Parkinson's disease progression until ~ 80% loss of striatal DA occurs. Increased striatal dopamine turnover has been proposed to be a part of this compensatory response, but may occur after locomotor symptoms. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity has also been proposed as a mechanism, but the impact of TH protein loss upon site-specific TH phosphorylation in conjunction with the impact on DA tissue content is not known. The tissue content of DA was determined against TH protein loss in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) following 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in the medial forebrain bundle in young Sprague-Dawley male rats. Although DA predictably decreased in both regions following 6-hydroxydopamine, there was a significant difference in DA loss between the striatum (75%) and SN (40%), despite similar TH protein loss. Paradoxically, there was a significant decrease in DA against remaining TH protein in striatum, but a significant increase in DA against remaining TH in SN. In the SN, increased DA per remaining TH protein was matched by increased ser31, but not ser40, TH phosphorylation. In striatum, both ser31 and ser40 phosphorylation decreased, reflecting decreased DA per TH. However, in control nigral and striatal tissue, only ser31 phosphorylation correlated with DA per TH protein. Combined, these results suggest that the phosphorylation of ser31 in the SN may be a mechanism to increase DA biosynthesis against TH protein loss in an in vivo model of Parkinson's disease. Properties of dopamine biosynthesis were evaluated in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease by studying the impact of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein loss on its own phosphorylation and dopamine (DA) tissue content in rat nigrostriatal pathway. A dichotomous response was observed between striatum and substantia nigra in that dopamine per remaining TH decreased in striatum, but increased in substantia nigra. Phosphorylation at ser31 reflected these differences, indicating that ser31 phosphorylation may be critical to maintain dopamine with progressive TH protein loss. Drawings are from slides purchased from Motifolio (http://motifolio.com/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology& Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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6-Hydroxydopamine induces distinct alterations in GDF5 and GDNF mRNA expression in the rat nigrostriatal system in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2013; 561:176-81. [PMID: 24373993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor (GDF)5 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are neurotrophic factors that promote the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo. Both factors have potent neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in rat models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and represent promising new therapies for PD. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GDF5, GDNF and their receptors in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in rat models of PD. It found that endogenous GDF5, GDNF and their receptors are differentially expressed in two 6-hydroxydopamine lesion models of PD. In both striatal and medial forebrain bundle (MFB) lesion models, striatal levels of GDF5 mRNA increased at 10 days post-lesion, while GDNF mRNA levels in the nigrostriatal system decreased after 10 and 28 days. Midbrain mRNA levels for both GDF5 receptors transiently increased after striatal lesion, whereas those of two GDNF receptors decreased at later time-points in both models. Despite the fact that exogenous GDF5 and GDNF have comparable effects on dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo, their endogenous responses to neurotoxic injury are different. This highlights the importance of studying neurotrophic factor expression at distinct disease stages and in various animal models of PD.
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Appukuttan T, Ali N, Varghese M, Singh A, Tripathy D, Padmakumar M, Gangopadhyay P, Mohanakumar K. Parkinson's disease cybrids, differentiated or undifferentiated, maintain morphological and biochemical phenotypes different from those of control cybrids. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:963-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Appukuttan
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
| | - N. Ali
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
| | - M. Varghese
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
| | - A. Singh
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
| | - D. Tripathy
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
| | - M. Padmakumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
| | - P.K. Gangopadhyay
- Department of Neurology; Calcutta National Medical College; Kolkata; India
| | - K.P. Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; India
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Anastasía A, Wojnacki J, de Erausquin GA, Mascó DH. Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor is essential for electroconvulsive shock-induced neuroprotection in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2011; 195:100-11. [PMID: 21871541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sustained motor improvement in human patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease has been described following electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatment. In rats, ECS stimulates the expression of various trophic factors (TFs), some of which have been proposed to exert neuroprotective actions. We previously reported that ECS protects the integrity of the rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic system against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity; in order to shed light into its neuroprotective mechanism, we studied glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels (the most efficient TF for dopaminergic neurons) in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of 6-OHDA-injected animals with or without ECS treatment. 6-OHDA injection decreased GDNF levels in the SN control animals, but not in those receiving chronic ECS, suggesting that changes in GDNF expression may participate in the ECS neuroprotective mechanism. To evaluate this possibility, we inhibit GDNF by infusion of GDNF function blocking antibodies in the SN of 6-OHDA-injected animals treated with ECS (or sham ECS). Animals were sacrificed 7 days after 6-OHDA infusion, and the integrity of the nigrostriatal system was studied by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and Cresyl Violet staining. Neuroprotection observed in ECS-treated animals was inhibited by GDNF antibodies in the SN. These results robustly demonstrate that GDNF is essential for the ECS neuroprotective effect observed in 6-OHDA-injected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anastasía
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, ZC: X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Cohen AD, Zigmond MJ, Smith AD. Effects of intrastriatal GDNF on the response of dopamine neurons to 6-hydroxydopamine: time course of protection and neurorestoration. Brain Res 2011; 1370:80-8. [PMID: 21062624 PMCID: PMC3019295 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protects dopamine (DA) neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity. We have now explored this protection over 8 weeks following toxin administration. Infusion of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the striatum was followed 1 week later by GDNF (9μg) or its vehicle. Six hours later, animals received 6-OHDA (4 μg) into the same site. 6-OHDA caused a loss of cells in the substantia nigra that expressed both FG and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and striatal terminals expressing TH, the high affinity dopamine transporter (DAT), and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) as assessed 2-8 weeks later. Loss of FG(+) cells, and striatal DA was completely blocked by GDNF by 2 weeks. In contrast, GDNF only slightly attenuated the loss of TH, DAT, or VMAT2 in the striatum at 2 weeks, but had restored these markers by 4-8 weeks. Thus, GDNF prevents DA cell death and loss of striatal DA content, but several weeks are required to fully restore the dopaminergic phenotype. These results provide insight into the mechanism of GDNF protection of DA neurons, and may help avoid incorrect interpretations of temporary phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann D. Cohen
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Center for Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Zigmond
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Center for Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda D. Smith
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare Center, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Center for Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Littrell OM, Pomerleau F, Huettl P, Surgener S, McGinty JF, Middaugh LD, Granholm AC, Gerhardt GA, Boger HA. Enhanced dopamine transporter activity in middle-aged Gdnf heterozygous mice. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:427.e1-14. [PMID: 21144620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) supports the viability of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease. Middle-aged, 12 month old, Gdnf heterozygous (Gdnf(+/-)) mice have diminished spontaneous locomotor activity and enhanced synaptosomal DA uptake compared with wild type mice. In this study, dopamine transporter (DAT) function in middle-aged, 12 month old Gdnf(+/-) mice was more thoroughly investigated using in vivo electrochemistry. Gdnf(+/-) mice injected with the DAT inhibitor, nomifensine, exhibited significantly more locomotor activity than wild type mice. In vivo electrochemistry with carbon fiber microelectrodes demonstrated enhanced clearance of DA in the striatum of Gdnf(+/-) mice, suggesting greater surface expression of DAT than in wild type littermates. Additionally, 12 month old Gdnf(+/-) mice expressed greater D(2) receptor mRNA and protein in the striatum than wild type mice. Neurochemical analyses of striatal tissue samples indicated significant reductions in DA and a faster DA metabolic rate in Gdnf(+/-) mice than in wild type mice. Altogether, these data support an important role for GDNF in the regulation of uptake, synthesis, and metabolism of DA during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia M Littrell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research, Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 306 Davis Mills Bldg, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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10
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Effect of nigrostriatal damage induced by 6-hydroxydopamine on the expression of glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor in the striatum of the rat. Neuroscience 2009; 162:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Saavedra A, Baltazar G, Duarte EP. Driving GDNF expression: the green and the red traffic lights. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:186-215. [PMID: 18824211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is widely recognized as a potent survival factor for dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway that degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD). In animal models of PD, GDNF delivery to the striatum or the substantia nigra protects dopaminergic neurons against subsequent toxin-induced injury and rescues previously damaged neurons, promoting recovery of the motor function. Thus, GDNF was proposed as a potential therapy to PD aimed at slowing down, halting or reversing neurodegeneration, an issue addressed in previous reviews. However, the use of GDNF as a therapeutic agent for PD is hampered by the difficulty in delivering it to the brain. Another potential strategy is to stimulate the endogenous expression of GDNF, but in order to do that we need to understand how GDNF expression is regulated. The aim of this review is to do a comprehensive analysis of the state of the art on the control of endogenous GDNF expression in the nervous system, focusing mainly on the nigrostriatal pathway. We address the control of GDNF expression during development, in the adult brain and after injury, and how damaged neurons signal glial cells to up-regulate GDNF. Pharmacological agents or natural molecules that increase GDNF expression and show neuroprotective activity in animal models of PD are reviewed. We also provide an integrated overview of the signalling pathways linking receptors for these molecules to the induction of GDNF gene, which might also become targets for neuroprotective therapies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saavedra
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Carrer Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Anastasia A, de Erausquin GA, Wojnacki J, Mascó DH. Protection of dopaminergic neurons by electroconvulsive shock in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1542-52. [PMID: 17854351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) improves motor function in Parkinson's disease. In rats, ECS stimulates the expression of various factors some of which have been proposed to exert neuroprotective actions. We have investigated the effects of ECS on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injected rats. Three weeks after a unilateral administration of 6-OHDA, 85-95% nigral dopaminergic neurons are lost. Chronic ECS prevented this cell loss, protect the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by FloroGold retrograde labeling) and reduce motor impairment in 6-OHDA-treated animals. Injection of 6-OHDA caused loss of expression of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the substantia nigra. Chronic ECS completely prevented this loss of GDNF expression in 6-OHDA-treated animals. We also found that protected dopaminergic neurons co-express GDNF receptor proteins. These results strongly suggest that endogenous changes in GDNF expression may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism of ECS against 6-OHDA induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Anastasia
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular. F.C.E.F.y N. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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13
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Katoh-Semba R, Tsuzuki M, Miyazaki N, Yoshida A, Nakajima H, Nakagawa C, Kitajima S, Matsuda M. Distribution and immunohistochemical localization of GDNF protein in selected neural and non-neural tissues of rats during development and changes in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:277-87. [PMID: 17765347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) during development and changes in GDNF levels by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions were investigated in rats using a newly established enzyme immunoassay system and by immunohistochemistry. The detection limit of the assay was 0.3 pg/0.2 ml and the system recognized glycosylated mature GDNF. Concentrations of GDNF were relatively high in the kidney and testis during the embryonic and neonatal periods, respectively, and decreased with age. In the striatum, hippocampus and brain stem, GDNF reached a maximal level at around postnatal day 14. However, brain levels were generally lower than those in non-neural tissues. In the CNS, GDNF immunoreactivity was observed in striatal neurons, pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and the Vth layer of the cortex, large neurons in the diagonal band and brain stem, and spinal motor neurons. It was also evident in several non-neural, tissue-specific cells, such as cells in the renal collecting ducts and distal tubules, and testicular Sertoli cells. Destruction of nigral dopaminergic neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine enhanced the levels of striatal GDNF protein, with apparent involvement of astrocytes. These results suggest that GDNF is normally synthesized in neurons, but may also be produced by astroglial cells in damaged brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Katoh-Semba
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
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Hirata Y, Kiuchi K. Rapid down-regulation of Ret following exposure of dopaminergic neurons to neurotoxins. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1606-1613. [PMID: 17555550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The survival and functional maintenance of vertebrate neurons depends on the availability of specific neurotrophic factors. We studied the influence of neurotrophic support on responses of dopaminergic neurons to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, a neurotoxin known to damage the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in humans and other mammals. Treatment of mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine caused decreases in levels of Ret, a tyrosine kinase receptor for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the striatum, under the condition in which tyrosine hydroxylase was moderately decreased and the GDNF family receptor alpha1, another receptor of GDNF that is the ligand-binding subunit, were unaffected. Down-regulation of Ret was also observed in dopamine-producing PC12 cells undergoing apoptosis induced by rotenone, another toxic substance for dopaminergic neurons, while other cellular components were not affected. Ret was also extremely vulnerable to other apoptotic inducing conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that Ret, an important signal molecule in dopaminergic neurons, may be down-regulated in the early stages of neuronal degeneration caused by various neurotoxic substances, and may lead to reduced neurotrophic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hirata
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Kiuchi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
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15
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Li L, Su Y, Zhao C, Zhao H, Liu G, Wang J, Xu Q. The role of Ret receptor tyrosine kinase in dopaminergic neuron development. Neuroscience 2006; 142:391-400. [PMID: 16879925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is one of the most potent trophic factors identified for promoting survival and function of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain. Ret, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily transduces GDNF signaling. The role of Ret in the development of DA neurons is not clear however. Here we demonstrate the involvement of Ret in the DA neuron development both in vitro and in vivo. The dopamine transporter (DAT) gene was clearly induced in rat embryonic neural precursors that had been transfected with Ret. Temporary blockade of Ret expression in embryos using Ret antisense oligonucleotides (Ret-AS-ODN) in vivo led to reduced striatal DA content and a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive fibers in the striatum. Additionally, some DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) underwent apoptotic cell death following the Ret-AS-ODN treatment. Taken together, the data suggest that normal function of Ret is required in vivo for the maturation of DA neurons, in particular for cell survival and fiber innervation. We further demonstrated Ret-induced expression of DAT in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Beijing Institute for Neuroscience and Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repairing, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China 100069
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16
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Bäckman CM, Shan L, Zhang YJ, Hoffer BJ, Leonard S, Troncoso JC, Vonsatel P, Tomac AC. Gene expression patterns for GDNF and its receptors in the human putamen affected by Parkinson's disease: a real-time PCR study. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 252:160-6. [PMID: 16644101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is a potent trophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the ventral midbrain, which are known to degenerate during Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuroprotective, neurorestorative, and stimulatory properties of GDNF has prompted numerous suggestions that this trophic factor may be a potential therapeutic tool to treat PD, and it has also been widely speculated that altered GDNF expression levels may be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. In this study, we have investigated if mRNA expression levels for GDNF and/or its receptors are altered during PD in the human putamen, a target area for dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra compacta. Expression levels were analyzed with quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase reaction (RT qPCR) in post-mortem tissues from PD patients and aged matched controls. Primer pairs specific for GDNF (isoforms I and II), and its receptor molecules, GFRalpha1 and cRET were utilized. GDNF, cRET and GFRalpha1 mRNA expression was clearly detected in the putamen of control and Parkinson's disease patients. A modest but significant upregulation of GDNF mRNA levels (Isoform I) was observed in the putamen of Parkinson's disease patients with a marked loss of nigral neurons. No significant changes were observed for the expression of cRet and GFRa1. These data suggest that the extensive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and concomitant loss of striatal dopamine, may induce compensatory changes in the expression of target derived GDNF, but not its receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Bäckman
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, Kobayashi K, Takeuchi A, Yano A, Wenji Y, Kameda M, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Date I. Early transplantation of an encapsulated glial cell line—derived neurotrophic factor—producing cell demonstrating strong neuroprotective effects in a rat model of Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg 2005; 102:80-9. [PMID: 15658100 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.102.1.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object. Glial cell line—derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to confer neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons. The authors investigated the effects of GDNF on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)—treated dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo.
Methods. First, the authors examined how 1, 10, or 100 ng/ml of GDNF, administered to cells 24 hours before, simultaneously with, or 2 or 4 hours after 6-OHDA was added, affected dopaminergic neurons. In a primary culture of E14 murine ventral mesencephalic neurons, earlier treatment with the higher dosage of GDNF suppressed 6-OHDA—induced loss of dopaminergic neurons better than later treatment. Next, the authors examined whether continuous infusion of GDNF at earlier time points would demonstrate a greater neuroprotective effect in a rat model of Parkinson disease (PD). They established a human GDNF-secreting cell line, called BHK-GDNF, and encapsulated the cells into hollow fibers. The encapsulated cells were unilaterally implanted into the striatum of adult rats 1 week before; simultaneously with; or 1, 2, or 4 weeks after 6-OHDA was given to induce lesions of the same striatum. With the earlier transplantation of a BHK-GDNF capsule, there was a significant reduction in the number of amphetamine-induced rotations displayed by the animals. Rats that had received earlier implantation of BHK-GDNF capsules displayed more tyrosine hydroxylase—positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and a tendency for glial proliferation in the striatum.
Conclusions. These neuroprotective effects may be related to glial proliferation and signaling via the GDNF receptor α1. The results of this study support a role for this grafting technique in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.
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