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Neuron-derived FGF10 ameliorates cerebral ischemia injury via inhibiting NF-κB-dependent neuroinflammation and activating PI3K/Akt survival signaling pathway in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19869. [PMID: 26813160 PMCID: PMC4728497 DOI: 10.1038/srep19869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF10 is a member of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). We previously showed that FGF10 protects neuron against oxygen-glucose deprivation injury in vitro; however, the effect of FGF10 in ischemic stroke in vivo is unknown. In the present study, we showed that FGF10 was mainly expressed in neurons but not astrocytes, and detected FGF10 in mouse cerebrospinal fluid. The FGF10 levels in neurons culture medium and cell lysate were much higher than those in astrocytes. FGF10 expression in brain tissue and FGF10 level in CSF were increased in mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Administration of FGF10 into lateral cerebroventricle not only decreased MCAO-induced brain infarct volume and neurological deficit, but also reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells and activities of Caspases. Moreover, FGF10 treatment depressed the triggered inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) and NF-κB signaling pathway, and increased phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Blockade of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by wortmannin and Akt1/2-kinase inhibitor, partly compromised the neuroprotection of FGF10. However, blockade of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway did not impair the anti-inflammation action of FGF10. Collectively, our results demonstrate that neuron-derived FGF10 ameliorates cerebral ischemia injury via inhibiting NF-κB-dependent neuroinflammation and activating PI3K/Akt survival signaling pathway in mice.
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Ueda M, Sugiura C, Ohno K, Kakita A, Hori A, Ohama E, Vinters HV, Miyata H. Immunohistochemical expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 in developing human cerebrum and epilepsy-associated malformations of cortical development. Neuropathology 2011; 31:589-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2011.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Lee CH, Choi JH, Kwon SH, Kang IJ, You SG, Kim YM, Won MH. Difference of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 expression among CA1-3 regions of the gerbil hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci 2010; 296:13-21. [PMID: 20621308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors are important regulators of neuronal development. In this study, we observed fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the hippocampus proper (CA1-3 regions) of the gerbil at various time points after ischemia/reperfusion. In the sham-operated group, FGFR1 immunoreaction was not detected in the hippocampus proper. FGFR1 immunoreaction was first detected in non-pyramidal neurons in the CA1-3 region at 12h and 1day after ischemia/reperfusion. From 2days after ischemia/reperfusion, FGFR1 immunoreaction was found in astrocytes, not in microglial cells, in the CA1 region: FGFR1 immunoreactivity and the number of astrocytes were significantly increased at 5days post-ischemia. Western blot analysis revealed that FGFR1 protein levels were also increased from 1day after ischemia/reperfusion. These results indicate that increase of FGFR1 in astrocytes of the ischemic CA1 region may be associated with gliosis followed by delayed neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Flores J, Galan-Rodriguez B, Rojo A, Ramiro-Fuentes S, Cuadrado A, Fernandez-Espejo E. Fibroblast growth factor-1 within the ventral tegmental area participates in motor sensitizing effects of morphine. Neuroscience 2010; 165:198-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cassina P, Pehar M, Vargas MR, Castellanos R, Barbeito AG, Estévez AG, Thompson JA, Beckman JS, Barbeito L. Astrocyte activation by fibroblast growth factor-1 and motor neuron apoptosis: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2005; 93:38-46. [PMID: 15773903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1 or acidic FGF) is highly expressed in motor neurons. FGF-1 is released from cells by oxidative stress, which might occur from SOD-1 aberrant function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although FGF-1 is known to be neuroprotective after spinal cord injury or axotomy, we found that FGF-1 could activate spinal cord astrocytes in a manner that decreased motor neuron survival in co-cultures. FGF-1 induced accumulation of the FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) in astrocyte nuclei and potently stimulated nerve growth factor (NGF) expression and secretion. The FGFR1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD166866 prevented these effects. Previously, we have shown that NGF secretion by reactive astrocytes induces motor neuron apoptosis through a p75(NTR)-dependent mechanism. Embryonic motor neurons co-cultured on the top of astrocytes exhibiting activated FGFR1 underwent apoptosis, which was prevented by PD166866 or by adding either anti-NGF or anti-p75(NTR) neutralizing antibodies. In the degenerating spinal cord of mice carrying the ALS mutation G93A of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, FGF-1 was no longer localized only in the cytosol of motor neurons, while FGFR1 accumulated in the nuclei of reactive astrocytes. These results suggest that FGF-1 released by oxidative stress from motor neurons might have a role in activating astrocytes, which could in turn initiate motor neuron apoptosis in ALS through a p75(NTR)-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cassina
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
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Somanathan S, Stachowiak EK, Siegel AJ, Stachowiak MK, Berezney R. Nuclear matrix bound fibroblast growth factor receptor is associated with splicing factor rich and transcriptionally active nuclear speckles. J Cell Biochem 2004; 90:856-69. [PMID: 14587039 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have used confocal microscopy combined with computer image analysis to evaluate the functional significance of a constitutively expressed form of the receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) in the nucleus of rapidly proliferating serum stimulated TE 671 cells, a medullobastoma human cell line. Our results demonstrate a limited number of large sites and numerous smaller sites of FGFR1 in the nuclear interior. The larger sites showed virtually complete colocalization (>90%) with splicing factor rich nuclear speckles while the smaller sites showed very limited overlap (<20%). Similar results were found for several other proliferating cell lines grown in culture. An in situ transcription assay was used to determine colocalization with transcription sites by incorporating 5-bromouridine triphosphate (BrUTP) followed by dual staining for BrUTP and FGFR1. These results combined with those from using an antibody against the large subunit of RNA polymerase II suggest a significant degree of colocalization (26-38%) over both the large and small sites. No colocalization was detected with sites of DNA replication. The spatial arrangements of FGFR1 sites and colocalization with nuclear speckles were maintained following extraction for nuclear matrix. Moreover, immunoblots indicated a significant enrichment of FGFR1 in the nuclear matrix fraction. Our findings suggest an involvement of a nuclear matrix bound FGFR1 in transcriptional and RNA processing events in the cell nucleus. We further propose that nuclear speckles, aside from a role in transcriptional/RNA processing events, may serve as fundamental regulatory factories for the integration of diverse signaling and regulatory factors that impact transcription and cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanarayan Somanathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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Ralph GS, Parham S, Lee SR, Beard GL, Craigon MH, Ward N, White JR, Barber RD, Rayner W, Kingsman SM, Mundy CR, Mazarakis ND, Krige D. Identification of potential stroke targets by lentiviral vector mediated overexpression of HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha in a primary neuronal model of hypoxia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:245-58. [PMID: 14747751 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000110532.48786.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genes differentially regulated by ischemia will lead to an improved understanding of cell death pathways such as those involved in the neuronal loss observed following a stroke. Furthermore, the characterization of such pathways could facilitate the identification of novel targets for stroke therapy. We have used a novel approach to amplify differential gene expression patterns in a primary neuronal model of stroke by employing a lentiviral vector system to specifically bias the transcriptional activation of hypoxically regulated genes. Overexpression of the hypoxia-induced transcription factor subunits HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha elevated hypoxia-mediated transcription of many known HIF-regulated genes well above control levels. Furthermore, many potentially novel HIF-regulated genes were discovered that were not previously identified as hypoxically regulated. Most of the novel genes identified were activated by a combination of HIF-2 alpha overexpression and hypoxic insult. These included several genes with particular importance in cell survival pathways and of potential therapeutic value. Hypoxic induction of HIF-2 alpha may therefore be a critical factor in mediating protective responses against ischemic injury. Further investigation of the genes identified in this study may provide increased understanding of the neuronal response to hypoxia and may uncover novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Le R, Esquenazi S. Astrocytes mediate cerebral cortical neuronal axon and dendrite growth, in part, by release of fibroblast growth factor. Neurol Res 2002; 24:81-92. [PMID: 11783758 DOI: 10.1179/016164102101199459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes occupy a central role in central nervous system (CNS) function. In particular astyrocytes can support neurite growth, in part, by release of diffusable factors. We therefore performed biochemical analysis of astrocyte conditioned medium to examine possible mechanisms of astrocyte mediated axon and dendrite growth in the mammalian CNS. Culture medium was conditioned on purified astrocyte monolayers derived from P3 rat cerebral cortex or on fibroblasts. Conditioned medium (CM) was subject to protein denaturation, molecular weight fractionation, and heparin affinity chromatography. E18 mouse cerebral cortical neurons were then cultured in the various media or directly on astrocyte monolayers and axon and dendrite growth from 50 neurons in each condition quantified after 3 DIV using double-labeled immunohistochemical techniques. Axon and dendrite growth was supported by astrocyte CM and both were significantly greater than process growth from neurons incubated in fibroblast CM. Protein denaturation significantly reduced astrocyte CM support of axon and dendrite growth. Following ultrafiltration and dialysis dendrite and axon growth was observed in the molecular weight fraction between 10 and 100 kDa. Axon growth also was observed in the CM molecular weight fraction greater than 100 kDa. Conditioned medium was eluted on a heparin column; when the bound fragment was reconstituted in chemically defined medium extensive dendrite and axon growth was observed. Since fibroblast growth factor (FGF) has these biochemical characteristics we added anti-bFGF neutralizing antibodies to astrocyte monolayers or CM; this significantly reduced astrocyte support of process growth. By contrast, the addition of heparin, which helps activate FGF receptors, to astrocyte CM further enhanced process growth. Western blot analysis confirmed that bFGF was present in astrocyte CM. We then examined axon and dendrite growth from cortical neurons after the addition of various growth factors to chemically defined medium. Axon and dendrite growth, similar to that found in astrocyte CM was observed after the addition of bFGF or aFGF. Astrocyte support of cerebral cortical neuron axon and dendrite growth in vitro may be explained, in part, by FGF release.
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Affiliation(s)
- RouxPeterD Le
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19107, USA.
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Régina A, Morchoisne S, Borson ND, McCall AL, Drewes LR, Roux F. Factor(s) released by glucose-deprived astrocytes enhance glucose transporter expression and activity in rat brain endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1540:233-42. [PMID: 11583818 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporter (GLUT) expression and regulation were studied in rat brain endothelial cells in primary culture (RBEC) and in immortalised RBE4 cells. Immunoblotting analysis showed a low expression of the endothelium-specific GLUT1 in RBEC and RBE4 cells compared to isolated brain capillaries. RBEC and RBE4 cells also expressed the GLUT3 isoform, whereas it was not present in isolated brain capillaries. No change in GLUT expression was observed in endothelial cells treated with astrocyte-conditioned medium. However, treatment with conditioned medium obtained from glucose-deprived astrocytes increased endothelial GLUT1 expression and glucose uptake. These results suggest that astrocytes submitted to hypoglycaemic conditions may release factor(s) that increase glucose uptake through the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Régina
- INSERM U26, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France
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Ma J, Qiu J, Hirt L, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA. Synergistic protective effect of caspase inhibitors and bFGF against brain injury induced by transient focal ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:345-50. [PMID: 11375250 PMCID: PMC1572791 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that combined use of trophic factors and caspase inhibitors increases brain resistance to ischaemia in mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of bFGF (>10 ng) 30 min after MCA occlusion decreased infarct size and neurological deficit in a dose-dependent manner following 2 h ischemia and reperfusion (20 h). Combined administration of the subthreshold doses of bFGF (3 ng) and caspase inhibitors (z-VAD.FMK, 27 ng or z-DEVD.FMK, 80 mg) reduced infarct volume by 60%, and reduced neurological deficit. Treatment with a subthreshold dose of bFGF (3 ng) extended the therapeutic window for z-DEVD.FMK (480 ng) from 1 to 3 h after reperfusion. Caspase-3 activity in the ischaemic brain was increased 30 min and 2 h after reperfusion but, was significantly reduced in bFGF-treated animals by 29 and 16%, respectively. Caspase-3 activity was not reduced by a direct bFGF effect because addition of bFGF (10 nM - 2 microM) did not decrease recombinant caspase-3 activity, in vitro. Our data show that combining caspase inhibitors and bFGF lengthens the treatment window for the second treatment, plus lowers the dosage requirements for neuroprotection. These findings are important because low doses of caspase inhibitors or bFGF reduce the possibility of side effects plus extend the short treatment window for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Ma
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Neurology and Neurosurgery Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Neurology and Neurosurgery Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Lorenz Hirt
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Neurology and Neurosurgery Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Turgay Dalkara
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Neurology and Neurosurgery Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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Sato K, Laham RJ, Pearlman JD, Novicki D, Sellke FW, Simons M, Post MJ. Efficacy of intracoronary versus intravenous FGF-2 in a pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70:2113-8. [PMID: 11156130 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)02018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium has been shown to be a feasible and effective strategy to improve regional blood flow and myocardial function. However, the optimal mode of growth factor administration still needs to be established. METHODS Using a pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia, we evaluated the efficacy of intravenous and intracoronary infusion of FGF-2 at 2 and 6 microg/kg compared with a vehicle control. Improvement in myocardial perfusion and function was assessed by angiography, colored microspheres, and function and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Intracoronary 6-microg/kg FGF-2 increased angiographic collaterals (p = 0.046) and increased regional blood flow to the ischemic area from 0.36 +/- 0.07 to 0.59 +/- 0.08 mL/min/g at stress (vs control, p = 0.032). Also, after 6 microg/kg intracoronary FGF-2, ejection fraction, regional wall motion, and thickening improved significantly by 9.9% +/- 1.9%, 126% +/- 39%, and 13.8% +/- 3.6%, respectively. Intravenous FGF-2 and intracoronary 2 microg/kg FGF-2 were ineffective. CONCLUSIONS A single 6-microg/kg intracoronary treatment with FGF-2 resulted in significant improvement in collateralization and regional and global function of chronically ischemic myocardium. Single intravenous infusion of FGF-2 was not effective in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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